Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Development Assistance Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services means: ODA directed to basic social services, which include basic education (primary education, early childhood [...]...
2. Deprivation Deprivation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Deprivation means: loss of economic fundamentals (food, shelter, etc.), social (health, education, etc.) and other benefits....
3. Health Indicator Health Indicator (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Indicator means: a health indicator is a characteristic of an individual, population, or environment which is measured (directly or indirectly) and could be used to describe one or more aspects of the health based on [...]...
4. Health Promotion Health Promotion (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Promotion means: health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, it not only embraces [...]...
5. Basic Needs Summary of Basic Needs A code word for official development ASSISTANCE (read this legal term for further details) programs aimed toward the improvement of health care, education, nutrition, and like fundamental services in poorer nations. The basic needs concept has been criticized by some [...]...
6. Microfinance Microfinance (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Microfinance means: the complex of financial products for low-income part of population aimed at facilitating their involvement into economic activity. This section provides an overview of microfinance within the legal context of [...]...
7. Demography Demography (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Demography means: science that studies the patterns of its population and development in the socio-historical implications; description of statistical data on age and sex composition of the population of the Earth, its regions and [...]...
8. Health System Health System (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health System means: _onsists of all actors, institutions and resources that undertake health activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. [...]...
9. Poverty Assessments Ppa (participatory Poverty Assessments) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Ppa (participatory Poverty Assessments) means: _ method of using participatory research methodologies to capture qualitative dimensions of poverty, such as people's perceptions of powerlessness and [...]...
10. Poverty Gap Poverty Gap (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poverty Gap means: the aggregate shortfall of the expenditure or income of poor households from the poverty line....
11. Water Source Population Not Using Improved Water Source (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Not Using Improved Water Source means: _alculated as 100 minus the percentage of the population using an improved water source. Unimproved sources include vendors, bottled water, tanker [...]...
12. Depopulation Depopulation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Depopulation means: is the reduction of population over time in a region's census Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
13. Development Development Research, Development Theories Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Development, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Development, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
14. Poverty Reduction Related United Nations Activities More than one billion people live in extreme poverty, surviving on less than one dollar a day. The world’s poor suffer from a lack of adequate shelter, health care, education, protection from violence, and a voice in what happens in their communities. Every [...]...
15. Access to Health Care Access to Health Care (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Access to Health Care means: percentage of the population that can reach appropriate local health facility on foot or by local means of transport within an hour....
16. Reproduction Reproduction of the Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Reproduction of the Population means: one of the main processes of reproduction of society - can be viewed as a combination of three types of "movement" of the population, "natural" (biology and [...]...
17. Human Capital Summary of Human Capital An enrichment of the productive capacity of labor by means of specialized training and education.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Human Capital (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Capital means: is formed from investments in human [...]...
18. Urban Population Urban Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Urban Population means: refers to the de facto population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each area or country. Data refer to 1 July of the year indicated. See Population, total. Resources [...]...
19. Health Expenditure, Private Private Health Expenditure (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Private Health Expenditure means: direct household (out of pocket) spending, private insurance, spending by nonprofit institutions serving households and direct service payments by private corporations. Together with [...]...
20. Epidemiology Epidemiology (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Epidemiology means: _pidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Social epidemiology has [...]...
21. Fertility Fertility (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Fertility means: a woman's reproductive ability, ie the ability of women to bear children in the physiological period, called the fertile age. In demographic statistics taken from the fertile age 15 to 49 years. Total Fertility [...]...
22. Contraceptive Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Contraceptive Prevalence Rate means: the percentage of women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) who are using, or whose partners are using, any form of contraception, whether modern or traditional. Resources See [...]...
23. Mortality Maternal Mortality Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Maternal Mortality Ratio means: the number of female deaths per year due to pregnancy or for reasons connected with childbirth per 100 000 live births. Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population [...]...
24. Absolute Poverty Absolute Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Absolute Poverty means: number of persons or households whose level of consumption or income below the poverty line....
25. Health Determinants Determinants of Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Determinants of Health means: the range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations....
26. Relative Poverty Relative Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poverty (Relative) means: supposes a certain percentage of poor individuals or households (for example, 10%, 20%, 30%, etc.) or the binding of poverty to the middle, or median income in the country....
27. Millennium Development Goals Literature Review on Millennium Development Goals In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Maria Ivanova and Natalia Escobar-Pemberthy provide the following summary about the topic of Millennium Development Goals: Millennium Development Goals—widely known as [...]...
28. Poverty Affidavit Description of Poverty Affidavit Resources See Also Federal Civil Procedure...
29. Income Poverty Line, Population Below Population Below Income Poverty Line (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Below Income Poverty Line means: percentage of the population living below the specified poverty line (PPP $1.25 a day and the national poverty line). The national poverty line is the poverty [...]...
30. Labour Force Participation Labour Force Participation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Labour Force Participation means: the percentage of the working-age population (ages 15 — 64) that actively engages in the labour market, by either working or actively looking for work.....
31. Standard of Living Standard of Living (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Standard of Living means: integrated index of socio-economic development, measured by aggregate data such as real per capita income, poverty rate, access to health care, the uneven growth of incomes, standards of education, [...]...
32. Development Policy Literature Review on Development Policy In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lawrence S. Graham offers the following summary about the topic of Development Policy: Development policy is the overarching term we use today in public administration and public [...]...
33. Environmental Safety Environmental Safety (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Environmental Safety means: Guaranteeing the prevention of environmentally significant natural or anthropogenic disasters; the extent to which preserve the health of the population from existing or expected environmental [...]...
34. Administration The Legal History of Public Law of Administration This section provides an overview of Public Law of Administration Law Can Exist Without Official Administration Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about Law Can Exist Without Official Administration, [...]...
35. Density Physical Density (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Physical Density means: number of medical doctors (physicians), including generalist and specialist medical practitioners, expressed per 10,000 people....
36. Ecological Health Ecological Health Indicators (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Ecological Health Indicators means: _nvironment state, for example quality of water, air and the earth, pollution level et al....
37. Enrolment Enrolment Rate, Net (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Enrolment Rate, Net means: the number of pupils of the theoretical school-age group for a given level of education level who are enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age Gross [...]...
38. Social Health Social Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Social Health means: is determined with moral principles that constitute the ground of the social life of the human being, i.e. vital activity in a specific human society. It is primarily characterized with the attitude of the [...]...
39. Degradation Degradation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Degradation means: is a quantitative or qualitative deviation of something from its former state. The term is applicable to the components of the ecosystem (eg. D. of forest, D. of animal population of some areas), water bodies (eg, [...]...
40. Demographic Policy Demographic Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Demographic Policy means: a reasonable activity of state bodies and other social institutions in regulating the processes of reproduction. Demographic policy includes measures to control human reproduction, the attainment of [...]...
41. Right to Health This section provides an overview of right to health within the legal context of International Economic Law and Human Rights in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further Reading Tania Voon, "Right to Health," Elgar Encyclopedia of International [...]...
42. Bangladesh The Legal History of Bangladesh This section provides an overview of Bangladesh Literature Review on Bangladesh In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ferdous Jahan and Asif Mohammad Shahan provide the following summary about the topic of Bangladesh: This entry [...]...
43. Concept of Human Development Major Components _f the Concept of Human Development (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Major Components _f the Concept of Human Development means: Efficiency. People must be productive agents of the economy so that they possess the economic means to broaden their choices. [...]...
44. Schooling Expected Years of Schooling (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Expected Years of Schooling means: number of years of schooling that a child of school entrance age can expect to receive if prevailing patterns of age — specific enrolment rates were to stay the same throughout [...]...
45. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
46. Abortion The Legal History of Abortion in Hindu Law This section provides an overview of Abortion in Hindu Law In relation to the abortion and constitutional law, Radhika Rao[1] made the following observation: Abortion is commonly defined as the intentional termination of pregnancy with reasonable [...]...
47. Public Utilities The Legal History of Public UtilitiesThis section provides an overview of Public Utilities ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Public Utilities in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
48. World Health Organization Public Health Public Health Agencies Introduction to World Health Organization On an international scale, public health is overseen by the World Health Organization (WHO). WHO manages international disease prevention and control efforts, and is involved in training medical personnel, educating [...]...
49. Renewable Energy Renewable Source (of Energy) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Renewable Source (of Energy) means: natural resources, which stocks or recovered more quickly than is used or not depends on whether or not they are used as hydro, solar, wind, geothermal, hydraulic energy, the [...]...
50. Decentralization Decentralization (government) Introduction to Decentralization Decentralization (government), transfer of power from a central government to subordinate authorities. A decentralized government is the opposite of a centralized government, in which power is legally vested in the central [...]...
51. Security Spanish Translation of title and security and certificate This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to title or security or certificate and / or a definition of this topic: Título (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). In the United States For [...]...
52. Capabilityies Capability(ies) Approach (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Capability(ies) Approach means: philosophical foundations of human development translated in policies that promote human rights, disability, health, growth and democratic practice, and the position of disadvantaged [...]...
53. Civilization Civilization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Civilization means: broad term characterizing particularities and levels of development in a society. It includes culture, religion, and the character of social and economic relations. Accordingly, civilizations differs by applied [...]...
54. Electrification Electrification Rates (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Electrification Rates means: indicate the number of people with electricity access as a percentage of the total population....
55. Career Development Literature Review on Career Development In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Career Development offers the following summary about the topic of Career Development: Career development is the process of setting developmental goals and of identifying training [...]...
56. Combating Poverty Combating Poverty in International Economic Law In international economic law, combating poverty includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Aid for Trade Initiative Technology Transfer IMF Facilities Microfinance Debt Relief Sovereign Debt [...]...
57. Literacy Rate, Adult Adult Literacy Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adult Literacy Rate means: the proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and older which is literate, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population, total or for a given sex, in a given country, territory, [...]...
58. Political Crimes The Legal History of Political CrimesThis section provides an overview of Political Crimes ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Political Crimes in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
59. Public Authority The Legal History of Public Authority (Sul__n) in Islamic LawThis section provides an overview of Public Authority (Sul__n) in Islamic Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Public Authority (Sul__n) in Islamic Law in the Oxford [...]...
60. Adolescent Adolescent Fertility Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adolescent Fertility Rate means: number of births to woman ages 15-19, expressed per 1.000 women of the same age. Adolescents' Food Communication in Social Media - a Theoretical Inquiry of the Why and How, the Law [...]...
61. Inequality Human Development Index, Inequality-adjusted in United Nations Activities In this context, Human Development Index, Inequality-adjusted means: Human Development index value adjusted for inequalities in the three basic dimensions of human development: education, he_lth and profit. The IHDI [...]...
62. Motherhood Safe Motherhood (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Safe Motherhood means: aims at attaining optimal maternal and newborn health. It implies reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity and enhancement of the health of newborn infants through equitable access to primary health [...]...
63. Overview The Legal History of OverviewThis section provides an overview of Overview ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Overview in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...
64. Earned Income Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated means: derived on the basis of the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, [...]...
65. Unesco Unesco Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization means: _s specialized agency of the United Nations, UNESCO contributes to the building of [...]...
66. Natural Resources Minerals Environment and Natural Resources Includes Acid Rain, Air Quality, Coal, Conservation, Energy, Fisheries, Forests, Hazardous Waste, Land Use, Resources, Oceanography, Oil Spills, Parks, Pesticides, Petroleum, Pollution, Recreation, Rivers, Solar Energy, Toxic Substances, Trails, [...]...
67. Political Markets Literature Review on (Contracting) Political Markets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Rizalino B. Cruz offers the following summary about the topic of (Contracting) Political Markets: This entry provides an overview of political markets as a framework for [...]...
68. Policy Networks Literature Review on Policy Networks In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jack W. Meek offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Networks: Policy networks have become the center of attention among scholars in political science, policy and policy [...]...
69. Fao Fao Fao (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Fao means: is a food and agriculture organization, founded in 1945. Covers questions of food resources and agricultural development in order to improve the lives of the peoples of the world. Embracing mainstream international law, this [...]...
70. Medicine Antimalarial Measures, Fevers Treated With Antimalarial Drugs (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Medicine means: the percentage of children under age five who were ill with fever in the two weeks before the survey and received antimalarial drugs. Antimalarial Measures, Use of [...]...
71. Public Policy Discourse Literature Review on (Ethics) Biomedical and Public Policy Discourse In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] John Abbott Worthley offers the following summary about the topic of (Ethics) Biomedical and Public Policy Discourse: What is the nature of public [...]...
72. Policy Sciences Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Policy Sciences Approach In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Peter deLeon and Christine R. Martell provide the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Policy Sciences Approach: This entry describes the [...]...
73. Domestic Policy Space Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in International Economic Law In international economic law, recognised policies protecting domestic policy space includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Public Morals Environmental Protection [...]...
74. Commons The Legal History of Doctors' Commons This section provides an overview of Doctors' Commons Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Doctors' Commons in the Oxford [...]...
75. Agenda 21 «agenda 21» (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Agenda 21 means: is an action plan of the United Nations (UN) related to sustainable development and was an outcome of the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, [...]...
76. Urbanization Urbanization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Urbanization means: refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization. Resources See Also [...]...
77. Public Morals This section provides an overview of public morals within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Robert Howse, "Public Morals," [...]...
78. World Bank World Bank and the World Bank Group Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Bank , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Bank , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) [...]...
79. Dependency Ratio Dependency Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Dependency Ratio means: ratio of the population ages 0-14 and ages 65 and older to the working - age population (ages 15-64), expressed as dependants per 100 people ages 15-64....
80. Reproductive Health Reproductive Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Reproductive Health means: WHO's definition of health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity, reproductive health addresses the reproductive [...]...
81. Economic Policy Concept of Economic Policy Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
82. Lawyers in Progress and Poverty Contents Lawyers in Progress and Poverty Main source: Salvador Trinxet Llorca, “Selected Writings about Lawyers” “Progress and Poverty” was a ... Read more...
83. Welfare Introduction to Welfare Welfare, programs aimed at helping people unable to support themselves fully or earn a living. Welfare recipients include elderly people, people with mental or physical disabilities, and those needing help to support dependent children. People in the United States most [...]...
84. Pollution Control Cap-and-trade (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Cap-and-trade means: emissions trading is a market-based approach used to control pollution by providing economic incentives for achieving reductions in the emissions of pollutants. A central authority (usually a governmental body) [...]...
85. Population Growth Annual Population Growth Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Growth Rate (Annual) refers to the average annual exponential growth rate for the period indicated. More People It is true that a country can get into economic trouble if the number of elderly [...]...
86. Social Policy Social Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Social Policy means: legislative, institutional, budgetary support to achieve objectives in the field of human welfare, to protect the interests of socially vulnerable layers of such socially important areas as health, education, [...]...
87. Poor People Resources See Also Poverty Cost of Living Income Minimum Wage Standard of living...
88. Corruption Corruption Definition Corruption, wrongdoing by those in a special position of trust. The term is commonly applied to self-benefiting conduct by public officials and others dedicated to public service. (1) Corruption is not a technical term; it is not considered a criminal offence in most [...]...
89. Discrimination Summary of Discrimination Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject [...]...
90. Parity In arbitrage usage, an equivalent value for two currencies; for example, the Bermuda dollar enjoys parity with the U.S. dollar (B$l = U.S.SI).......
91. Children Legitimacy of Children Introduction to Children Legitimacy of Children, being born of legally married parents." (1) The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and the Electronic Commerce The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act in the Online Business Law Children Reaching [...]...
92. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
93. Police Introduction to Police Police, agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic police mission-preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws-was the same in ancient societies as it is in sophisticated [...]...
94. Fiscal Policy Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) [...]...
95. Employment Employment Law The Legal History of Employment and Labor Law This section provides an overview of Employment and Labor Law Employment in the CEDAW Article 11 of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to Employment, that [...]...
96. Women Women and the United Nations This general section provides an overview of the relationship of Women and the United Nations (UN). See, for example, the entry about the United Nations Development Fund For Women. The Legal History of Women This general section provides an overview of Women in [...]...
97. Agency The Legal History of Agency This section provides an overview of Agency Agency (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Agency means: what a person is free to do and achieve in pursuit of whatever goals or values he or she regards as important. Description of Agency Introduction This [...]...
98. Family The Legal History of Family This section provides an overview of Family Family (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Family means: the United Nations General Assembly in its resolution 44/82 of 8 December 1989, proclaimed 1994 as the International Year of the Family (IYF) with its [...]...
99. Health Health The Legal History of Health This section provides an overview of Health Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health means: is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Most Popular Entries related to [...]...
100. Justice The Legal History of Justice, Equity, and Good Conscience This section provides an overview of Justice, Equity, and Good Con-science Justice (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Justice means: expanding equity, sustaining outcomes over time and respecting human rights and other [...]...
101. Poison The Legal History of Poison (Gu) This section provides an overview of Poison (Gu) Poison (and Poisoned Weapons) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on poison (and poisoned weapons) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also [...]...
102. Poor Laws The Legal History of Poor Laws in English Common LawThis section provides an overview of Poor Laws in English Common Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Poor Laws in English Common Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of [...]...
103. Positivism The Legal History of Positivism in United States Law This section provides an overview of Positivism in United States Law Literature Review on (Public Administration Theory) Logical Positivism and Public Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] [...]...
104. Possession The Legal History of PossessionThis section provides an overview of Possession ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Possession in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia [...]...
105. Sex The Legal History of Illicit Sexual Intercourse in Chinese Law This section provides an overview of Illicit Sexual Intercourse in Chinese Law Sex in Election Law Refers to the biological characteristics that define humans as female or male. Sex Disaggregated Data or Statistics in Election Law [...]...
106. Society The Legal History of Law and Society This section provides an overview of Law and Society Society, Bishop From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Society, Bishop (1): A society may expel a member on due notice and a fair trial. The refusal of the bishop to recognize a [...]...
107. Universities The Legal History of Universities This section provides an overview of Universities Science, Maths and Engineering Students in Universities (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Science, Maths and Engineering Students in Universities means: the share of tertiary students enrolled in [...]...
108. Priority Priority Date in E.U. Patent SystemThe initial date of filing of a patent application, normally in the applicant's domestic patent office. This date is used to help determine the novelty of an invention....
109. Gender Gender in Election Law A concept that refers to the social differences between women and men that have been learrned, are changeable over time and have wide variations both within and between cultures. Gender Balance in Election Law Participation of an approximately equal number of women and [...]...
110. Economic Growth Futureless Economic Growth (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Futureless Economic Growth means: Futureless growth that is accompanied by a waste of economic and natural resources needed to sustain life for future generations. Ruthless Economic Growth (in the Human Development [...]...
111. Health Expenditure Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) means: the sum of public and private expenditure (in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars), divided by the mid-year population. Health expenditure includes [...]...
112. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
113. Physical Health Physical Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Physical Health means: natural condition of the body due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems...
114. Poor Hipc Decision Point (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poor means: the date at which a heavily indebted poor country (HIPC) with an established track record of good performance under adjustment programmes supported by the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank commits, [...]...
115. Poor Country Hipc Completion Point (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poor Country means: the date at which a country included in the Debt Initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPCs) successfully completes the key structural reforms agreed on at the HIPC decision point, including [...]...
116. Population Medium-variant Population Projection (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Medium-variant Population Projection means: _opulation projections by the United Nations Population Fund assuming medium-fertility path, normal mortality and normal international migration. Each assumption [...]...
117. Primary Exports Primary Exports (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Primary Exports means: defined according to the Standard International Trade Classification to include exports of food, agricultural raw materials, fuels and ores and metals....
118. Primary Health Care Primary Health Care (phc) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Primary Health Care (phc) means: primary health care is essential health care made accessible at a cost a country and community can afford, with methods that are practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable. [...]...
119. Primary School Primary Repetition Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Primary Repetition Rate means: number of primary school students enrolled in the same grade that they attended in the previous school year, expressed as a percentage of total enrolments in the school in the previous year. [...]...
120. Privatization Privatization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Privatization means: the process of denationalization the means of production, or a lawful transferring of property from state ownership to non-state. In broad terms, it stands for the realization of complex legal and institutional [...]...