COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of COREU (CORespondance EUropéenne) provided by the European Union Commission: Coreu is an EU communication network between the Member States and the Commission for cooperation in the fields of […]
Concept of Foreign Aid An introductory definition of Foreign Aid is provided here: Donations of money, goods, or services from one nation to another. Such donations can be made for a humanitarian, altruistic purpose, or to advance the national interests of the giving nation. While in total […]
Protocol and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Protocol provided by the European Union Commission: The term "protocol" is used for agreements less formal than those entitled "treaty" or "convention". The term could be used to cover the following […]
Summary of Gold Standard
A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although […]
Summary of Reserve Currency
The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve […]
Concept of Oecd An introductory definition of Oecd is provided here: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, organization of 29 industrialized countries OECD The Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, abbreviated as OECD and based in Paris (FR), is an […]
Concept of Biodiversity An introductory definition of Biodiversity is provided here: two kinds: species and genetic diversity, species diversity refers to the differences between species, while genetic diversity refers to differences within species Biodiversity (in the Human Development Area) […]
Spanish Translation of provide information [obligation to] This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to provide information [obligation to] and / or a definition of this topic: Información (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). […]
Introduction to Immigration Immigration, the movement of people into another nation with the intention of residing there permanently. The contrasting term emigration refers to the movement of people permanently leaving a nation. Immigration is a worldwide phenomenon. From the 17th century to […]
Concept of Nuclear Fission An introductory definition of Nuclear Fission is provided here: relies on splitting heavy atoms (uranium and plutonium) into smaller elements (used to make the A-bomb) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Summary of Devaluation
The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase […]
Concept of Opec An introductory definition of Opec is provided here: Organization of Petroleum Exporting Companies: cartel of oil producers formed to control the price and supply of oil on world markets Definition of OPEC Within the context of international organizations, the following is a […]
Concept of Ethnic Group An introductory definition of Ethnic Group is provided here: a group of people who define themselves as distinct from other groups because of cultural differences Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society […]
The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act and the Electronic Commerce The Uniform Computer Information Transactions Act in the Online Business Law Concept of Netwar An introductory definition of Netwar is provided here: the primary objective of "netwar" is to use computer […]
Summary of Deflation
A decline in the general level of prices, attributable to excessive savings or other factors that have reduced consumption relative to the supply of goods available. Very often, deflation is reflected during the decline phase of the business cycle. There has been no […]
Introduction to War War, in international law, armed conflict between two or more governments or states. When such conflicts assume global proportions, they are known as world wars. War between different parts or factions of the same nation is called civil war. A rebellion is not legally […]
A typical definition of natural law which overstressed the universality of the concept was provided by Olivecrona (1971: 8): In contradistinction to positive law, 'natural law' generally means a law that has not been posited. Even if it is ascribed to the will of God, it is supposed to […]
In the United States For information about Trade in the context of international trade, click here Trade and the Laws of International Trade Prohibited actions Export Administration System Trade and the Laws of International Trade Intent Export Administration System American Coasting Trade: […]
Legal Issues Customs were the original form of international commercial law. As we have seen in the history of lex mercatoria, the customs existed before any statute of commercial law was made and were often the basis for legislation.(1) Customs in International Trade Meaning of Customs, […]
GATT Accession Summary of GATT Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade). Accession Process The process was described by Christopher Mark in 1993: "Joining the GENERAL AGREEMENT ON TARIFFS AND TRADE is rarely a simple or straightforward matter –especially if the […]
Concept of Multinational Force An introductory definition of Multinational Force is provided here: A military force comprising members from more than two nations. For instance, when the United Nations sends a peacekeeping force to a troubled area, it often assembles a multinational force. […]
Introduction to United Nations United Nations (UN), international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation. The UN was founded after World War II ended in 1945. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote […]
Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, i.e., the number of units of one currency that may be exchanged for one unit of another currency. […]
Concept of Inflation An introductory definition of Inflation is provided here: money is losing value relative to goods and services produced in an economy Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to inflation in the Max […]
Protectionism Definition Protectionism may be defined as government policies that favor domestic products over imported goods. The debate between protectionism and free trade has been a continuing issue in United States politics. Meanings For information on: * systematic protectionism […]
Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments
The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total […]
Definition and Origins Sustainability and sustainable development were initially defined and promulgated in a report of the World Commission on Environment and Development, "Our Common Future" (1987). This report said (page 43) that sustainable development "is development that […]
Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade […]
Concept of Nuclear Fusion An introductory definition of Nuclear Fusion is provided here: relies on forcing two hydrogen atoms together, and in the process destroying some extra matter that is converted into energy (called H-bomb) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Political Theory: The State Introduction to State The central concern of political theorists throughout history has been the theory of the state. Plato contributed to the founding of this theory in his discourse the Republic, which attempted to reconcile moral theory and political practice by […]
Concept of Balance of Payments Deficit An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Deficit is provided here: a state spends more than it receives from other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Concept of Fungibility An introductory definition of Fungibility is provided here: the extent to which one form of power can be converted into another Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Concept of Preemptive An introductory definition of Preemptive is provided here: An adjective used to describe some action designed to forestall or deter some anticipated negative outcome. A preemptive military strike, for instance, is one taken before the other party has taken military […]
Summary of Treaty
Treaty in International Law A formal, written compact entered into by sovereign nations. Customarily, an agreement provides that the treaty will not come into force until it has been ratified, i.e., approved by each government in accordance with its respective […]
Concept of Ipc An introductory definition of Ipc is provided here: Integrated Programme for Commodities, concerted attempt to control price fluctuations in commodities on which LDC's depended for foreign exchange income (see UNCTAD, GSP) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Concept of Hyv's An introductory definition of Hyv's is provided here: high-yielding varieties of agricultural plants, genetically designed to produce higher quantities of product with the aid of fertilizer, pesticides, and mechanized agricultural methods Resources See Also Foregin […]
Concept of Truman Doctrine An introductory definition of Truman Doctrine is provided here: a promise of US aid to all 'free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside powers" (also see Brezhnev Doctrine) Resources See Also Foregin Policy […]
Concept of Structural Power An introductory definition of Structural Power is provided here: the power to change the rules of the game for others, the power to structure the choices of other actors Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Unilateral in International Trade Meaning of Unilateral, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An action taken by a single country on its own initiative, and not in any way dependent upon or conditional upon the actions of any other country or countries. […]
Concept of Negative Peace An introductory definition of Negative Peace is provided here: the absence of war and physical (direct) violence (also see positive peace) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See […]
Concept of Unctad An introductory definition of Unctad is provided here: United Nations Conference on Trade and Development: formed 1964: first Secretary General Raul Prebisch: called for reform of system of international trade based on liberalism and comparative advantage, in order to assist […]
Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Concept of Concert of Europe An introductory definition of Concert of Europe is provided here: the informal system of consultation set up by the Great Powers (Austria, Britain, France, Prussia and Russia) to manage the balance of power at the end of the Congress system Resources See Also […]
Concept of Defence Strategy An introductory definition of Defence Strategy is provided here: involves the assumption that war will be fought with three aims in mind: 1. to punish the aggressor 2. to deny territorial gains 3. to limit the damage to oneself (also see deterrence) Resources See […]
Concept of Client State An introductory definition of Client State is provided here: A nation state that is allied with and beholden to another state (in its "sphere of influence"). Typically a large powerful nation has client states that it aids and protects, to pursue its own […]
Concept of Nieo An introductory definition of Nieo is provided here: United Nations Resolution of May 1974 for a New International Economic Order to address concerns of LDC's NIEO Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nieo explores the context, history and effect of the […]
Concept of Holy Roman Emperor An introductory definition of Holy Roman Emperor is provided here: the supreme secular authority in Medieval Europe Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
Concept of D5 An introductory definition of D5 is provided here: denuclearization, demilitarization, dealignment, democratization, and development, five main goals of peace and social movements Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs
International Legislation Initiated by the Congress of Vienna Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about International Legislation Initiated by the Congress of Vienna, wrote in 1921: 6. A positive theory of international law was demanded by the fact that in […]