Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Deindustrialization Deindustrialization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deindustrialization: A term denoting a negative impact of international competition on the overall size of a country's manufacturing [...]...
2. Portfolio Investment A minority interest in a foreign venture from which income is derived in the form of dividends; normally such an interest does not convey any significant control over the management or operations of the foreign firm.......
3. Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination on foreign direct investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law [...]...
4. Economic Situation Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
5. Adjustment Assistance Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
6. Adjustment Policy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
7. Institutional Framework Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
8. Plan Implementation Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
9. Plan of Action Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
10. Rationalization Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
11. Rationing Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
12. Regional Level Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
13. Social Structure Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
14. Structural Unemployment Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
15. Institutional Capacity Building Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
16. Innovation Innovation and the Laws of International Trade The relationship between antitrust law and intellectual property Intellectual Property and Competition Law Three general principles When antitrust concerns arise The three markets The horizontal/vertical distinction Rule of [...]...
17. Economic Structure Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
18. Development Administration Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
19. Development Education Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
20. Development Theory Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
21. Gender Mainstreaming Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
22. Gender Planning Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
23. Grassroots Organization Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
24. National Planning Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
25. Program of Action Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
26. Self Reliance Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
27. Social Mobilization Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
28. Stabilization Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
29. Structural Adjustment Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
30. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
31. National Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of national treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Andrea K Bjorklund, "National Treatment in Investment Law," [...]...
32. Structural Change Structural Change and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Change: Changes in the relative importance of different sectors of an economy over time, usually measured in terms of their [...]...
33. Private Sector Private Sector in International Economic Law In international economic law, private sector includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Corporations' Responsibility in International Law Corporate Codes of Conduct Role of Lobbies and Associations [...]...
34. Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law This section provides an overview of most-favoured nation treatment in investment law within the legal context of Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Piero Bernardini, "Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in [...]...
35. Capital Resources Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
36. Resources Development Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
37. Economic Law Principles Principles in International Economic Law In international economic law, principles includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>Adjudication and Enforcement Economic Sanctions Minimum Standards in Investment Law Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and [...]...
38. Rules for Foreign Direct Investment at the Wto Rules for Foreign Direct Investment at the WTO: Building on Regional Trade Agreements and the World Trade Organization Rules for Foreign Direct Investment at the WTO: Building on Regional Trade Agreements in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
39. Direct Expropriation Right to Use and Direct Expropriation This section provides an overview of right to use and direct expropriation within the legal context of Investment Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Noah [...]...
40. Knowledge Management Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
41. Foreign Investment Review Act An act of the Canadian Parliament directed toward protection of Canada's economy from domination by foreign direct and portfolio investment. The act is concerned with the establishment or takeover of Canadian businesses only; the acquisition of shares in Canadian firms, where such acquisition do......
42. Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS): A US government inter-agency [...]...
43. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
44. Migration Law A Legacy of Fragmentation in Migration, Trade and Investment Law This section provides an overview of a legacy of fragmentation in migration, trade and investment law within the legal context of Trade, Investment and Migration in international economic law, with coverage of Labour Mobility [...]...
45. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
46. Overseas Private Investment Corporation An independent agency of the U.S. government formed in 1971 to stimulate private investment in overseas projects, usually in developing countries. In furthering this objective, OPIC provides: (1) cost assistance, up to 75 percent, in the establishment of the foreign venture; (2) direct loans [...]...
47. Knowledge Knowledge in Legal Information Retrieval The following is a basic concept of Knowledge in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Knowledge may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation and scholarly works. Knowledge refers to what someone knows. It resides in [...]...
48. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
49. Knowledge Worker Resources See Also Worker Employee Benefits Employ Employment White Collar Worker Blue Collar Worker Labor Right Employee...
50. Knowledge Based Industry Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
51. Investment Protection Investment Protection in International Economic Law In international economic law, investment protection includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Coverage in Investment Protection Right to Use and Direct Expropriation Indirect Expropriation...
52. Investment Requirements International investment is a cornerstone of the world economy: it creates jobs, economic growth and prosperity at home, and supports development and stability worldwide. United States Office of Investment Affairs (OIA) The Office of Investment Affairs works to improve the climate for [...]...
53. Ad Hoc Investment Arbitration Ad hoc Investment Arbitration This section provides an overview of ad hoc investment arbitration within the legal context of Investment Arbitration Fora in international economic law, with coverage of Adjudication and Enforcement (Principles). Resources Further Reading Ucheora Onwuamaegbu, [...]...
54. Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
55. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
56. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
57. Export Platforms Export Platforms and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Platforms: Refers to countries such as Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Korea that established incentive programs [...]...
58. Trade Institutions General, Trade and Investment Related Institutions in International Economic Law In international economic law, general, trade and investment related institutions includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> World Trade Organization (WTO) United [...]...
59. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
60. Investment Rules Relationship of Competition Law to Trade and Investment Rules This section provides an overview of relationship of competition law to trade and investment rules within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further [...]...
61. Coverage in Investment Protection This section provides an overview of coverage in investment protection within the legal context of Investment Protection in international economic law, with coverage of The Protection of Property (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Andrew Mitchell and Jacky Mandelbaum, [...]...
62. Defensive Investment An investment undertaken to protect larger commercial interests rather than for the return that the investment itself generates.......
63. Trade and Investment Council Trade and Investment Council in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade and Investment Council: A forum for bilateral consultations between the United States and various countries which have [...]...
64. Cultural Property Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural property: import restrictions in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Educational and Cultural Issues About this subject:BelizeNote: there is detailed [...]...
65. Traditional Knowledge Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge Contents of Intellectual Property and Traditional Knowledge Contents of this subject matter include: The nature and definition of Traditional Knowledge (TK) and Traditional Cultural Expressions (TCE) The nature and definition of Intellectual [...]...
66. Judicial Knowledge Resources See Also Judicial notice...
67. Constructive Knowledge Resources See Also Constructive notice...
68. Carnal Knowledge Resources See Also Rape...
69. Web of Knowledge Citation Indexing Service ContentsWeb of Knowledge Citation Indexing ServiceLegal Resource ReviewSee AlsoFurther ReadingConclusionNotesReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries ... Read more...
70. Economy Related Fields Related topics include: International Economic Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Foreign Direct Investment Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economic Law Find this subject in this [...]...
71. The Inter-American Center for Knowledge Development in Vocational Training Resources See Also World Bank Bank Regulation History of Banking Functions of the World Bank...
72. Rural Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
73. Shadow Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
74. Underground Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
75. Common Knowledge Resources See Also Judicial notice...
76. Mature Economy A developed economy in which population growth is declining and new capital investment is slowing. Mature economies tend to be highly urban and industrial. Many economists hold that limited new investment in productive capital will, over time, result in economic stagnation and high unemployment.......
77. Mixed Economy Summary of Mixed Economy An economy that possesses the elements of both public and private ownership of the means of production.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
78. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
79. Green Economy Green Economy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Green Economy means: as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A green economy can be thought of as one which is low carbon, [...]...
80. Globalization of the Economy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
81. Collective Economy Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
82. Informal Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
83. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
84. Planned Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
85. Dual Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
86. Parallel Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
87. Agricultural Economy Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
88. International Political Economy Introduction to International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy, field of study that deals with the interaction of politics and economics among the world's nations. The most important of these interactions concerns foreign trade. Students of international political econom......
89. Global Political Economy Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political EconomyThe study of international political economy developed rapidly as an academic discipline in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars in this subject area generally adopt the theoretical perspectives of either ......
90. International Political Economy Theories Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy MarxismThe ideas of 19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx offer a third political approach toward understanding economic behavior and policies. Marxism focuses on the inequality of relationship......
91. International Political Economy Issues Introduction to International Political Economy Future DirectionsSince the end of the Cold War, liberalism has generally prevailed over mercantilism and Marxism in academic and policy debates regarding the international political economy. The global expansion in international trade, busines......
92. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
93. Steady State Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
94. Cultural Political Economy ContentsCultural Political EconomyResourcesSee AlsoFurther Reading Cultural Political Economy W.H. Sewell argued, in “The Concept(s) of Culture” (in V. Bonnell, and ... Read more...
95. Closed Economy The economy of an isolated area that engages in virtually no trade beyond its own borders. This condition is usually the product of geographic remoteness rather than design. See also AUTARCHY.......
96. Nonmarket Economy Essentially, an economy that is centrally planned, i.e., allocation of resources is directed by a governmental authority, rather than by market forces. For purposes of trade reporting and other reasons, the U.S. government defines the following states as nonmarket economies:China Bulgari......
97. Control of the Economy Totalitarianism The Party and its Tools Control of the EconomyIntroduction to Control of the EconomyThe centrally controlled economy enables the totalitarian dictatorship to exploit its population for foreign conquest and world revolution. For example, all resources can be concentr......
98. Black Economy Black Economy and Europe There is an entry on black economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Black Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)...
99. Small Economy Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
100. Hidden Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
101. Social Economy Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
102. Centrally Planned Economy An economy in which basic economic decisions are made by a central planning commission or a similar state agency. Price mechanism does not determine the allocation of resources; instead the planning agency assesses resource availability and reports this to the level of government that determines pri......
103. Command Directed Economy An economy in which the questions of which goods are to be produced, how they will be produced, and who will receive them are established by governmental fiat. See Centrally Planned Economy.......
104. International Political Economy Trends Trends in International Political EconomyIntroduction to International Political Economy TrendsSince the end of World War II, the pace of international economic transactions has risen steadily. At the same time, different regions of the world have experienced dramatically uneven pa......
105. Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States ContentsCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United StatesCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and ... Read more...
106. Knowhow Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
107. Knock-Off An unauthorized copy of trade- marked, copyrighted, or brand-identifiable merchandise. Imports of such counterfeits constitute a significant nuisance to brand name producers. U.S. customs authorities are empowered to seize knockoffs in those cases where trademark or copyright owners or authorized us......
108. Knot The unit for measuring a vessel's speed, equaling one nautical mile per hour.......
109. Knock Down Spanish Translation of to knock down and run overThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to to knock down or run over and / or a definition of this topic: Atropellar (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
110. Knock for Knock Agreement Spanish Translation of knock for knock agreementThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to knock for knock agreement and / or a definition of this topic: Contrato Knock For Knock (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
111. Know Loss Know Loss in International Trade Meaning of Know Loss, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Loss or damage that was discovered before delivery....
112. Knock-out Auction Description of Knock-out Auction Resources See Also Auctions Auctioneers...
113. Know Resources See Also Knowingly Knowledge Notice...
114. Knowingly Resources See Also Intent Knowledge Scienter...
115. Knights of the Garter Resources See Also Garter Knight...
116. Knights Bachelors Resources See Also Knight...
117. Knights Banneret Resources See Also Knight...
118. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change ContentsKyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate ChangeConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Kyoto ... Read more...
119. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 4 ContentsKyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate ChangeConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Kyoto ... Read more...
120. Kyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate Change 5 ContentsKyoto Protocol to the Convention on Climate ChangeConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Kyoto ... Read more...