Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 4 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 10 Intra-African Co-operation 1. The Parties to ... Read more...
2. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 3 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 5 Designation of Competent Authorities, Focal Point ... Read more...
3. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 1 Definitions For the purpose of this ... Read more...
4. Hazardous Wastes Embracing mainstream international law, this section on hazardous wastes explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "hazardous wastes" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
5. Free Movement of Persons Free movement of persons (visas, asylum, immigration and other policies) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Free movement of persons (visas, asylum, immigration and other policies) provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaty of Amsterdam, in force since 1 May 1999, [...]...
6. Free Movement of Workers Free Movement of Workers and the Principle of Equal Treatment and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Free Movement of Workers and the Principle of Equal Treatment provided by the European Union Commission: Every citizen of the EU has the right to work and live in another Member [...]...
7. Free Movement of Services Free Movement of Services and Europe There is an entry on free movement of services in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Free Movement of Services" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
8. Free Movement of Goods Free Movement of Goods and Europe There is an entry on free movement of goods in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Free Movement of Goods" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by [...]...
9. International Environment, Biodiversity and Climate resources Contents International Environment, Biodiversity and Climate resources Antarctic Treaty System – Scientific Committee on Antarctic Research (SCAR), Cambridge, United Kingdom. ... Read more...
10. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 2 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Each Party Shall: (a) Ensure that hazardous waste ... Read more...
11. Free Access to Law Movement Contents Free Access to Law Movement The Free Access to Law Movement is a collective of legal projects from various ... Read more...
12. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 5 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 14 Financial Aspects 1. The regular budget ... Read more...
13. Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants Contents Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Persistent Organic Pollutants   Article 1 Definitions For the purposes of the ... Read more...
14. Capital Punishment World Trends Capital Punishment World TrendsFor most of recorded history, capital punishment was available to every government for especially serious crimes and often for a great variety of less serious offenses. The term felony, which today signifies all serious crime, was the traditional classificatio......
15. Right to Free Movement Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
16. Duty-free In the United States For information about Duty-free in the context of international trade, click here...
17. Central America Free Trade Agreements Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr") in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr"): TRANSPARENCY AND [...]...
18. Baltic Free Trade Area Baltic Free Trade Area in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Baltic Free Trade Area: A prospective free trade area linking Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Objectives include elimination of [...]...
19. North American Free Trade Area Embracing mainstream international law, this section on north american free trade area explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "north american free trade area" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary [...]...
20. Planning Literature Review on Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Planning In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Hua Xu offers the following summary about the topic of Planning in Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Capital improvements are important investment [...]...
21. Environment and Wildlife conventions Contents Environment and Wildlife conventions Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels 19.06.2001 Amendment to the Agreement on the ... Read more...
22. Capital Punishment Current Status Capital Punishment World Trends Current StatusBy the early 21st century, for the first time in history, most of the world's nations had abolished the death penalty in law or in practice-that is, executions were not carried out or a moratorium was imposed on the death penalty so that cap......
23. Other Environmental conventions Contents Other Environmental international conventions Other Environmental multirateral conventions Convention for the Establishment of the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection ... Read more...
24. Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States Title: Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States Preface to the ... Read more...
25. Lifo Liner in Free Out Lifo Liner in Free Out in International Trade Meaning of Lifo Liner in Free Out, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In international trade, referring to a freight charge which includes the cost of loading in the port of departure but does not include [...]...
26. Central European Free Trade Agreement Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA): A regional cooperation organization and prospective free trade [...]...
27. Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement Dominican Republic-central America-united States Free Trade Agreement ("cafta-dr") in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The text of the CAFTA-DR is available at (internet link) [...]...
28. Hazardous Waste Hazardous Waste in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The United States joined consensus on United Nations Human Rights Council resolution 18/11, "Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on the [...]...
29. Conditionally Free Merchandise that is permitted duty-free entry, providing certain conditions can be met, usually the submission of evidence that the goods are the product of a given country or will be used for an approved purpose. If the prescribed conditions are not met, the goods will be assessed the prevailing du......
30. Certificate of Free Sale A document issued by an agency of government, usually the health authority, certifying that a given product is in compliance with all local regulations and may be offered freely for sale within the country of origin. Normally, such certificates are issued to cover food products which are being [...]...
31. Project Prioritization Literature Review on Budgeting: Project Prioritization and Proposal Evaluation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Yi Lu offers the following summary about the topic of Budgeting: Project Prioritization and Proposal Evaluation: Capital project evaluation is [...]...
32. Legal Structure as Public Capital Legal Structure as Public Capital “The question directly suggests a critically important feature of law and law-abiding that has been ... Read more...
33. Master Planning Literature Review on Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Comprehensive and Master Planning In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jon Erickson offers the following summary about the topic of Comprehensive and Master Planning in Capital Improvement Programs [...]...
34. Free Ships/free Goods A position asserted by certain authorities in international law that all cargo carried aboard a neutral vessel is exempt from seizure by belligerents in time of war. This view conflicts with a more widely held attitude that belligerents have a legal right to interdict munitions and supplies with war......
35. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
36. Freedom of Movement Freedom of Movement in Election Law All citizens, except those who are minors and other specific categories of people, have the liberty to travel alone, reside in any part of the state where they please, within the limits of respect for the liberty and rights of others, and to leave that state [...]...
37. Free in and Out A condition in transportation under which the carrier has no responsibility to load or unload the vessel, barge, or other conveyance. The shipper is obliged to stow the cargo, and the consignee to effect unloading; loading and unloading expenses may be borne by either the shipper or the [...]...
38. Free Will Spanish Translation of free willThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to free will and / or a definition of this topic: Autonomía de la Voluntad (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
39. Free legal information Examples of multi-sourced free access government-provided national legal information systems include, in Europe, Legifrance (France), FINLEX (Finland), Jersey Legal Information ... Read more...
40. Free Trade Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See [...]...
41. Free Alongside A condition in a shipping contract whereby the shipper bears all costs of delivering the goods up to a ship's tackle. This definition is modified to accommodate local customs of the port. ......
42. Free Astray The free onward movement to the consignee by a common carrier of merchandise that has been erroneously discharged at the wrong terminal.......
43. Free Coinage The system under which any individual may take bullion to the mint and have it coined. In the United States free coinage of silver persisted from 1792 to 1873; free coinage of gold was practiced from 1792 to 1933. The government's charge for converting bullion to coin is known as brassage; any p......
44. Free Dispatch A provision in a charter party that precludes payment of Despatch Money (read this and related legal terms for further details) for early release of a vessel.......
45. Free List A listing of all commodities on which no customs duties are imposed.......
46. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
47. Free of Capture and Seizure A clause in an ocean marine policy that deletes from the list of covered perils the WAR RISKS (read this and related legal terms for further details) of capture and seizure, and losses attributable thereto. All such war-......
48. Free of Particular Average A clause in a basic marine cargo insurance policy restricting settlements in the case of partial losses attributable to perils of the sea or incidents where the vessel has been sunk, burned, or stranded during the course of the voyage. An F.P.A. policy provides the most limited coverage. The [...]...
49. Free Of Turn A condition in a vessel charter party that laytime commences as soon as the ship arrives in port and notice of readiness has been given, irrespective of whether a berth is ready.......
50. Free Perimeter A free trade area similar to a free port, consisting of a defined geographical area, often in a nation's interior, where customary trade regulations, taxes, and/or duties are not imposed; the usual object in establishing such a perimeter is to stimulate local production.......
51. Free Port Summary of Free Port A type of foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), encompassing an entire port area, into which goods can be shipped, stored, and exported free of duty. Customarily, only goods entered for local consumption will be subject to duties [...]...
52. Free Pratique The condition of a vessel which is in compliance with the health and sanitation laws of the country where it is berthed at any point in tíme. Prior to leaving port, a vessel must normally obtain from civil health authorities a "certificate of free pratique," also known as a bill of ......
53. Free Speech Free Speech......
54. Free Trade Zone Spanish Translation of free trade zoneThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to free trade zone and / or a definition of this topic: Zona de Libre Comercio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
55. Free Warehouse Spanish Translation of bond and free warehouseThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to bond or free warehouse and / or a definition of this topic: Depósito Franco (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
56. Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Free Trade Agreement: An agreement between two or more countries establishing a free trade area (FTA)....
57. Free Riders Free-Riders Free-Riders and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Free-Riders: In the context of the Uruguay Round discussions of a proposed Multilateral Trade Organization, [...]...
58. Free Trade Agreements In the United States For information about Free Trade Agreements in the context of international trade, click here United States-Singapore free trade agreement The United States-Singapore Free Trade Agreement has been in force since January 1, 2004. U.S. two way goods trade totaled $37 [...]...
59. Free Carrier (FCA) Free Carrier in International Trade Meaning of FCA (Free Carrier), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms FCA the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier [...]...
60. Free Expression Internet Speech, Defamation, Online Torts and The Good Samaritan Exemption in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about E-Commerce and the Rights of Free Speech, Press and Expression In Cyberspace...
61. Free Church Free Church, Seats, Lease From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Free Church, Seats, Lease (1): The trustees of a free church may assign seats and forcibly remove one from a seat without authority.454 Where a pew is real estate, a pewholder may acquire the right to it by [...]...
62. Free Exercise Establishment of Religion, Free Exercise From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Establishment of Religion, Free Exercise (1): The first amendment to the United States constitution provides that "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or [...]...
63. Free Exercise Clause References See Also Constitutional Law Individual Rights Statutory Protection Individual Rights Resources See Also Constitutional Law Individual Rights Statutory Protection Individual Rights...
64. Free Rider Concept of Free Rider Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy...
65. Free Association Embracing mainstream international law, this section on free association explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "free association" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
66. Free City of Danzig Free City of Danzig and I.l.o. Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on free city of danzig and i.l.o. case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "free city of danzig and i.l.o. case" in [...]...
67. Free Territory of Trieste Embracing mainstream international law, this section on free territory of trieste explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "trieste, free territory of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
68. Free Trade Exceptions Article XX GATT, Art XIV GATS This section provides an overview of article xx gatt, art xiv gats within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). [...]...
69. Free Trade Commission Meeting of the CAFTA-DR Free Trade Commission In relation to the international law practice and Meeting of the Cafta-dr Free Trade Commission in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation About this subject: [...]...
70. Free Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
71. Free Prior and Informed Consent Concept of Free Prior and Informed Consent Free Prior and Informed Consent may be defined as: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognizes Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) as Indigenous Peoples' right to determine and develop priorities and strategies, or to give [...]...
72. Feminist Movement Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
73. Capital Summary of Capital Goods employed in the pursuit of commercial profit. Capital is one of the traditional factors of production, along with land and labor; some neofactor theorists also include entrepreneurship as a fourth factor, although traditional thought would regard entrepreneurial [...]...
74. Flight Of Capital A significant movement of capital, usually in liquid form, from one jurisdiction to another. This capital movement usually occurs in response to troubled economic or political conditions that might result in confiscation, excessive taxation, or loss in value. However, this term may be applied as wel......
75. Foreign Capital Resources See Also Multinational International Commercial Law Corporate Law Business Entity Foreign Direct Investment Permanent Establishment International Joint Venture Foreign enterprise...
76. Free Of Address A condition in some charter parties stipulating that no address commission (read this and related legal terms for further details) will be paid.......
77. Fob Free on Board Fob Free on Board in International Trade Meaning of Fob Free on Board, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): FOB is the oldest Incoterms and together with CIF the most widely used with sea transport. The seller delivers the goods by placing them on board the [...]...
78. For Free on Rail For Free on Rail in International Trade Meaning of For Free on Rail, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A no longer valid Incoterms, but still used for some traders when goods are delivered in railway station in the seller's country. The suitable term [...]...
79. Fot Free on Track Fot Free on Track in International Trade Meaning of Fot Free on Track, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A no longer valid Incoterms, but still used by some traders. The term may create confusion as to whether it applies to motor vehicle or to rail [...]...
80. Free Zones Free Zones of Upper Savoy and District of Gex Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on free zones of upper savoy and district of gex case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "free zones of [...]...
81. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
82. U.S. Labor law and movement history Contents Labor law and organized labor history of the United States See U.S. Labor law and movement history 2 Labor ... Read more...
83. U.S. Labor law and movement history 2 Contents U.S. Labor law and movement history 2 See U.S. Labor law and movement history World War I During World ... Read more...
84. Nonaligned Movement Introduction to Nonaligned MovementNonaligned Movement (NAM), loose association of countries that, during the Cold War, had no formal commitment to either of the two power blocs in the world, which were led by the United States and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). The group w......
85. Zionist Movement The Foundation of the Zionist MovementIntroduction to Zionist MovementIn 1896 Theodor Herzl, a Hungarian born Jewish journalist, published a short book aptly called The Jewish State, in which he analyzed the causes of anti-Semitism and proposed its cure, the creation of a Jewish st......
86. Non-aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Non-Aligned Movement, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including [...]...
87. Movement Certificate Eur 1 Movement Certificate in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eur 1 Movement Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Goods transport certificate and proof of [...]...
88. Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan in 2016 aka IMU Activities Since the beginning of Operation Enduring Freedom, the IMU has predominantly been focused on attacks against international forces in Afghanistan. In late 2009, NATO forces reported an increase in IMU-affiliated foreign terrorist [...]...
89. Human Rights Movement Embracing mainstream international law, this section on human rights movement explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "human rights movement" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
90. Civil Rights Movement Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of civil rights movement, with a description of the most significant features of civil rights movement at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Unbefriended And [...]...
91. Cooperative Movement Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective...
92. Labor Movement Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
93. National Liberation Movement Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
94. Peasant Movement Resources See Also Social Integration Social Exclusion Community integration Social integration Racial integration Social Engagement Public Participation Social participation...
95. Political Movement Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
96. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal Contents Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal   Article 1 Scope of ... Read more...
97. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 2 Contents Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal   Article 4 General Obligations ... Read more...
98. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 3 Contents Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal   Article 6 Transboundary Movement ... Read more...
99. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 4 Contents Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal   Article 10 International Co-operation ... Read more...
100. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 5 Contents Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal   Article 15 Conference of ... Read more...
101. Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 6 Contents Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal   Article 19 Verification Any ... Read more...
102. Capital Needs Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
103. Capital Tax Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
104. Law as Public Capital Contents Law as Public Capital Man makes laws; in this respect he differs from other animals. He chooses deliberately to ... Read more...
105. Lawyers, capital and interest Contents Lawyers, capital and interest Main source: Salvador Trinxet Llorca, “Selected writings about lawyers” “Capital and Interest: A Critical History ... Read more...
106. Capital Punishment Introduction Capital Punishment, legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law. Throughout history people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, [...]...
107. Capital Punishment Development Contents Capital Punishment Development For most of recorded history, capital punishment was available to every government for especially serious crimes ... Read more...
108. Venture Capital Venture Capital Definition Venture Capital may be defined as money or capital provided for new business ventures by investors other than the original proprietor. The term is sometimes also used for capital provided to rescue or turn around a company. Venture capitalists—that is, [...]...
109. Capital Account Entries in a nation's balance of payment accounts reflecting long- or shortterm loans made to other countries, or by other countries to the recording nation. See Balance of Payments.......
110. Capital Consumption Allowance The entry, in national income accounting, that represents the aggregate consumption of capital equipment and facilities, i.e., depreciation incurred by the nation's business sector, as well as the aggregate of business casualty losses to plant and equipment during the reporting period.......
111. Capital Flight The movement of significant capital resources from a country in response to unstable economic or political conditions.......
112. Capital Formation Summary of Capital Formation The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of private sector investment in productive assets (e.g., physical plant and machinery) phis the sum of changes in private sector merchandise inventories, adjusted for the consumption of existing capital assets [...]...
113. Capital Lease A leasehold extending substantially over the life of a capital asset.......
114. Human Capital Summary of Human Capital An enrichment of the productive capacity of labor by means of specialized training and education.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Human Capital (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Capital means: is formed from investments in human [...]...
115. Net Transfer Of Capital Funds available for investment after deducting principal and interest payments.......
116. Working Capital Summary of Working Capital A measurement of a firm's liquidity, determined by the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The ratio so derived is the working capital ratio.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Literature Review on Working Capital In the Encyclopedia of [...]...
117. Capital Gain Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Capital Gain) ...
118. Capital Gains Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Capital Gains Tax) ...
119. Capital Markets Literature Review on Capital Markets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Kenneth A. Kriz and Peter J. Kiedrowski provide the following summary about the topic of Capital Markets: This entry sketches the dimensions of the municipal capital markets. It [...]...
120. Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...