Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Charter By-Laws Charter, By-Laws From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Charter, By-Laws (1): When the charter or by-laws of a church corporation provide that they may be altered, such changes may, after the execution and delivery of a deed, immediately adhere to the title.460 Resources [...]...
2. Vested Rights Control, Secede, Vested Rights From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Control, Secede, Vested Rights (1): The officers of a church corporation have control of the business management for all civil purposes, excepting as otherwise provided by the articles of organization, [...]...
3. Church Tribunal Church Tribunal, Courts From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church Tribunal, Courts (1): Courts are reluctant to interfere in the church doctrine or discipline or inquire into the regularity of the proceedings of the church tribunal. When such tribunal has deposed a [...]...
4. Constitutional Rights Introduction to Constitutional Rights Constitutional Rights, those protections and privileges under law which are set out in a constitution or based on constitutional provisions as interpreted by a court." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about &......
5. Mutilation The Legal History of Mutilation in Chinese LawThis section provides an overview of Mutilation in Chinese Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Mutilation in Chinese Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History [...]...
6. Personalty Church, Personalty From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Personalty (1): A church removed from its foundation and put on rollers was severed from the realty and became personal property.531 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's [...]...
7. Right of Property Right of Property, Civil Rights From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Right of Property, Civil Rights (1): Where there are several church tribunals one above another, when the highest tribunal having jurisdiction of the case has decided a question as to the right of [...]...
8. Subsequent Constitution, Subsequent Laws From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Constitution, Subsequent Laws (1): An ecclesiastical society formed before the adoption of the state constitution is not by that constitution and subsequent laws concerning religious societies divested of [...]...
9. Corporators Corporators, Change From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Corporators, Change (1): In isolated cases here and there it has been held that a majority of the corporators of a religious society has the right to change the form of church government, as from the Congregational [...]...
10. Name Change Name, Change From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Name, Change (1): The name of an ecclesiastical corporation is arbitrary and a change or alteration in its name does not affect its identity.126 A charter will not be granted to a church with a name so like another church [...]...
11. Pew Members Members, Pew From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Members, Pew (1): Members of the congregation may be required to pay for a pew or sitting in the church, and where a priest ejected a member from the church because he would not rent a pew, he was sustained by the [...]...
12. Redress Bishop, Priest, Redress From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Bishop, Priest, Redress (1): When a bishop removes a priest in the regular way according to the rules and discipline of his church, the priest has no redress.358 Also, when a priest has submitted his case to the [...]...
13. Sale Restrictions Sale, Restrictions From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sale, Restrictions (1): In some States when not restricted by the laws of the organization the parish corporation may sell the premises in order to pay the church debts. However, it is not a common law right.467 [...]...
14. Arrears Voting, Pew-Rent, Arrears From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Voting, Pew-Rent, Arrears (1): Where a church is incorporated and by its charter or the laws of the State it has authority to make reasonable by-laws, a by-law which prohibits any person from voting whose [...]...
15. Standard Doctrine, Standard From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Doctrine, Standard (1): To ascertain the tenets and doctrines of a church, resort must be had to history and to prior and contemporary standard writings of its members on theology.31 Resources Notes and References [...]...
16. Natural Justice Rome, Natural Justice From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Rome, Natural Justice (1): Prior to the introduction of Grecian law into Rome, the laws of that nation were pagan. Grecian law from its introduction to the time of Octavius was the civilizing element of the empire. [...]...
17. Official Communication Official Communication, Privileged From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Official Communication, Privileged (1): An official communication between authorities of the church or an authority and a member of the church concerning a church matter or church members and not made [...]...
18. Proper Record From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Proper Record (1): A book kept by a minister, which contained a regular statement in proper form of the admission of members, choice of officers, and transaction of business of the church, which was the only book kept by the parish, is [...]...
19. Sacraments From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sacraments (1): To publish of a person that he has been deprived of the sacraments of the church to which he belongs, is libelous.692 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. The Law [...]...
20. Presumptions Presumptions, Usage From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Presumptions, Usage (1): The usage of a church or the laws of its organization as a religious society, if they are to be considered in deciding legal controversies, must be proved as facts.407 In the absence of [...]...
21. School Sunday-School, Church From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sunday-School, Church (1): An ordinary Sunday-school where the Bible and religious precepts are taught, is a church within the law.707 Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective Resources Notes and [...]...
22. Building Used as a noun, a vessel. The term is used in conjunction with vessels under construction or already afloat; a newly launched vessel is said to be a new building.......
23. Curate Curate, Services From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Curate, Services (1): In an action by a curate against a religious corporation for personal services, the court will not inquire into the spiritual relations existing between the parties, but will examine their legal [...]...
24. Removing Church, Building, Removing From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Building, Removing (1): Where subscriptions were secured to build a church at a particular place as a memorial to a certain person, a congregation may be enjoined from tearing down the building and [...]...
25. Vest Burned, Revert, Vested From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Burned, Revert, Vested (1): The fact that a church on lands donated to the parish, on condition of sustaining the church, burned down, the title did not revert to the grantor's heirs.524 Also land granted a [...]...
26. Purposes Purposes, Exempt From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Purposes, Exempt (1): Only church property that is actually used for church or charitable purposes, is exempt from taxation. Property held for its increase or profit is not exempt.587 Land bought for a church on which [...]...
27. Principal Service Notice, Principal Service, Custom From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Notice, Principal Service, Custom (1): When a rule of a church required notice of a meeting to be given at the principal service, a notice given at an earlier service only, was void.326 But where the [...]...
28. Assessments Cemetery, Assessments From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Cemetery, Assessments (1): Where a lot was bought for the purpose of building a church but was used for a cemetery, and a church was built at another place and the deed to the lot was taken in the name of the [...]...
29. Forfeiture of Membership From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Forfeiture of Membership (1): Any member may forfeit his membership in a church.246 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. The Law of Church and Grave (1909), Benziger Brothers, New [...]...
30. Undertaker Sexton, Undertaker, Authorities From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sexton, Undertaker, Authorities (1): The sexton who has charge of the church property may lawfully remove from the church an undertaker who, after being warned to desist and leave, persists in conducting [...]...
31. Usage By-Laws, Usage From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about By-Laws, Usage (1): If there is no law of a religious society determining the mode of conducting an election, the corporation may provide by-laws therefor; and if the corporation should fail to make such by-laws, a long [...]...
32. Christians Church, Christians, Religion From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Christians, Religion (1): The missions established in California prior to its admission into the Union were, in law, practically independent organizations and had no legal connection with the [...]...
33. Hand Vote Ballot, Hand Vote From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Ballot, Hand Vote (1): The vote of a religious society at an annual meeting for the election of officers that the officers shall always be chosen by ballot, does not vitiate an election of officers by hand vote at a [...]...
34. Philosophical Foundations From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Philosophical Foundations (1): The laws of Greece, down to the time of Plato, were thoroughly pagan. But, following the philosophical foundations laid by Plato and Aristotle, unintentionally and unwittingly the laws of Greece became [...]...
35. Religious Service Business, Religious Service From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Business, Religious Service (1): A church organization has the legal right to make any contract concerning its own affairs that is not prohibited by its by-laws or its charter, subject to all laws of legal [...]...
36. Seceders "Church," Seceders, Debt From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about "Church," Seceders, Debt (1): Where a religious society amended its constitution as provided therein, those who adhered to the amended constitution constituted the"church," and [...]...
37. Special Law Special Law, General Laws From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Special Law, General Laws (1): In most of the States there is a special law under which congregations may be incorporated. New York is a good example.111 Where such law does not exist, the congregation may be [...]...
38. Supporting Church Supporting Church, Mississippi From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Supporting Church, Mississippi (1): In the early ages of the States several of them had laws for taxing all the property in parishes laid out by the State for the support of Protestant churches. Gradually [...]...
39. Church Record Church Record, Excommunication From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church Record, Excommunication (1): An entry of a church record that "A report raised and circulated by A. B. against Brother C., stating that he made him pay a note twice, and proved by A. B. as [...]...
40. Control Mother Church, Control From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Mother Church, Control (1): A majority of the members of a congregation can not by their vote leave the church and transfer the property of the congregation to another church so long as any portion of the [...]...
41. Factions Factions, Authority From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Factions, Authority (1): Where two factions of a church, each claiming to be the church, try members of the other faction, a court may determine which of the factions is the authorized authority or that the action [...]...
42. Parishioner From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Parishioner (1): A parishioner must be defined in harmony with the meaning of the word "parish."53 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. The Law of Church and Grave [...]...
43. Worship The Legal History of Worship in Islamic LawThis section provides an overview of Worship in Islamic Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Worship in Islamic Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford [...]...
44. Insubordination Insubordination, Expulsion, Hearing From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Insubordination, Expulsion, Hearing (1): The authorities in the church, under its rules and discipline, have a right to exclude members in the church, for insubordination.247 If the church has no [...]...
45. Rent Pews Land, Use, Rent Pews From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Land, Use, Rent Pews (1): Where land was conveyed in trust to the bishop of a diocese and his successors for the erection of a church for the use of a congregation, the right to rent pews vested under the deed and [...]...
46. Sale in Perpetuity Trustees, Sale in Perpetuity From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trustees, Sale in Perpetuity (1): Without authority of law the trustees of a church can not make an absolute sale in perpetuity of a pew without any reservation of rent.431 The sale of a pew in a church [...]...
47. Burial Faith, Burial From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Faith, Burial (1): Whether a person died in the faith of the Roman Catholic Church so as to be entitled to burial in its cemetery, is not a question within the jurisdiction of civil courts, but must be decided by the [...]...
48. Clergyman From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Clergyman (1): A clergyman is a man in holy orders or one who has been ordained in accordance with the rules of his church or denomination.54 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. [...]...
49. Improvements From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Improvements (1): The owner of a lot, unless some rule of the cemetery association or law of the State is to the contrary, may improve it as he sees fit so long as he does not injure the property rights of another.787 Resources Notes [...]...
50. Seceder Seceders, Funds From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Seceders, Funds (1): Nor can seceders from a religious denomination retain the funds in their hands as trustees on the ground that they were members of the society when the funds accrued.222 The title to church property [...]...
51. Secular Courts Remedies, Secular Courts From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Remedies, Secular Courts (1): In cases involving church doctrine and discipline only, all remedies within the church must be exhausted by a member before the secular courts will interfere, if they will [...]...
52. Contest Contest, Secession From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Contest, Secession (1): In case of a devise to a church which is claimed by two societies, it is the duty of the court to decide in favor of those who adhere to the ecclesiastical government of the church which was in [...]...
53. Jurisdiction Privileges Jurisdiction, Privileges From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Jurisdiction, Privileges (1): It is usual for every fraternity to have a tribunal of its own for the trial of members who break its laws or violate its discipline. Within their jurisdiction, the laws of the [...]...
54. Parish From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Parish (1): A parish has two meanings. In some States it is a minor division of public territory; but in States where there is no such division of territory, the State using instead "county" or "town," a parish [...]...
55. Regular Church, Regular From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Regular (1): In church organizations those who adhere to the regular order of the church, legal and general, though a minority, are the true congregation and constitute the corporation if incorporated.128 [...]...
56. Secular Local, Secular Matters From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Local, Secular Matters (1): There is still another division of superior and inferior authority: the local corporation or congregation has nothing whatever to do with the doctrinal or disciplinary functions of the [...]...
57. Swearer Newspaper, Profane Swearer From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Newspaper, Profane Swearer (1): A newspaper in a notice of the death of a church member has the right to state that he was a profane swearer, if such was the case.695 Resources Notes and References [...]...
58. Minor Minor (juvenile) Introduction to Minor Minor (juvenile), legal term for those under the age of majority, which varies from country to country but is usually between 18 and 21. Most civic and legal rights and duties accrue only at the age of majority: for example, the rights to vote, ......
59. Process Introduction to Process Process, in law, the acts of a court from the beginning to the end of its proceedings. The term also refers to the act of a court in acquiring or excercising jurisdiction over a person or property." (1) Resources Notes and References Informatio......
60. Court of Equity Trust, Court of Equity From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trust, Court of Equity (1): A conveyance in trust for the use of a church vests the use in the church and it will be protected by a court of equity.381 Resources See Also Court of Chancery Resources Notes and [...]...
61. Religious Society Church, Religious Society From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Church, Religious Society (1): Bouvier's definition of "Church" is: "A society of persons who profess the Christian religion." Chief Justice Shaw's definition is: "The church [...]...
62. Uniformity From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Uniformity (1): Every entry required to be kept by the laws of the State as well as the rules of the Church, should be kept as to births, marriages, and death. Every diocese should have uniform record books in all parishes and every [...]...
63. Negroes Negroes, Indians From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Negroes, Indians (1): The fact that a man is a negro, Indian, or other racial human being, is not good ground to prevent his burial in a cemetery.803 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The [...]...
64. Public Institutions Public Institutions, Support From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Public Institutions, Support (1): Benevolent and charitable institutions under a church are not public institutions, and moneys can not be appropriated for their support.608 Resources Notes and References [...]...
65. Spiritual Authority Spiritual Authority, Excommunication From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Spiritual Authority, Excommunication (1): Neither the Pope nor the bishop has any but spiritual authority within the State.160 The law of this country considers excommunication as expelling from [...]...
66. Trees Trees, Authority From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trees, Authority (1): It is a criminal offense to cut trees in a cemetery without right or authority.828 Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law. The Law of Church [...]...
67. Y M C A From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Y M C A (1): The Y. M. C. A. on account of giving lunches, lectures, and having a gymnasium, for which charges are made, is not a charitable institution so as to be exempt from liability in case of negligence. Property is exempt only [...]...
68. Chastisement Chastisement, Cruel From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Chastisement, Cruel (1): The chastisement of a scholar by the schoolmaster must not be excessive or cruel, but it should be reasonably proportioned to the offense and within the bounds of moderation.632 Resources [...]...
69. Ground Charter, Ground, Members From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Charter, Ground, Members (1): An application for a charter to incorporate a cemetery need not specifically locate the ground.761 The charter or the articles of incorporation, or by-laws made under them, [...]...
70. Harmony Title, Harmony, Division From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Title, Harmony, Division (1): The title to church property in a divided congregation is in that part of the congregation which acts in harmony with the law of the denomination; and the ecclesiastical laws and [...]...
71. Insubordinate Congregation, Insubordinate, Discipline From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Congregation, Insubordinate, Discipline (1): The male members of a congregation are invested with no visitorial or controling power, but only such authority as is given under the laws of [...]...
72. Rule of Admissibility From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Rule of Admissibility (1): A certified copy of the record of a baptism taken from a church register by the parish priest, when admissible at the place where such record is kept, as in Ireland, is admissible to prove the same fact in the [...]...
73. Trades President, Trades From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about President, Trades (1): The President may cause Indians to be instructed in trades and agriculture and have them taught the elementary branches. Resources Notes and References Charles M. Scanlan, The [...]...
74. Authority Authority, Right From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Authority, Right (1): In those nations where the ruling authority had the proper conception of the Almighty, there was a strong, persistent growth of law upon the basis of natural right; while in the pagan nations laws [...]...
75. Bishop Protestant, Ministers, Bishop From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Protestant, Ministers, Bishop (1): In most church organizations the authority is divided into superior and inferior. In countries where there is an established Protestant church, the superior authority is [...]...
76. Doctrine Doctrine, Constitution From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Doctrine, Constitution (1): A church in law is a mere fraternal organization. It may or may not have a written constitution, but it must have some central doctrine as its foundation or constitution.25 Many of the [...]...
77. Officers Officers, Discipline, Property From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Officers, Discipline, Property (1): When a church society incorporates it becomes a private corporation, and the officers are bound to manage the property in the most upright and careful manner according [...]...
78. Subscriptions Incorporated, Subscriptions From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Incorporated, Subscriptions (1): The members of an incorporated poll parish are not individually liable on a judgment and execution against the corporation, excepting on the unpaid subscriptions.218 [...]...
79. Temporal Affairs Temporal Affairs, Management From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Temporal Affairs, Management (1): A majority of a religious corporation at a regularly called meeting may, by a vote taken, bind the minority in all temporal affairs.120 The character of membership in the [...]...
80. Loan Pricing The process used by a financial institution to derive the effective rate of interest or. a prospective loan; the process includes calculating the income derived from commitment fees, and compensating balances on top of the nominal rate of interest.......
81. Loan Consignation Cosign a Loan......
82. Loan Servicing Loan Servicing Review in relation with Commercial Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Servicing covered in connexion with Commercial Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
83. Loan Review Loan Servicing and Review in relation with Consumer Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Servicing and Review covered in connexion with Consumer Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
84. Loan Workouts Loan Workouts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Workouts covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
85. Loan Guarantee Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
86. Loan Agreements Loan and Security Agreements in relation with Farm Loans This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan and Security Agreements covered in connexion with Farm Loans and banking / lending Institutions....
87. Loan Documentation Loan Documentation in relation with Commercial Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Documentation covered in connexion with Commercial Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
88. Loan Servicing Anreview Loan Servicing Anreview in relation with Farm Loans This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Servicing Anreview covered in connexion with Farm Loans and banking / lending Institutions....
89. Participation Loan A financing scheme in which two or more banks "participate" in a loan. On large loans, a syndicate of banks may be orchestrated by a major bank, which serves as the lead Manager (read this legal term for further details). Other banks contri......
90. Self-Liquidating Loan Synonymous with Asset Conversion Loan (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
91. Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
92. Syndicated Loan A large-scale loan (often in excess of one billion dollars) for a single project or borrower provided from the collective resources of several banks.......
93. Tied Loan A loan to a foreign nation or firm that requires the proceeds of the loan to be spent only in the creditor nation. Such an arrangement stimulates the economy of the country making the loan. The debtor nation, however, because it is constrained in spending the funds, may encounter higher prices [...]...
94. Crown Loan Resources See Also Kiddie tax...
95. Consolidation Loan Resources See Also Loan...
96. Construction Loan Resources See Also Loan...
97. Asset Conversion Loan A loan that finances the purchase or manufacture of inventory, the proceeds from the sale of which serve to repay the loan.......
98. Variable Rate Loan A loan on which the rate of interest is adjusted periodically in accordance with market rates.......
99. Building Loan Agreement Resources See Also Bridge loan...
100. Commercial Loan Resources See Also Loan...
101. Postpetition Loan Documents Postpetition Loan Documents in relation with Debtor-in-possession Financing This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Postpetition Loan Documents covered in connexion with Debtor-in-possession Financing and banking / lending Institutions....
102. Building and Loan Association Resources See Also Savings and loan association...
103. Fraud Introduction to Fraud Fraud, in law, general term for any instance in which one party deceives or takes unfair advantage of another. Any means used by one person to deceive another may be defined as fraud. For example, if a person represents himself or herself as the agent of a business with [...]...
104. Land Introduction to Land Land, in the law of real property, term including the surface of the earth, the land beneath the surface to the center of the earth, and the air above. The term also includes property permanently affixed to the soil, such as water collected in wells, houses, and fences. [...]...
105. Possession The Legal History of PossessionThis section provides an overview of Possession ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Possession in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia [...]...
106. Lot Two-Family Lot, Control From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Two-Family Lot, Control (1): Where a lot is owned jointly by two families, one burying in the north half and the other in the south half, the family burying in the north half can not prevent the burial of a [...]...
107. Lot Isolated Lot Isolated, Not Exempt From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Lot Isolated, Not Exempt (1): A lot isolated from the other property of the church of a congregation, is not exempt because the congregation intends to build a church thereon in the future, and actually did [...]...
108. Lots Subscription, Lots From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Subscription, Lots (1): Any one may convey title to a church as his part of the subscription by merely marking it on a plat made by him, as lots donated to such church.463 Resources Notes and References Charles [...]...
109. Legal Rights Main source: Campbell, Kenneth, "Legal Rights", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . Legal rights are, clearly, rights which exist under the rules of legal systems. They raise a number of different philosophical issues. (1) [...]...
110. Common Law Introduction to Common Law "Common Law, term used to refer to the main body of English unwritten law that evolved from the 12th century onward. The name comes from the idea that English medieval law, as administered by the courts of the realm, reflected the "common"customs of [...]...
111. Lord Mansfield One of the most renowned jurists in English legal history. When he was recently appointed Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Lord Mansfield decided as the second and final instance in the case Luke v. Lyde (1759) 2 Burr 882, a good case relating to the Lex Mercatoria . Some other cases were: [...]...
112. Civil Law Introduction to Civil Law "Civil Law, term applied to a legal tradition originating in ancient Rome and to the contemporary legal systems based on this tradition. Modern civil law systems, which were originally developed in Western European countries, have spread throughout the world. [...]...
113. Libel A lawsuit in admiralty jurisdiction.......
114. Sovereignty Legal Issues International treaties and conventions are, or should be, based on the presumption that all sovereign states are equal. This presumption forms the basis for the operation of the rules of conflict of laws.5 No country can directly enforce its domestic law within the territory of [...]...
115. Appeal Appeal, in law, request to a higher court to reverse the decision made by a lower court. The party who won the decision in the lower court is called the appellee; the party appealing the decision is called the appellant. Except in unusual cases, the appellate court may only review questions [...]...
116. Attainder Attainder, in former English law, penalty following judgment of outlawry or sentence of death for treason or felony. Attainder required the forfeiture of the property of a condemned person and of the person's civil rights to inherit or transmit property to an heir, a condition known as [...]...
117. Charter Charter, document conferring rights or privileges on an individual or a group of people. The term originally applied to a written conveyance of land titles, often between private parties. In this sense the word now used is deed. The term charter is used to describe a grant of land or special [...]...
118. Confession Confession Confession (theology), in Jewish and Christian theology, acknowledgment of sins to God in order to obtain absolution. The need for confession is mentioned frequently in the Bible, especially in the exhortations of the prophets. In Judaism, Yom Kippur is a day of fasting, confession, [...]...
119. Constitutional Law Introduction to Constitutional Law Constitutional Law, system of fundamental principles on the organization of a country's government and the limitations of its powers. In the United States, constitutional law refers to legal rights that are directly addressed in the Constitution of the [...]...
120. Evidence Introduction to Evidence Evidence, the means by which disputed facts are proved to be true or untrue in any trial before a court of law or an agency that functions like a court. Because American law is committed to a rational rather than a formalistic system of evidence, no value is assigned [...]...