Contents
Technology
Technology and International Trade Economy
In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology: A method for convening resources into goods and services.
Introduction
Technology
This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of technology, with a description of the most significant features of technology at international level.
Related Work and Conclusions
Resources
See Also
- Educational Infrastructure
- Education
- Equal Education
Resources
See Also
References (Papers)
- Opening Pandora’s Box: Analyzing The Complexity Of U.S. Patent Litigation, Jonathan H. Ashtor, Apr 2017
- A Warrant To Hack: An Analysis Of The Proposed Amendments To Rule 41 Of The Federal Rules Of Criminal Procedure, Zach Lerner, Apr 2017
- New Threats To Vehicle Safety: How Cybersecurity Policy Will Shape The Future Of Autonomous Vehicles, Caleb Kennedy, Apr 2017
- Bitcoin’s Growing Pains: Intermediation And The Need For An Effective Loss Allocation Mechanism, Andrew Kang, Apr 2017
- Affording Fundamental Rights, Julie E. Cohen, Mar 2017
- Doubts About Daubert: Psychiatric Anecdata As A Case Study, Christopher Slobogin, Mar 2017
Hierarchical Display of Technology
Production, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations
Industry > Industrial structures and policy > Technical profession
Production, Technology And Research > Research and intellectual property > Research > Applied research
International Relations > Cooperation policy > Cooperation policy > Technical cooperation
Technology
Concept of Technology
See the dictionary definition of Technology.
Characteristics of Technology
Resources
Translation of Technology
- Spanish: Tecnología
- French: Technologie
- German: Technologie
- Italian: Tecnologia
- Portuguese: Tecnologia
- Polish: Technologia
Thesaurus of Technology
Production, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations > Technology
Industry > Industrial structures and policy > Technical profession > Technology
Production, Technology And Research > Research and intellectual property > Research > Applied research > Technology
International Relations > Cooperation policy > Cooperation policy > Technical cooperation > Technology
See also
- Know-how
- Technical profession
- Skilled worker
- Industrial property
- Industrial cooperation
- Technological independence
- Benchmarking
- Comparative analysis
- Economic analysis
- Productivity
- European Employment Strategy
- Competitiveness
- Qualitative analysis
- Nanotechnology
- New technology
- Advanced materials
- Computer applications
- Aeronautical industry
- Advanced technology industry
- Wassenaar arrangement
- Arms industry
- Information technology
- Aerospace industry
- Innovation
- European Institute of Innovation and Technology
- Choice of technology
- Technology assessment
- Dual-use technology
- Recycling technology
- Digital technology
- Knowledge economy
- Digital archiving
- Information technology
- Digital literacy
- Digital rights management
- Digital single market
- Printing
- Technological change
- Dismissal
- Impact of information technology
- Scientific progress
- Unemployment due to technical progress
- Industrial reorganisation
- Digital divide
- Innovation
- Change of job
- Vocational retraining
- Industrial revolution
- Technology transfer
- Developing countries
- Industry-research relations
- Technology park
- Innovation
- Technological independence
- Business cluster
- Obsolete technology
- Engineering
Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:
- Product Cycle Product Cycle and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Product Cycle: The evolution of a production process from innovation through obsolescence, constituting a fundamental dynamic element in [...]...
- Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
- Absolute Advantage Absolute Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Absolute Advantage: The ability of a country to supply a particular product or class of goods at lower costs than competing nations. See [...]...
- Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
- Restrictive Business Practices Restrictive Business Practices and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Restrictive Business Practices: Actions of private or public enterprises --such as collusion among the leading international [...]...
- Complementary Exporting An arrangement in which a manufacturer markets his products internationally through the distribution channel of another firm, usually a manufacturer of similar but noncompetitive products.......
- Comparative Advantage Revealed Comparative Advantage and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Revealed Comparative Advantage: A measure of relative competitive performance of a country's exporters of a particular [...]...
- Learning Curve Learning Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Learning Curve: A technological regularity observed in many leading-edge industries, in which the marginal cost of production tends to fall as [...]...
- Competitive Performance Competitive Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Performance: The measurable results of competitiveness --i.e., the outcome of a country's or a firm's efforts in [...]...
- Cross-subsidization Cross-subsidization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cross-subsidization: The use of financial resources accumulated by a multinational f1rn1 in one part of the world to fight a competitive [...]...
- Forfeiting Forfeiting and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Forfeiting: A means of financing foreign trade based upon the transfer of debt obligations arising from the sale of goods and services, usually exports....
- Consortium Summary of Consortium A multiparty commercial undertaking, differing from a joint venture by virtue of the comparatively large number of participants.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Consortium and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, [...]...
- Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
- Tropical Products Tropical Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tropical Products: Agricultural and other products of export interest to countries in tropical regions of Latin [...]...
- Airbus Airbus and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Airbus: Refers to commercial aircraft produced by Airbus Industry, a government- backed consortium comprising Aerospatiale (France), Daimler [...]...
- Entente Literally, "an agreement." In political usage, an understanding among governments as represented by accords on important areas. Commercially, the term is used on the Continent as a synonym for a cartel.......
- Shakeout Shakeout and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Shakeout: A condition that may occur as a result of innovation or technological change in a competitive industry. Because the introduction of new [...]...
- Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
- Upstream Subsidization Upstream Subsidization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Upstream Subsidization: An "indirect export subsidy," whereby a producer benefiting from a government [...]...
- Natural Resource-Based Products Natural Resource-Based Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Natural Resource-Based Products: Designation for one of the negotiating groups in the Uruguay Round that [...]...
- Agglomeration Economies of Agglomeration and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Agglomeration: Cost savings that occur when industrial flm1s are located in close proximity to each other and are [...]...
- Deadweight Loss Deadweight Loss and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deadweight Loss: The net cost to society due to market imperfections or government interventions such as trade restrictions --i.e., losses by [...]...
- Unrequited Transfer A transfer payment, ie., the transfer of assets from one nation to another without expectation of recompense.......
- Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
- Administrative Guidance Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido): A system of industrial policy used in Japan since the early 1960s. The term [...]...
- Tariff Schedule Tariff Schedule and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Schedule: A comprehensive list of the goods, which a country imports, and the import duties applicable to each [...]...
- Track Track I and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Track I: Designation for consolidated negotiating activities in the final phase of the Uruguay Roundconcerning market access in goods....
- Price Supports A program of governmental action designed to stabilize or lift the price that producers receive for their products. These actions may include direct cash payments, government purchase of output to force up market prices, or special financing. Such supports are most commonly applied to agriculture.......
- Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
- Imperfect Competition Imperfect Competition and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Imperfect Competition: When an industry is marked by imperfect competition, market prices send "incorrect signals" regarding [...]...
- Eco-packaging Eco-packaging and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Eco-packaging: Refers to national regulations and programs to encourage recycling or reuse of product packaging and [...]...
- Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...
- Vertical Integration Summary of Vertical Integration Also known as vertical expansion, the incorporation into a business or economy of earlier or subsequent stages in the channel of production. For example, a chemical producer may undertake (backward) vertical integration by producing its own petroleum as raw [...]...
- Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
- Rent-Seeking Rent-Seeking and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rent-Seeking: In international trade contexts, refers to the economically unproductive practice of individuals, firms, and industries investing [...]...
- Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
- Dual Pricing The sale of an identical product at different prices in different markets.......
- Multilateral Trade Organization Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO): A proposed organization that would subsume the GAIT,the General Agreement on [...]...
- Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
- Tariff Rates Column 2 Rates and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Column 2 Rates: US tariff rates assessed on imports from countries not receiving most- favored-nationtreatment. Most [...]...
- Sensitive Products Sensitive Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Sensitive Products: Goods produced by a domestic industry employing large numbers of workers, for which the costs of [...]...
- Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
- Intra-Industry Trade Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Inter-Industry and Intra-Industry Trade: Inter-industry trade involves exchanges between countries that link [...]...
- Allocation Cartel An agreement among firms in a particular industry by which each participant is assigned certain customers or areas within which it will be the exclusive or principal supplier.......
- Trade Policy Research Centre Trade Policy Research Centre in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Policy Research Centre: A London-based organization established in 1968 to promote independent research and discussion of [...]...
- Structural Change Structural Change and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Change: Changes in the relative importance of different sectors of an economy over time, usually measured in terms of their [...]...
- Quota Rents Quota Rents and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Quota Rents: The increase in profits that accrue to an import dealer (under an import quota) or an exporting firm (under an export quota or [...]...
- Rules of Conduct Market Conduct and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Conduct: In a particular industry or market, refers to practices which, individually or in combination, shape the market performance [...]...
- Treatment Special and Differential Treatment (S&D) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D): Preferential treatment given to industrial countries [...]...
- Tariff Anomaly Tariff Anomaly and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Anomaly: A situation in which the tariff on raw materials or semi-manufactured goods is higher than the tariff on [...]...
- Offer List A list of products, usually prepared in conjunction with multilateral trade negotiations, upon which a nation is prepared to negotiate trade liberalization; the list may also identify products that are to be specifically exempted from discussion.......
- Innovation Innovation and the Laws of International Trade The relationship between antitrust law and intellectual property Intellectual Property and Competition Law Three general principles When antitrust concerns arise The three markets The horizontal/vertical distinction Rule of [...]...
- Industrial Policy Industrial Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Policy: A program of selective government interventions designed to change the sectoral composition of a country's economy [...]...
- European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
- Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
- Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
- Technology Transfer Technology Transfer and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Transfer: The diffusion of practical knowledge from one enterprise, institution or country to another. Technology may be [...]...
- Technology Driver Technology Driver and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Driver: A product with a relatively simple design which a manufacturer may produce in high volume in order to hone its skills [...]...
- Technology Policy Technology Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Policy: Government measures or programs to promote innovation and adoption of new technologies in key industries. Such tools [...]...
- High Technology High Technology and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of High Technology: Products that embody relatively intensive research and development , (R&D) inputs, either directly at the final [...]...
- Technology Gap A disparity in production functions among nations due to technological advancements in one country that have not been fully imitated by others. During the period of this gap, the nation possessing the advancement enjoys an export monopoly of the new product or process. See Imitation LAG.......
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- Technology Contracts Legal Issues in Technology Contracts and the Electronic Commerce The More Things Change, the More They Stay the Same: Legal Issues in Technology Contracts in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet [...]...
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- Technology-enabled Crime Theory of Technology-enabled Crime, Policing, and Security Overview of Theory of Technology-enabled Crime, Policing, and Security in relation to cyber crime: [1] Resources Notes and References 1. By Samuel C. McQuade, III See Also Types of Cybercrime Cybercriminal Further Reading [...]...
- High-Technology Trade High-Technology Trade and International Trade Resources See Also high technology (Sec 11)...
- Agency of Industrial Science and Technology Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Agency of Industrial Science and Technology (AIST): An agency of Japan's Ministry of International [...]...
- TECHNOLOGY TECHNOLOGY Application of science to the solution of human problems. The use of technology traditionally has been viewed as somewhat ... Read more...
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- Science Technology Law Most Popular Entries related to Science Technology Law Technology Law (in the World) Information Technology Law (in the World) Technology Law Degree (in the World) Technology Lawyer (in the World) Technology Law Schools (in the World) Computer Technology Law (in the World) Science [...]...
- Information Technology Literature Review on Information Technology: State Government Use and Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Paul M. Chalekian offers the following summary about the topic of Information Technology: State Government Use and Management: The effective [...]...
- Educational Technology Educational Technology and Intellectual Property, the Law and other Social Sciences Intellectual pursuit and the recognition of ideas is a central concept. Copyright attempts to protect the rights of intellectual creators while balancing those rights with the needs for access. As technologies [...]...
- List of Technology and the law blogs Contentsechnology and the LawConclusionNotesSee AlsoAbout the Author/s and Rewiever/sReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries echnology ... Read more...
- High-technology Exports High-technology Exports (in the Human Development Area) In this context, High-technology Exports means: _xports of products with a high intensity of research and development. They include hightechnology products such as those used in aerospace, computers, pharmaceuticals, scientific [...]...
- Communication Technology Policy World Telecommunication/information and Communication Technology Policy Forum in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to World Telecommunication/information and Communication Technology Policy Forum: In May 2013, the United States sent a delegation to the World [...]...
- Information Technology Sector Integrating Sustainability and Csr in the Value Chain of the Information Technology Sector, the Law and other Social Sciences In today's economy information technology (IT) companies must increasingly compete for resources and customers, and consumer interests and resource scarcity are [...]...
- Assisted Reproductive Technology Description of Assisted Reproductive Technology In this reference work, assisted reproductive technology is a sort of the Family law category. Resources See Also Child Custody Children Out of Wedlock Parent Child Family law...
- Access to Information Technology Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
- High Technology Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
- Legal research: Files: Law and Media Technology Contents Legal Research : Files: Law and Media TechnologyConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries ... Read more...
- Development and Transfer of Marine Technology ContentsDevelopment and Transfer of Marine TechnologyConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Development and Transfer ... Read more...
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- Nonprofit Organizations Information Technology Literature Review on Nonprofit Organizations Information Technology In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Kelly Ann Trusty and Steve Heye provide the following summary about the topic of Nonprofit Organizations Information Technology: In a nonprofit context, [...]...
- Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
- Textiles Textiles and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Textiles: Historically, one of t e most politically sensitive and contentious sectors of international trade. As define in the Multifiber [...]...
- Territorial Restrictions Territorial Restrictions and International Trade Economy Resources See Also vertical restraints...
- Tie-In Contract An arrangement by which a desired product (tying product) can be purchased only upon agreement to purchase certain other products (tied products). Tie-in contracts are largely forbidden by the antitrust Clayton Act. ......
- Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
- Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......
- Trade Diversion The shift in purchases from sources outside a free-trade area (within which tariffs have been eliminated) to a union member, even though the cost of purchasing outside the union (before duty) is less than procuring from within. The absence of duty among members of the free- trade area more than [...]...
- Trademark A device, symbol, or word used by a firm to distinguish its products from those of other manufacturers. The object of trademarks is to permit brand identification of products, which may permit a more ready market acceptance of current and new products. Trademarks are protected in the United [...]...
- Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
- Turnover Summary of Turnover The rate at which sales occur, relative to the capital employed. For example, if sales are one million dollars, and capital employed is one hundred thousand, the capital turnover is ten.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Turnover and International Trade Economy [...]...
- Tying Contract Tying Contract and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Tying Contract: (Also known as a tie-in contract or bundling.) A restraint of trade ~ arrangement by which a product can be purchased only [...]...
- Trade Secret Trade Secret and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Secret: A form of industrial property (Sec. I). Refers to a non-patented process, mechanism, or formula, known only to its owner, that [...]...
- Turnkey Contract Turnkey Contract and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Turnkey Contract: An arrangement under which a contractor assumes responsibility to a client for constructing productive installations and [...]...
- TSUSA TSUSA and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data are recorded according to 10,500 [...]...
- Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated, and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data [...]...
- Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
- Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
- Trade Activism Trade Activism and International Trade Economy Resources See Also manage trade...
- Trade Policy Diplomacy and International Trade (London, 1994) "Today, the generally accepted view (at least on the part of most states) is that trade, and particularly free trade, is good, notwithstanding the conflicts (and bouts of protectionism) that arise between individual states and between [...]...
- Protectionism Protectionism Definition Protectionism may be defined as government policies that favor domestic products over imported goods. The debate between protectionism and free trade has been a continuing issue in United States politics. Meanings For information on: * systematic protectionism [...]...
- Administered Pricing A condition in which the prices of certain goods and/or services are determined by governmental authority, supplier cartels (legal or illegal), or trade associations, and not by market forces. The purpose of administered pricing is to eliminate price competition or to maintain price stability [...]...
- Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
- Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
- Conventional International Law International law that has arisen as the product of treaties or formal agreements among nations, as compared with international law that has developed through custom and usage over time.......
- Convertibility Summary of Convertibility The ability of a currency to be exchanged for other currencies in settlement of current account transactions. Currencies are convertible in varying degrees, although the ability of nonresidents freely to purchase and sell a given currency, without governmental [...]...
- Cross-licensing An arrangement in which one firm grants to another licenses to exploit proprietary rights in its patents or trademarks, secret processes, et cetera, in return for similar licensure to use the rights or processes of the recipient firm.......
- Current Account Summary of Current Account An entry in a nation's balance of payments accounts reflecting the purchase of goods or services for consumption immediately or in the near future. See Balance of Payments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Current Account and International Trade [...]...
- Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
- Defensive Investment An investment undertaken to protect larger commercial interests rather than for the return that the investment itself generates.......
- Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
- Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
- Effective Rate of Protection The net protection afforded by a nation's tariff system to any given domestic product. For example, the higher the rate of duty, the greater the protection against foreign imports; conversely, as rates are increased on raw materials or production inputs, the costs of domestic production are [...]...
- Horizontal Integration Summary of Horizontal Integration Also known as horizontal expansion, the expansion of a firm through the acquisition of additional production capacity in its primary field. For example, a shipping company may expand horizontally by acquiring other vessels on the same trade route.(Main [...]...