Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
2. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
3. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
4. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
5. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
6. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
7. Economic Policy Concept of Economic Policy Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
8. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
9. European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) The European Neighbourhood Policy, abbreviated as ENP, was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged European Union (EU) and its neighbours to the South and East Through the ENP, the EU offers [...]...
10. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
11. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
12. ENP The European Neighbourhood Policy, abbreviated as ENP, was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged European Union (EU) and its neighbours to the South and East Through the ENP, the EU offers its neighbours a privileged [...]...
13. Social Dumping Social Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Social Dumping: An unfair trade practice whereby an exporter achieves a cost advantage over its rivals in foreign markets [...]...
14. Crisis Situations Literature Review on Ethics and Crisis Situations In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Carole L. Jurkiewicz offers the following summary about the topic of Ethics and Crisis Situations: organizational concerns in times of crisis are necessarily focused on [...]...
15. Financial Solidarity A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
16. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
17. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
18. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
19. Managed Trade Managed Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Managed Trade: A trade policy approach that denies the practicability of traditional "laissez-faire" approaches to trade, and instead [...]...
20. Arbitrage Summary of Arbitrage The practice whereby foreign exchange or commodities are purchased in one market at lower cost and rapidly traded off in another, higher cost market. For example, if the pound sterling sells for $1.50 in Paris, but only $1.45 in New York, an arbitrageur could buy [...]...
21. Labor Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee (LAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Labor Advisory Committee (LAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory system established by [...]...
22. Trade In the United States For information about Trade in the context of international trade, click here Trade and the Laws of International Trade Prohibited actions Export Administration System Trade and the Laws of International Trade Intent Export Administration System American Coasting Trade: [...]...
23. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
24. Commercial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable to pay for merchandise imported under open account terms. Commercial risk is contrasted with political risks, which arise from governmental actions and are unrelated to the financial condition or credit-wor- thiness of the [...]...
25. Asian Financial Crisis Asian Financial Crisis (1997–98) Note: there is more information on the Asian/Chinese legal Encyclopedia. Notion of of Asian Financial Crisis (1997–98): Triggered by the collapse of the Thai baht, the crisis threatened to lead to global economic meltdown, but was ultimately limited [...]...
26. Deindustrialization Deindustrialization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deindustrialization: A term denoting a negative impact of international competition on the overall size of a country's manufacturing [...]...
27. Political Cooperation Meaning of European Political Co-operation (EPC) Here is a very short concept of european political co-operation (epc) in the European Union framework: The predecessor to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, EPC never progressed beyond rhetoric. Resources Notas y References See Also...
28. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
29. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
30. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
31. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
32. Mature Economy A developed economy in which population growth is declining and new capital investment is slowing. Mature economies tend to be highly urban and industrial. Many economists hold that limited new investment in productive capital will, over time, result in economic stagnation and high unemployment.......
33. Mixed Economy Summary of Mixed Economy An economy that possesses the elements of both public and private ownership of the means of production.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
34. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
35. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
36. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
37. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
38. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
39. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
40. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
41. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
42. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
43. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
44. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
45. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
46. Market-Oriented Distribution Center A product distribution center located close to the point of consumption rather than the point of manufacture. For example, an American manufacturer of a product sold in Europe might supply European customers from a (market-oriented) distribution center in Rotterdam, rather than directly from the U.S......
47. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
48. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
49. Economy Related Fields Related topics include: International Economic Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Foreign Direct Investment Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economic Law Find this subject in this [...]...
50. Hidden Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
51. Informal Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
52. Planned Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
53. Cultural Political Economy Contents Cultural Political Economy W.H. Sewell argued, in “The Concept(s) of Culture” (in V. Bonnell, and L. Hunt (eds.) Beyond ... Read more...
54. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
55. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
56. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
57. Market Scope Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
58. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
59. Money Market Accounts Money Market Accounts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Money Market Accounts covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
60. Labor Market Segmentation Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
61. Closed Economy The economy of an isolated area that engages in virtually no trade beyond its own borders. This condition is usually the product of geographic remoteness rather than design. See also AUTARCHY.......
62. Nonmarket Economy Essentially, an economy that is centrally planned, i.e., allocation of resources is directed by a governmental authority, rather than by market forces. For purposes of trade reporting and other reasons, the U.S. government defines the following states as nonmarket economies:China Bulgari......
63. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
64. Green Economy Green Economy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Green Economy means: as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A green economy can be thought of as one which is low carbon, [...]...
65. Black Economy Black Economy and Europe There is an entry on black economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Black Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)...
66. Globalization of the Economy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
67. Collective Economy Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
68. Dual Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
69. Knowledge Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
70. Parallel Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
71. Rural Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
72. Shadow Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
73. Underground Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
74. Agricultural Economy Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
75. Social Economy Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
76. Centrally Planned Economy An economy in which basic economic decisions are made by a central planning commission or a similar state agency. Price mechanism does not determine the allocation of resources; instead the planning agency assesses resource availability and reports this to the level of government that determines pri......
77. International Political Economy Introduction to International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy, field of study that deals with the interaction of politics and economics among the world's nations. The most important of these interactions concerns foreign trade. Students of international political econom......
78. Global Political Economy Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political EconomyThe study of international political economy developed rapidly as an academic discipline in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars in this subject area generally adopt the theoretical perspectives of either ......
79. International Political Economy Theories Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy MarxismThe ideas of 19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx offer a third political approach toward understanding economic behavior and policies. Marxism focuses on the inequality of relationship......
80. International Political Economy Issues Introduction to International Political Economy Future DirectionsSince the end of the Cold War, liberalism has generally prevailed over mercantilism and Marxism in academic and policy debates regarding the international political economy. The global expansion in international trade, busines......
81. International Political Economy Trends Trends in International Political EconomyIntroduction to International Political Economy TrendsSince the end of World War II, the pace of international economic transactions has risen steadily. At the same time, different regions of the world have experienced dramatically uneven pa......
82. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
83. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
84. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
85. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
86. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
87. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
88. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
89. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
90. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
91. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
92. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
93. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
94. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
95. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
96. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
97. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
98. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
99. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
100. Capital Market Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
101. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
102. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
103. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
104. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
105. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
106. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
107. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
108. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
109. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
110. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
111. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
112. Open Market Captive See Captive Insurance Company.......
113. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
114. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
115. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
116. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
117. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
118. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
119. Gray Market Goods In the United States For information about Gray market goods in the context of international trade, click here...
120. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...