Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Standards Agreement Officially, the Agreement on Technical Barriers of Trade, an understanding among trading nations arising from the Tokyo Round of trade negotiations, signed at Geneva in April 1979, with the object of eliminating so-called technical barriers to trade. U. S. participation in the agreement is authorize......
2. Defense In the United States For information about Defense in the context of international trade, click here Overlap with export administration regulations in some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Resources See Also Defense Resources See Also Further Reading Information about [...]...
3. Cross-licensing An arrangement in which one firm grants to another licenses to exploit proprietary rights in its patents or trademarks, secret processes, et cetera, in return for similar licensure to use the rights or processes of the recipient firm.......
4. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
5. Defense Export Control In the United States For information about Defense Export Control in the context of international trade, click here...
6. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
7. Trade Barriers Standards-Related Activity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standards-Related Activity: An activity undertaken in conjunction with administration or enforcement of [...]...
8. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
9. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
10. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
11. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
12. Licensing Summary of Licensing A process whereby a firm (the licensor) permits another firm abroad to use its trademarks, manufacturing processes, patents, or other inputs to manufacture or assemble the product locally, for which the licensee remits royalties to the firm granting the license. [...]...
13. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
14. Licensing of Intellectual Property In the United States For information about Licensing of Intellectual Property in the context of international trade, click here...
15. Compulsory Licensing Compulsory Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Compulsory Licensing: A term used in the context of intellectual property rights, primarily with regard to [...]...
16. Export Regulations In the United States For information about Export Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
17. Export Diversification Summary of Export Diversification The movement of a nation away from the export of a single or limited number of products as the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Export diversification programs are usually the priority objectives of small or underdeveloped nations, [...]...
18. Export Compliance Programs In the United States For information about Export Compliance programs in the context of international trade, click here...
19. Export Due Diligence In the United States For information about Export due diligence in the context of international trade, click here...
20. Export Violations Export Violations and the Laws of International Trade Export violations; evidence of violations Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Post-closing discovery of an export violation If an export violation is discovered Ongoing violations Cessation of illegal activity [...]...
21. Export Restrictions Export Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restrictions: While usage varies, this term is often used to denote quantitative limits or charges on exports [...]...
22. Export Customs Clearance In the United States For information about Export Customs Clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
23. Nonproliferation Export Controls In the United States For information about Nonproliferation export controls in the context of international trade, click here...
24. Acquisitions In the United States For information about Acquisitions in the context of international trade, click here Tax Issues in Mergers and Acquisitions Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Acquisitions Intellectual Property and Competition Law Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal [...]...
25. Deemed Export In the United States For information about Deemed Export in the context of international trade, click here...
26. Export Control Regulations In the United States For information about Export Control Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
27. Export Unemployment A conscious program to relieve domestic unemployment or economic stagnation through the stimulation of export sales. The term is used generally in relation to improper export promotion vehicles such as dumping (read this and......
28. National Export Initiative In the United States For information about National Export Initiative in the context of international trade, click here...
29. Security Spanish Translation of title and security and certificate This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to title or security or certificate and / or a definition of this topic: Título (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). In the United States For [...]...
30. Export Sanctions In the United States For information about Export Sanctions in the context of international trade, click here...
31. Export Control Enforcement In the United States For information about Export Control Enforcement in the context of international trade, click here...
32. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
33. Export Control Violations Aeroflex: Resolution of Export Control Violations in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Aeroflex: Resolution of Export Control Violations: On August 9, 2013, the State Department announced that it had entered into a consent agreement with Aeroflex Incorporated [...]...
34. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
35. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
36. Export In the United States For information about Export in the context of international trade, click here Export in International Trade Meaning of Export, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): To ship an item away from a country for sale to another country. [...]...
37. Export Control Classification Numbers In the United States For information about Export Control Classification Numbers in the context of international trade, click here...
38. Export Documentation In the United States For information about Export Documentation in the context of international trade, click here...
39. Trade Controls In the United States For information about Trade Controls in the context of international trade, click here...
40. Technology Transfer Technology Transfer and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Transfer: The diffusion of practical knowledge from one enterprise, institution or country to another. Technology may be [...]...
41. Marketing Agreement Orderly Marketing Agreement (OMA) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Orderly Marketing Agreement (OMA): A contractual agreement between two or more governments to restrain [...]...
42. Bilateral Restraint Agreement Any agreement, understanding, or program involving governmental authorities, producers, trade associations, or labor unions in one country and their counterparts in another country to control or limit trade in specified products. Generally, such agreements arise where one nation finds that [...]...
43. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
44. Export Laws In the United States For information about Export laws in the context of international trade, click here...
45. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
46. Graduation Summary of Graduation The act of recognition by the world community that formerly less developed Countries (read this and related legal terms for further details) have undergone sufficient economic development to be regarded as "developed"or industrialized nations. The recognition [...]...
47. Export Control Laws Export Control Laws and the Laws of International Trade Worldwide export control laws Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Countries covered Extraterritorial application Entity-based sanctions Other export statutes Due diligence under other export statutes [...]...
48. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
49. Exports In the United States For information about Exports in the context of international trade, click here...
50. Export Compliance Export Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Enforcement: Compliance and investigations Export Administration System Penalties Effects of cooperation with the government Examples of enforcement actions Judicial review Some guidelines for export compliance [...]...
51. Export Control Compliance Export Control Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Management corporate policy statement Export Control Internal Compliance Programs Delegation of authority Product classification Screening denied/restricted parties Weapons proliferation screening Country [...]...
52. Information Exports In the United States For information about Information exports in the context of international trade, click here...
53. Software Export Controls In the United States For information about Software export controls in the context of international trade, click here...
54. Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated, and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data [...]...
55. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
56. Export Procedures In the United States For information about Export Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
57. Technology Gap A disparity in production functions among nations due to technological advancements in one country that have not been fully imitated by others. During the period of this gap, the nation possessing the advancement enjoys an export monopoly of the new product or process. See Imitation LAG.......
58. TSUSA TSUSA and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data are recorded according to 10,500 [...]...
59. Technical Barriers To Trade A specialized form of nontariff barrier that arises when a nation adopts or retains peculiar product standards. Often, these standards reflect genuine local usages not designed to impede imports; other standards are devised for precisely such purposes. An example of such technical barriers in U.S. e......
60. Trafic in Arms Requirements Terminox and the Laws of International Trade Payments subject to the reporting requirements: Political contributions Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Fees or commissions Payments by vendors Reporting requirements for political contributions & [...]...
61. Arms Licensing Arms Licensing and the Laws of International Trade Licensing requirements Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Types of licenses and forms Temporary export license Temporary import license Permanent export license Filing licenses and shipping [...]...
62. Arms Licensing Exemptions Terminox and the Laws of International Trade Selected hardware exemptions Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security General hardware exemptions In transit exemption Firearms exemptions Defense services exemptions Training in basic operations and [...]...
63. Defense Article Defense Article and the Laws of International Trade International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Classified defense articles and technical data Defense articles: General provisions Process and procedure: General Certification [...]...
64. Defense Service Defense Service and the Laws of International Trade International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Agreements and other authorizations for defense services: General provisions Manufacturing license agreements and technical assistance [...]...
65. Munitions Munitions and the Laws of International Trade Munitions list in Some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Registration as a munitions manufacturer Registration as munitions broker Due diligence under the international traffic in arms regulations: Munitions list [...]...
66. Technical Provision Spanish Translation of technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reservesThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reserves and / or a definition of this topic: Provisiones Técnicas (in Spanish, [...]...
67. Technical Reserves Spanish Translation of technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reservesThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to technical provision, technical reserves, underwriting reserves and / or a definition of this topic: Provisiones Técnicas (in Spanish, [...]...
68. Technical Assistance Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to technical assistance in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
69. Technical Cooperation Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to technical cooperation in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
70. Technical Memorandum Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
71. Technical Report Resources See Also Document Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
72. Technical Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
73. Technical School Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
74. Advisory Opinions In the United States For information about Advisory opinions in the context of international trade, click here...
75. Arms In the United States For information about Arms in the context of international trade, click here International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Resources See Also Use Of Force Arms Control Disarmament Nonproliferation Resources See Also [...]...
76. Commodity Jurisdiction In the United States For information about Commodity jurisdiction in the context of international trade, click here...
77. Homeland Security In the United States For information about Homeland Security in the context of international trade, click here...
78. International Trafic in Arms In the United States For information about International Trafic in Arms in the context of international trade, click here...
79. Military In the United States For information about Military in the context of international trade, click here. General Vukotitch: International Incident In the book "International Incidents for Discussion in Conversation Classes", in relation to this subject, L. Oppenheim wrote in 1909: [...]...
80. Military Equipment In the United States For information about Military equipment in the context of international trade, click here...
81. Offshore Procurement In the United States For information about Offshore procurement in the context of international trade, click here...
82. Reporting Requirements In the United States For information about Reporting Requirements in the context of international trade, click here...
83. Transborder Data Flow Summary of Transborder Data Flow The movement of information across international boundaries. Laws restricting the movement of data across borders have been enacted in some countries and contemplated in others, ostensibly to protect individual privacy. Restrictions on the movement of [...]...
84. Technical Specifications Technical Specifications in International Trade Meaning of Technical Specifications, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Buying requirements that sets out the engineering requirements of a product or system to be purchased – e.g. functional, [...]...
85. Agriculture Technical Advisory Committee Agriculture Technical Advisory Committee (AT AC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Agriculture Technical Advisory Committee (AT AC): One of more than 30 technical, sectoral, and functional [...]...
86. Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and International Trade Resources See Also Standards Code...
87. Data Plate A metal plate attached to the door of an intermodal container giving the name and address of the manufacturer and details of the container's construction.......
88. Data Tape Service One of several export promotion services of the U.S. Department of Commerce. See Foreign Traders Index.......
89. Wto Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Technical Barriers to Trade in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
90. Glossary of technical Terms : Phrases and Maxims of the Common Law Contents Glossary of technical Terms : Phrases and Maxims of the Common Law Author: Frederic Jesup Stimpson Published: Boston; Little, ... Read more...
91. Embargo Summary of Embargo A suspension of trade between nations, usually for political reasons. The term embargo is also applied to a governmental edict prohibiting entry or departure from the nation's ports of vessels flying the flag of a particular country. In those cases where ports are closed [...]...
92. Transnational Data Flow Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
93. International Data Collection Contents International Data Collection Data Collection: International Conflict Data Collection Procedures in International Conflict Datasets Differences in definitions of conflicts ... Read more...
94. World Trade Data Report A service provided to American manufacturers by the International Trade Administration of the U.S. Department of Commerce as a stimulus to exports. For a fee of forty dollars, an American exporter may secure from the International Trade Administration a report on a potential trading partner. The rep......
95. Google Glass Data Protection Concerns Google Glass Data Protection Concerns Google Glass is a type of wearable computing in the form of glasses. Google Glass ... Read more...
96. General Data Protection Regulation The General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) will fundamentally reform the data protection law in Europe. In Germany, the GDPR is going to replace the current Federal Data Protection Act (Bundesdatenschutzgesetz) and will be directly applied by the authorities and courts. The GDPR has been negotiated since 2012 by the European Commission, Council and Parliament. It will enter into force in May 2018. The different levels of data protection within the...
97. Archives and data Contents Archives and data See Using public records Archives and data 1. Federal Archives. The U. S. National Archives include ... Read more...
98. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
99. International Trade Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
100. Third World Summary of Third World That group of less developed and developing nations not included in the political camps of either the Western industrialized states or the communist bloc. Most nations in Latin America, Africa, and Asia fall into this category. The term is commonly applied to nations [...]...
101. Tied Loan A loan to a foreign nation or firm that requires the proceeds of the loan to be spent only in the creditor nation. Such an arrangement stimulates the economy of the country making the loan. The debtor nation, however, because it is constrained in spending the funds, may encounter higher prices [...]...
102. Tokyo Declaration The pronouncement of a 1973 gathering in Tokyo of foreign, finance, and trade ministers of the major industrial nations, meeting to discuss economic and trade problems. The joint communique issued by the ministers called for increased trade through the elimination of tariff and nontariff [...]...
103. Torquay Round Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
104. Trade Opportunities Program An export promotion service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. U.S. firms interested in marketing abroad may list their products with the International Trade Administration; this data will be retained in IT A computers and matched with inquiries received by [...]...
105. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
106. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
107. Data Protection Governments and regulators around the world are considering a number of legislative and regulatory proposals concerning data protection. In addition, the interpretation and application of consumer and data protection laws or regulations in the United States, Europe and elsewhere are often [...]...
108. Data Protection Act Data Protection Act Changes to the Data Protection Act in Argentina The following text is from the World Data Protection ... Read more...
109. Data Data in Legal Information Retrieval The following is a basic concept of Data in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Data may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation and scholarly works. See datum, data Direct Data Capture (ddc) in Election Law [...]...
110. Datum, Data Datum, Data in Legal Information RetrievalThe following is a basic concept of Datum, Data in relation to information retrieval. In addition to this, Datum, Data may be applied to legal texts, including case law, legislation and scholarly works. A datum (singular of data) may be considered to be [...]...
111. Data Privacy Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Data Privacy...
112. Data Security Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Internet, Network and Data Security...
113. Internet Data Co-location/Internet Data Services Agreements and the Electronic Commerce Co-location/Internet Data Services Agreements in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce [...]...
114. Data Integrity Literature Review on Data Integrity In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Theo Edwin Maloy offers the following summary about the topic of Data Integrity: Data integrity is the assurance that information can only be accessed or modified by those authorized to [...]...
115. Big-data Big-data A Proposed Framework for Incorporating Big-data Technology in National Crisis Management Center, the Law and other Social Sciences The chapter presents a framework for incorporating BDT in a traditional conceptual design of NCMC. The updated conceptual design is validated using the [...]...
116. Big Data Mining Big Data Analysis and Mining, the Law and other Social Sciences As new forms of information science and technology, big data analysis and mining aims to discover implicit, previously unknown, and potentially useful information and knowledge from big databases that contain high volumes of [...]...
117. Big Data Analytics The more the automation of machines is proceeding, the higher the legal challenges are rising too. In some sectors, the applicable legal system seems to stand up to these challenges while the need of amendment exists in other areas. If the legislator wants to take action, it has to take the main function of law as an element of order, control, and design into account. With this in mind, one...
118. Big Data Security Challenges for Big Data Security and Privacy, the Law and other Social Sciences Security and privacy issues are magnified by the volume, variety, and velocity of Big Data, such as Large-scale cloud infrastructures, diversity of data sources and formats, the streaming nature of data acquisition [...]...
119. Data Journalism Data Journalism, the Law and other Social Sciences The introduction of Information Communication Technologies (ICTs) has transformed journalism profession through the digitalization of the work process as well as the introduction of the internet along with its services. Many new types of [...]...
120. Data Linkage Data Linkage Discovery Applications, the Law and other Social Sciences This chapter discusses the topic of linkage discovery for data and their applications. Since the publication of Segall & Lu (2014) which pertained to linkage discovery with glossaries many other investigators have performed [...]...