Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Security Dilemma Concept of Security Dilemma An introductory definition of Security Dilemma is provided here: a situation in which states' actions taken to assure their own security, tend to threaten the security of other states Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
2. Bilateral Concept of Bilateral An introductory definition of Bilateral is provided here: In international affairs, engagement of two nation states. A bilateral treaty, for instance, is a treaty between two nations. Concept of Bilateral Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American [...]...
3. Npt Review Conference Follow-up to NPT Review Conference in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): Representatives of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council ("P-5") met in Paris on June [...]...
4. Multinational Force Concept of Multinational Force An introductory definition of Multinational Force is provided here: A military force comprising members from more than two nations. For instance, when the United Nations sends a peacekeeping force to a troubled area, it often assembles a multinational force. [...]...
5. Summit Concept of Summit An introductory definition of Summit is provided here: A conference of top leaders (usually heads of state), called to negotiate or discuss bilateral or multilateral arrangements. Concept of Summit Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia [...]...
6. Executive Agreement Concept of Executive Agreement An introductory definition of Executive Agreement is provided here: A formal agreement between the President of the United States and a foreign country, which has the effect of law. An executive agreement differs from a treaty in that the President must submit a [...]...
7. Nsg Guidelines Nsg Guidelines in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On June 23, 2011, the White House issued a statement on new Nuclear Suppliers Group ("NSG") guidelines that limit transfers of sensitive [...]...
8. Commodities Concept of Ipc An introductory definition of Ipc is provided here: Integrated Programme for Commodities, concerted attempt to control price fluctuations in commodities on which LDC's depended for foreign exchange income (see UNCTAD, GSP) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
9. Monetarism Concept of Monetarism An introductory definition of Monetarism is provided here: a policy of manipulating the money supply (inflating or deflating a currency) to influence economic growth Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
10. Balance of Power Balance of Power, theory and policy of international relations that asserts that the most effective check on the power of a state is the power of other states. In international relations, the term state refers to a country with a government and a population. The term balance of power refers to [...]...
11. Fungibility Concept of Fungibility An introductory definition of Fungibility is provided here: the extent to which one form of power can be converted into another Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
12. Slbm's Concept of Slbm's An introductory definition of Slbm's is provided here: submarine-launched ballistic missiles Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
13. Un Nonproliferation Sanctions United Nations Nonproliferation Sanctions in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On April 20, 2011, the United Nations Security Council unanimously adopted Resolution 1977, extending the mandate of the [...]...
14. Bargaining Power Concept of Bargaining Power An introductory definition of Bargaining Power is provided here: the general capacity of a state to control the behaviour of others, power to cause another actor to do an action (also see structural power) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
15. Balance of Payments Deficit Concept of Balance of Payments Deficit An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Deficit is provided here: a state spends more than it receives from other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
16. Balance of Payments Surplus Concept of Balance of Payments Surplus An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Surplus is provided here: a state receives more than it spends in other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
17. Hyv's Concept of Hyv's An introductory definition of Hyv's is provided here: high-yielding varieties of agricultural plants, genetically designed to produce higher quantities of product with the aid of fertilizer, pesticides, and mechanized agricultural methods Resources See Also Foregin [...]...
18. Arms Control Issues Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation: Coinciding with President Obama's speech in Berlin, the White House released a fact sheet on the nuclear [...]...
19. Values Concept of News Values An introductory definition of News Values is provided here: the criteria for determining what kinds of stories are reported; used to identify, define and present a story Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
20. Eurodollar Markets Concept of Eurodollar Markets An introductory definition of Eurodollar Markets is provided here: free market where buyers and sellers exchange currencies outside of their country of origin Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
21. Preemptive Concept of Preemptive An introductory definition of Preemptive is provided here: An adjective used to describe some action designed to forestall or deter some anticipated negative outcome. A preemptive military strike, for instance, is one taken before the other party has taken military [...]...
22. Stockholm Conference Concept of Stockholm Conference An introductory definition of Stockholm Conference is provided here: UN Conference on the Human Environment, held 1972, was first worldwide environmental conference in history Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
23. Truman Doctrine Concept of Truman Doctrine An introductory definition of Truman Doctrine is provided here: a promise of US aid to all 'free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside powers" (also see Brezhnev Doctrine) Resources See Also Foregin Policy [...]...
24. Glasnost Concept of Glasnost An introductory definition of Glasnost is provided here: openness', a term introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev about his post-1985 opening of Soviet society to dissidents, public criticism and limited admission of past Soviet mistakes (also see perestroika) Resources See [...]...
25. Dollar Overhang Concept of Dollar Overhang An introductory definition of Dollar Overhang is provided here: the amount of US dollars overseas exceeded US reserves of gold, undermining dollar convertibility to gold Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
26. Positive Peace Concept of Positive Peace An introductory definition of Positive Peace is provided here: the absence of structural violence as well as direct violence (see also negative peace) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
27. Unced Concept of Unced An introductory definition of Unced is provided here: United Nations Conference on Environment and Development, also known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio 1992. Effort by the int. Community to reach consensus on principles and a long-term workplan for global sustainable [...]...
28. Unctad Concept of Unctad An introductory definition of Unctad is provided here: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: formed 1964: first Secretary General Raul Prebisch: called for reform of system of international trade based on liberalism and comparative advantage, in order to assist [...]...
29. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
30. Deflation Summary of Deflation A decline in the general level of prices, attributable to excessive savings or other factors that have reduced consumption relative to the supply of goods available. Very often, deflation is reflected during the decline phase of the business cycle. There has been no [...]...
31. Inflation Concept of Inflation An introductory definition of Inflation is provided here: money is losing value relative to goods and services produced in an economy Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to inflation in the Max [...]...
32. Specie Money Concept of Specie Money An introductory definition of Specie Money is provided here: solid money (gold or silver, traditionally) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
33. Converting Research Reactor Agreements With Mexico on Converting Research Reactor From Heu to Leu in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On April 13, 2010, President Obama convened heads of state for a summit on nuclear security [...]...
34. Content of Passports Authority to Determine Content of Passports to Implement Foreign Policy in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): See information on Diplomatic Relations, Succession, Continuity of States and Statehood [...]...
35. Arms Nonproliferation Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Arms Control, Disarmament and Nonproliferation: On June 19, 2013, President Obama announced the U.S. intention to pursue additional reductions in U.S. and Russian deployed [...]...
36. Belligerent Belligerent, in international law, a state or organized community at war and subject to and protected by the laws of war. A state need not be politically independent to have the status of a belligerent. It must, however, be capable of maintaining itself by regular hostilities under a de facto [...]...
37. Protocol Protocol and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Protocol provided by the European Union Commission: The term "protocol" is used for agreements less formal than those entitled "treaty" or "convention". The term could be used to cover the following [...]...
38. ANZUS Treaty Definition of ANZUS Treaty (Australia, New Zealand, United States Security Treaty) Within the context of international organizations, the following is a brief meaning of anzus treaty (australia, new zealand, united states security treaty): ANZUS is a loose military alliance which is pledged to [...]...
39. Nuclear Fusion Concept of Nuclear Fusion An introductory definition of Nuclear Fusion is provided here: relies on forcing two hydrogen atoms together, and in the process destroying some extra matter that is converted into energy (called H-bomb) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
40. Nuclear Nonproliferation Nuclear Nonproliferation in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On May 10, 2011, Under Secretary of State for Arms Control and International Security Ellen Tauscher addressed the Arms Control [...]...
41. Nuclear Security Nuclear Security and Foreign Policy Introduction Nuclear nonproliferation was a top priority for the Obama administration. While the Iran Deal was a diplomatic victory toward this end, major threats persist from both state and non-state actors. Countries like North Korea, Russia, and India [...]...
42. Nuclear Smuggling Joint Action Plans to Combat Nuclear Smuggling in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In 2011, the United States continued its Nuclear Smuggling Outreach Initiative ("NSOI"), with negotiations [...]...
43. Nuclear Safety Nuclear Safety in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Safety: In 2013, there was significant progress toward the establishment of a global nuclear liability regime allowing for compensation in the event of a nuclear accident, as called for by the [...]...
44. Nuclear Warfare Literature Review on (Defense and Military Policy) Nuclear Warfare Ethics In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Thomas E. Doyle offers the following summary about the topic of (Defense and Military Policy) Nuclear Warfare Ethics: Nuclear ethics is an [...]...
45. Nuclear Weapon Nuclear Nonproliferation In relation to the international law practice and nuclear nonproliferation in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation About this subject:Nuclear SecurityNote: there is detailed [...]...
46. Nuclear Cargoes Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear cargoes explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear cargoes" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
47. Nuclear Damage Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear damage explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear damage" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
48. Nuclear Energy Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear energy explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear energy" in [...]...
49. Nuclear Safeguards Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear safeguards explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear safeguards" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
50. Nuclear Ships Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear ships explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear ships" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
51. Nuclear Terrorism Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear terrorism explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear terrorism" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
52. Nuclear Waste Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear waste explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear waste" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
53. Nuclear Liability Nuclear Liability in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to nuclear liability on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international situations. Information on [...]...
54. Nuclear Engineering Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy...
55. Nuclear Security Treaties Legislation Required For Nuclear Security Treaties in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On April 13, 2011, the U.S. Department of Justice submitted legislation to Congress to implement four treaties [...]...
56. Nuclear Nonproliferation in Iran Nuclear Nonproliferation in Iran in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Nonproliferation in Iran: On May 13, 2013, the United States provided a statement in protest of Iran's rotation as President of the Conference on Disarmament ("CD"). [...]...
57. Nuclear Nonproliferation in Korea Nuclear Nonproliferation in Republic of Korea in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Nonproliferation in Republic of Korea: The United States and the Republic of Korea ("ROK") continued negotiations in 2013 to replace their existing agreement [...]...
58. Nuclear Nonproliferation in Russia Nuclear Nonproliferation in Russia in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Nonproliferation in Russia: On May 15, 2013, the United States deposited its instrument of acceptance for the Framework Agreement on a Multilateral Nuclear Environmental Programme [...]...
59. Nuclear Nonproliferation in Taiwan Nuclear Nonproliferation in Taiwan in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Nonproliferation in Taiwan: On December 20, 2013, President Obama made a determination pursuant to section 123b. of the Atomic Energy Act, regarding the proposed agreement for [...]...
60. Nuclear Security Issues Nuclear Security in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Security: The Japan-U.S. Nuclear Security Working Group made progress on promoting robust security for nuclear materials at civilian nuclear facilities and during transport. The [...]...
61. Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty: The United States applauds the efforts of the Provisional Technical Secretariat (PTS) to plan and prepare for this exercise. We [...]...
62. Nuclear Security Summits Nuclear Security Summits in 2016 The four Nuclear Security Summits (2010, 2012, 2014, and 2016) have garnered leader-level commitments to advance concrete plans and actions to achieve key nuclear security goals, including minimizing the use of highly enriched uranium, bolstering security at [...]...
63. Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Nuclear Nonproliferation In relation to the international law practice and nuclear nonproliferation in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation About this subject:Country-Specific Issues Note: there is detailed [...]...
64. Nuclear Nonproliferation Regime Nuclear Nonproliferation In relation to the international law practice and nuclear nonproliferation in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation About this subject:Non-Proliferation Treaty ("NPT") Note: [...]...
65. Nuclear Weapon States Nuclear Nonproliferation In relation to the international law practice and nuclear nonproliferation in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation Note: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during [...]...
66. Nuclear Test Ban Treaties Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear test ban treaties explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear test ban treaties" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
67. Nuclear Tests Cases Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nuclear tests cases explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear tests cases" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
68. Nuclear energy issues resources ContentsNuclear energy issues resourcesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Nuclear energy issues resources The ... Read more...
69. Nuclear-weapon-free Zones Nuclear-weapon-free Zones in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On May 2, 2011, President Obama transmitted to the Senate, for its advice and consent to ratification, Protocols 1, 2, and 3 to the South [...]...
70. Nuclear Nonproliferation in Republic of Korea Nuclear Nonproliferation in Republic of Korea in 2013 (Continuation) United States views on international law [1] in relation to Nuclear Nonproliferation in Republic of Korea: To allow sufficient time to resolve these complicated issues, the United States and the Republic of Korea decided [...]...
71. Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence (Nsdd) Nuclear Smuggling Detection And Deterrence (Nsdd) in 2016 The U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration, Office of Nuclear Smuggling Detection and Deterrence (formerly known as Second Line of Defense) collaborates with partner countries to build their capacity [...]...
72. Nuclear Trafficking Response Group (Ntrg) Nuclear Trafficking Response Group (Ntrg) in 2016 The NTRG is an interagency group focused on coordinating the U.S. government response to incidents of illicit trafficking in nuclear and radioactive materials, including radiation alarms that occur in foreign countries. Elements of the NTRG [...]...
73. Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty Signatories Nuclear Nonproliferation In relation to the international law practice and nuclear nonproliferation in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation About this subject:Fissile Material Cut-off Treaty Note: there is [...]...
74. Nuclear Nonproliferation End-user Statement Nuclear Nonproliferation In relation to the international law practice and nuclear nonproliferation in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Arms Control, Disarmament, and Nonproliferation About this subject:Nuclear Safety Note: there is detailed [...]...
75. Nuclear Strategy ContentsNuclear StrategyResourcesSee AlsoFurther Reading Nuclear Strategy A review of Lawrence Freedman’s book “The Evolution of Nuclear Strategy” (New York, 1981), ... Read more...
76. Nuclear Suppliers Group ContentsNuclear Suppliers Group (NSG)HistoryGuidelinesGuidelines for nuclear Transfers Guidelines for transfers of nuclear-related dual-use equipment, materials, software, and related technology (INFCIRC/254, ... Read more...
77. Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy Agreement With Russia For Cooperation on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): The bilateral agreements for cooperation on peaceful uses of nuclear energy that the [...]...
78. Legality of Nuclear Weapons Embracing mainstream international law, this section on legality of nuclear weapons explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nuclear weapons, legality of" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
79. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons ContentsTreaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear WeaponsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Treaty on ... Read more...
80. Convention on Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident ContentsConvention on Early Notification of a Nuclear AccidentConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Convention ... Read more...
81. Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In her May 10 address to the Arms Control Association, Ms. Tauscher also discussed the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty [...]...
82. Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant Nuclear Safety in the Aftermath of the Accident at the Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On March 11, 2011, an earthquake registering 9.0 on the Richter scale struck [...]...
83. Multilateral Nuclear Environment Programme Multilateral Nuclear Environment Programme in the Russian Federation ("MNEPR") in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Multilateral Nuclear Environment Programme in the Russian Federation: On May 14, 2013, the U.S. deposited its instrument of [...]...
84. Counter Nuclear Smuggling Program (Cnsp) Counter Nuclear Smuggling Program (Cnsp) in 2016 Securing dangerous radioactive and nuclear materials in illegal circulation before they reach the hands of terrorists or other malicious actors is critical to U.S. national security and that of U.S. allies. Using CNSP funds, the Department of [...]...
85. European Organization for Nuclear Research European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) The European Organization for Nuclear Research, abbreviated as CERN (from the French 'Conseil européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire' or European Council for Nuclear Research, as its predecessor was called), is the [...]...
86. Latin-american Nuclear-free Zone Embracing mainstream international law, this section on latin-american nuclear-free zone explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "latin-american nuclear-free zone" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
87. Legality of the Threat Or Use of Nuclear Weapons Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons Embracing mainstream international law, this section on legality of the threat or use of nuclear weapons explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "legality of the [...]...
88. Physical Protection of Nuclear Materials Convention Embracing mainstream international law, this section on physical protection of nuclear materials convention explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "physical protection of nuclear materials convention" in the [...]...
89. European Centre for Nuclear Research European Centre for Nuclear Research and the European Union Resources See Also CERN...
90. Treaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphere ContentsTreaty banning nuclear weapon tests in the atmosphereConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Treaty ... Read more...
91. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency ContentsConvention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological EmergencyConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and ... Read more...
92. Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency 2 Contents Convention on Assistance in the Case of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the ... Read more...
93. South Pacific Nuclear Free Zone Treaty ContentsSouth Pacific Nuclear Free Zone TreatyConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries South Pacific Nuclear ... Read more...
94. The Global Initiative to Combat Nuclear Terrorism (Gicnt) The Global Initiative To Combat Nuclear Terrorism (Gicnt) in 2016 The GICNT, which is co-chaired by the United States and Russia, is an international partnership of 86 nations and five official observer organizations dedicated to strengthening global capacity to prevent, detect, and respond [...]...
95. Legality of the Use by A State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict Legality of the Use by a State of Nuclear Weapons in Armed Conflict Embracing mainstream international law, this section on legality of the use by a state of nuclear weapons in armed conflict explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further [...]...
96. Preparatory Commission for the Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System UN Agency...
97. The Global Challenge of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Or Nuclear (Cbrn) Terrorism The Global Challenge Of Chemical, Biological, Radiological, Or Nuclear (Cbrn) Terrorism in 2016 Preventing the proliferation of chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons has been a top U.S. national security priority for decades. The past decade has seen a growing [...]...
98. Natural Law A typical definition of natural law which overstressed the universality of the concept was provided by Olivecrona (1971: 8): In contradistinction to positive law, 'natural law' generally means a law that has not been posited. Even if it is ascribed to the will of God, it is supposed to [...]...
99. Non-aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement Non-Aligned Movement and the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Non-Aligned Movement, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including [...]...
100. Nation Concept of Mfn An introductory definition of Mfn is provided here: Most Favoured Nation: every member is treated as well as the "most favoured one": ie: if U.S. offers low tariff to Canada on ice cubes: every other GATT member is entitled to the same treatment (see also free trade, [...]...
101. Negative Peace Concept of Negative Peace An introductory definition of Negative Peace is provided here: the absence of war and physical (direct) violence (also see positive peace) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
102. Nieo Concept of Nieo An introductory definition of Nieo is provided here: United Nations Resolution of May 1974 for a New International Economic Order to address concerns of LDC's NIEO Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nieo explores the context, history and effect of the [...]...
103. Non-governmental Organization Concept of Non-governmental Organization (ngo) An introductory definition of Non-governmental Organization (ngo) is provided here: any private organization involved in activities that have transnational implications Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
104. Free Trade Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See [...]...
105. Diplomacy Diplomacy Definition Diplomacy (Fr. diplomatie), the art of conducting international negotiations. The word, borrowed from the French, has the same derivation as Diplomatic (q.v.), and, according to the New English Dictionary, was first used in England so late as 1796 by Burke. Yet there is [...]...
106. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
107. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
108. Sovereignty Legal Issues International treaties and conventions are, or should be, based on the presumption that all sovereign states are equal. This presumption forms the basis for the operation of the rules of conflict of laws.5 No country can directly enforce its domestic law within the territory of [...]...
109. Deterrence Introduction to Deterrence Deterrence, in international relations, the policy of discouraging hostile action by a potential aggressor. Although deterrence may occur unintentionally, the term most commonly denotes deliberate efforts to prevent the initiation of aggression. Such an effect can be [...]...
110. Nürnberg First Trial War Crimes Trials Nürnberg Trials Conclusions of the First TrialIntroduction to Nürnberg First TrialThe judgment of the International Military Tribunal was handed down on September 30-October 1, 1946. Among notable features of the decision was the conclusion, in accordanc......
111. State Political Theory: The State Introduction to State The central concern of political theorists throughout history has been the theory of the state. Plato contributed to the founding of this theory in his discourse the Republic, which attempted to reconcile moral theory and political practice by [...]...
112. United Nations Introduction to United Nations United Nations (UN), international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation. The UN was founded after World War II ended in 1945. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote [...]...
113. Nursing Home Abuse Nursing Home Abuse......
114. Nulla Poena Sine Lege Nulla Poena Sine Lege in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: Nulla poena sine lege literally means no penalty without a law. This refers to the legal principle that one cannot be penalised for doing something that isn't prohibited by law....
115. Foreign Policy COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) provided by the European Union Commission: Coreu is an EU communication network between the Member States and the Commission for cooperation in the fields of [...]...
116. Numbered Treaties Numbered International Treaties Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United Nations (UN) Types of Treaties International Treaties Famous Treaties Law of Treaties Numbered Treaties ...
117. Trade In the United States For information about Trade in the context of international trade, click here Trade and the Laws of International Trade Prohibited actions Export Administration System Trade and the Laws of International Trade Intent Export Administration System American Coasting Trade: [...]...
118. Nurse Nurse in Aging Law Concept of Nurse in the context of Community Health Care and Services for Older Persons, published by the World Health Organization (WHO):An individual with advanced training in caring for the sick, aged or injured. A nurse may be defined as a professional qualified by [...]...
119. Unilateral Unilateral in International Trade Meaning of Unilateral, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An action taken by a single country on its own initiative, and not in any way dependent upon or conditional upon the actions of any other country or countries. [...]...
120. Congress of Vienna International Legislation Initiated by the Congress of Vienna Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about International Legislation Initiated by the Congress of Vienna, wrote in 1921: 6. A positive theory of international law was demanded by the fact that in [...]...