Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
2. Capital Market Liability Capital Market Liability in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to capital market liability on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. [...]...
3. Financial Condition Literature Review on Financial Condition In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jane Beckett-Camarata offers the following summary about the topic of Financial Condition: This entry describes local government financial condition, its importance, and discusses [...]...
4. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
5. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
6. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
7. Gray Market Definition In the United States For information about Gray Market Definition in the context of international trade, click here...
8. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
9. Commercial Policy Common Commercial Policy and Europe There is an entry on common commercial policy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Economic Development Social development Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common Commercial Policy" in the work "A Concise [...]...
10. Arbitrage Summary of Arbitrage The practice whereby foreign exchange or commodities are purchased in one market at lower cost and rapidly traded off in another, higher cost market. For example, if the pound sterling sells for $1.50 in Paris, but only $1.45 in New York, an arbitrageur could buy [...]...
11. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
12. Crisis Situations Literature Review on Ethics and Crisis Situations In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Carole L. Jurkiewicz offers the following summary about the topic of Ethics and Crisis Situations: organizational concerns in times of crisis are necessarily focused on [...]...
13. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
14. Economic Models Literature Review on (Decision Making) Economic Models In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Richard G. Sims offers the following summary about the topic of (Decision Making) Economic Models: This entry addresses economic models that are useful when the issue [...]...
15. Agricultural Policy Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) and Europe There is an entry on common agricultural policy (cap) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law Resources See Also Further Reading [...]...
16. Financial Solidarity A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
17. Corporate Governance Law Corporate Governance Law......
18. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
19. Cost-Effectiveness Analysis Literature Review on Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA) In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Michael R. Hawthorne, William G. Albrecht and Kevin S. Freeman provide the following summary about the topic of Cost-Effectiveness Analysis (CEA): Cost-effectiveness [...]...
20. Credit Enhancements Literature Review on Credit Enhancements In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Martin J. Luby and Tima T. Moldogaziev provide the following summary about the topic of Credit Enhancements: State and local governments often seek third-party credit enhancement as [...]...
21. Planning Literature Review on Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Planning In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Hua Xu offers the following summary about the topic of Planning in Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Capital improvements are important investment [...]...
22. Financial Emergencies Literature Review on Financial Emergencies In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jane Beckett-Camarata offers the following summary about the topic of Financial Emergencies: This entry provides a comprehensive description of local government financial [...]...
23. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
24. Financial Statement Literature Review on Financial Statement Analysis In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Martin Ives offers the following summary about the topic of Financial Statement Analysis: Financial statement analysis allows the analyst to assess an entity's [...]...
25. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
26. Capital Needs Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
27. Capital Cost Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
28. Capital Flow Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
29. Capital Summary of Capital Goods employed in the pursuit of commercial profit. Capital is one of the traditional factors of production, along with land and labor; some neofactor theorists also include entrepreneurship as a fourth factor, although traditional thought would regard entrepreneurial [...]...
30. Capital Tax Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
31. Capital Punishment Introduction Capital Punishment, legal infliction of death as a penalty for violating criminal law. Throughout history people have been put to death for various forms of wrongdoing. Methods of execution have included such practices as crucifixion, stoning, drowning, burning at the stake, [...]...
32. Capital Punishment Development ContentsCapital Punishment DevelopmentEarly Efforts Against the Death PenaltyAfter World War IICurrent StatusCapital PunishmentCapital Punishment and the Death Penalty DebateCapital Punishment ... Read more...
33. Capital Account Entries in a nation's balance of payment accounts reflecting long- or shortterm loans made to other countries, or by other countries to the recording nation. See Balance of Payments.......
34. Capital Flight The movement of significant capital resources from a country in response to unstable economic or political conditions.......
35. Capital Formation Summary of Capital Formation The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of private sector investment in productive assets (e.g., physical plant and machinery) phis the sum of changes in private sector merchandise inventories, adjusted for the consumption of existing capital assets [...]...
36. Capital Lease A leasehold extending substantially over the life of a capital asset.......
37. Capital Gain Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Capital Gain) ...
38. Capital Gains Tax Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Capital Gains Tax) ...
39. Capital Markets Literature Review on Capital Markets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Kenneth A. Kriz and Peter J. Kiedrowski provide the following summary about the topic of Capital Markets: This entry sketches the dimensions of the municipal capital markets. It [...]...
40. Capital Felony Concept of Capital Felony Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Judiciary...
41. Capital Budgeting Literature Review on Capital Budgeting In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jane Beckett-Camarata offers the following summary about the topic of Capital Budgeting: This entry describes the state and local government capital budgeting process. It emphasizes [...]...
42. Capital Improvement Programs Literature Review on Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Comparative and International Approaches In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Arwiphawee Srithongrung offers the following summary about the topic of Comparative and International Approaches in Capital [...]...
43. Capital Purchases Literature Review on Capital Purchases In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Wendell C. Lawther and John Adler provide the following summary about the topic of Capital Purchases: Purchasing capital equipment presents several challenges to the public [...]...
44. Capital Penalty S v Makwanyane and Another Case (South Africa) In relation to the s v makwanyane and another case (South Africa) and constitutional law, Georgia Alida du Plessis[1] made the following observation: The death penalty is a public policy issue that generates extensive scholarly research and [...]...
45. Capital Asset Description of Capital Asset Resources See Also Internal Revenue...
46. Capital Worker Ratio Resources See Also Contract Contracting Novation Contract Dispute...
47. Capital Goods Resources See Also Industrial Production Industrial Property Regulation...
48. Capital Investment Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
49. Capital Punishment Current Status Capital Punishment World Trends Current StatusBy the early 21st century, for the first time in history, most of the world's nations had abolished the death penalty in law or in practice-that is, executions were not carried out or a moratorium was imposed on the death penalty so that cap......
50. Capital Punishment World After 1945 Capital Punishment World Trends After World War IIThe defeat of the Axis powers provided a foundation for the elimination of the death penalty in Western Europe. Some of the nations involved in the war saw abolition of capital punishment as a way to disassociate themselves from the atrociti......
51. Capital Punishment World Trends Capital Punishment World TrendsFor most of recorded history, capital punishment was available to every government for especially serious crimes and often for a great variety of less serious offenses. The term felony, which today signifies all serious crime, was the traditional classificatio......
52. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
53. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
54. Caribbean-Canadian Common Market Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean-Canadian Common Market (CARIBCAN): A non-reciprocal preferential [...]...
55. Venture Capital Venture Capital Definition Venture Capital may be defined as money or capital provided for new business ventures by investors other than the original proprietor. The term is sometimes also used for capital provided to rescue or turn around a company. Venture capitalists—that is, [...]...
56. Capital Consumption Allowance The entry, in national income accounting, that represents the aggregate consumption of capital equipment and facilities, i.e., depreciation incurred by the nation's business sector, as well as the aggregate of business casualty losses to plant and equipment during the reporting period.......
57. Working Capital Summary of Working Capital A measurement of a firm's liquidity, determined by the excess of current assets over current liabilities. The ratio so derived is the working capital ratio.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Literature Review on Working Capital In the Encyclopedia of [...]...
58. Cost of Capital Cost of Capital and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cost of Capital: For any given level of corporate risk, the cost of capital faced by f1rn1s in a given country --a key element of their [...]...
59. Contribution to Capital Resources See Also Capital...
60. Capital Resources Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
61. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
62. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...
63. Clear Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
64. Current Market Value Resources See Also Fair market value...
65. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
66. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
67. Clear Market Price Resources See Also Fair market value...
68. Law as Public Capital ContentsLaw as Public CapitalConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Law as Public Capital Man makes laws; in ... Read more...
69. Flight Of Capital A significant movement of capital, usually in liquid form, from one jurisdiction to another. This capital movement usually occurs in response to troubled economic or political conditions that might result in confiscation, excessive taxation, or loss in value. However, this term may be applied as wel......
70. Human Capital Summary of Human Capital An enrichment of the productive capacity of labor by means of specialized training and education.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Human Capital (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Capital means: is formed from investments in human [...]...
71. Net Transfer Of Capital Funds available for investment after deducting principal and interest payments.......
72. Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...
73. Abolition of Capital Punishment ContentsAbolition of Capital PunishmentHistoryResourcesSee AlsoFurther Reading Abolition of Capital Punishment History With the mitigation of the law as to punishment, ... Read more...
74. Nml Capital V. Spaceport Systems Nml Capital v Spaceport Systems in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): See Section A.2.a.(1), supra, for discussion of this case considering whether Argentina's contribution to a satellite for [...]...
75. Social Capital Social Capital in Community Policing In this area, a meaning of Social Capital is available: A reservoir of good will between police officers and the community that police officers can draw on when issues arise that concern the community. Resources See Also Further Reading Information [...]...
76. Intellectual Capital Measurement Intellectual Capital Measurement, the Law and other Social Sciences The aim of the article is to present the current state of knowledge concerning Intellectual capital (IC) and its measurement methods. Although IC may be estimated on the micro, macro and industry level, this subject deals with [...]...
77. Free Movement of Capital Free Movement of Capital and Europe There is an entry on free movement of capital in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Free Movement of Capital" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", [...]...
78. Authorized Capital Resources See Also Authorized stock issue...
79. Export of Capital Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
80. Industrial Capital Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
81. Foreign Capital Resources See Also Multinational International Commercial Law Corporate Law Business Entity Foreign Direct Investment Permanent Establishment International Joint Venture Foreign enterprise...
82. Legal Structure as Public Capital Legal Structure as Public Capital “The question directly suggests a critically important feature of law and law-abiding that has been ... Read more...
83. Long-Term Capital Transactions A component in a nation's balance of payment accounting, long-term capital transactions represent loans with a maturity of more than one year granted to or obtained from foreigners, including direct and portfolio investments......
84. Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States Title: Encyclopedia of Capital Punishment in the United States Preface to the ... Read more...
85. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
86. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
87. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
88. United Nations Capital Development Fund Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
89. Market-Inalienability ContentsMarket-InalienabilityConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that ... Read more...
90. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
91. Central Market A spot commodity market that serves as a national or regional center of trading activity, and often large-scale distribution of the products as well. Transactions are usually performed by dealers who serve as intermediary brokers between buyers and sellers.......
92. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
93. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
94. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
95. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
96. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
97. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
98. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
99. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
100. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
101. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
102. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
103. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
104. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
105. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
106. Agricultural Market Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
107. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
108. Labor Market Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
109. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
110. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
111. Financial Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
112. International Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
113. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
114. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
115. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
116. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
117. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
118. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
119. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
120. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......