Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. CCD Concept of CCD See the dictionary definition of CCD. Characteristics of CCD [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of CCD Spanish: CCA French: CCD German: RZZ Italian: Consiglio di cooperazione doganale Portuguese: Conselho de Cooperação Aduaneira Polish: CCD Thesaurus of CCD See also [...]...
2. Climate Change Policy Hierarchical Display of Climate change policy Environment > Environmental policyEnvironment > Deterioration of the environment > Degradation of the environment > Climate change Climate change policy Concept of Climate change policy See the dictionary definition of Climate change policy. [...]...
3. Vehicle Registration Hierarchical Display of Vehicle registration Transport > Transport policy > Transport regulations Vehicle registration Concept of Vehicle registration See the dictionary definition of Vehicle registration. Characteristics of Vehicle registration [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation [...]...
4. Economic Reform Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
5. Jordan Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
6. Mixed Economy Summary of Mixed Economy An economy that possesses the elements of both public and private ownership of the means of production.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
7. Countries in Transition Countries in Transition (CITs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Countries in Transition (CITs): A group of countries classed by the International Monetary Fund as [...]...
8. Democratic Transition Democratic Transition in Election Law Political process in which a dictatorship or totalitarian regime is gradually replaced by a democratic one. A democratic transition gradually establishes democratic institutions by means of institutional, legal and political reform. Resources See Also [...]...
9. Transition Countries Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
10. Military Cooperation Hierarchical Display of Military cooperation International Relations > Cooperation policy > Cooperation policyInternational Organisations > European organisations > European organisation > Western European Union > EurocorpsInternational Relations > Defence > Armed forces > Forces [...]...
11. Transition Transition and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Transition: A term referring to the period of time during which provisions of a trade agreement will be implemented [...]...
12. Planned Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
13. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
14. Intellectual Capital Hierarchical Display of Intellectual capital Business And Competition > Management > ManagementEconomics > Economic structure > Economy > Knowledge economyEmployment And Working Conditions > Personnel management and staff remuneration > Personnel administrationBusiness And [...]...
15. Communism Communism, a theory and system of social and political organization that was a major force in world politics for much of the 20th century. As a political movement, communism sought to overthrow capitalism through a workers' revolution and establish a system in which property is owned by [...]...
16. Knowledge Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
17. World Customs Organisation Hierarchical Display of World Customs Organisation International Organisations > World organisations > World organisationTrade > Tariff policy > Tariff policy Concept of World Customs Organisation See the dictionary definition of World Customs Organisation. Characteristics of World [...]...
18. Neamt Hierarchical Display of Neamt Geography > Regions of EU Member States > Regions of Romania > Nord-Est (Romania) Concept of Neamt See the dictionary definition of Neamt. Characteristics of Neamt [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Neamt Spanish: Neamt French: Neamt German: Neamt [...]...
19. Green Economy Green Economy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Green Economy means: as one that results in improved human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. A green economy can be thought of as one which is low carbon, [...]...
20. Transition From School to Work Resources See Also Education Policy Training Policy...
21. Health Legislation Hierarchical Display of Health legislation Social Questions > Health > Health policy > Organisation of health care > Public healthProduction, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations > Technical regulations > Standardisation > StandardSocial Questions > Health > [...]...
22. Expulsion From Housing Hierarchical Display of Expulsion from housing Law > Justice > Ruling > Enforcement of rulingSocial Questions > Construction and town planning > Housing Expulsion from housing Concept of Expulsion from housing See the dictionary definition of Expulsion from housing. Characteristics of [...]...
23. Adoption of A Child Hierarchical Display of Adoption of a child Social Questions > Family > Family lawSocial Questions > Family > Family > Relationship > Adopted child Adoption of a child Concept of Adoption of a child See the dictionary definition of Adoption of a child. Characteristics of Adoption of a [...]...
24. Heritage Protection Hierarchical Display of Heritage protection Social Questions > Culture and religion > Cultural policy Heritage protection Concept of Heritage protection See the dictionary definition of Heritage protection. Characteristics of Heritage protection [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation [...]...
25. Forces Abroad Hierarchical Display of Forces abroad International Relations > Defence > Armed forcesInternational Relations > Defence > Defence policy > Military baseInternational Relations > Cooperation policy > Cooperation policy > Military cooperation Forces abroad Concept of Forces abroad See [...]...
26. Electronic Government Hierarchical Display of Electronic government Politics > Executive power and public service > Public administrationPolitics > Executive power and public service > Executive body > GovernanceEducation And Communications > Communications > Communications systems > Internet Electronic [...]...
27. Underground Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
28. Enforcement of Ruling Hierarchical Display of Enforcement of ruling Law > Justice > Ruling Enforcement of ruling Concept of Enforcement of ruling See the dictionary definition of Enforcement of ruling. Characteristics of Enforcement of ruling [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Enforcement of ruling [...]...
29. Potash Hierarchical Display of Potash Energy > Coal and mining industries > Mining product > Non-metallic oreAgriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Means of agricultural production > Means of agricultural production > FertiliserIndustry > Chemistry > Chemical compound > Chemical salt Concept [...]...
30. Social Economy Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
31. Centrally Planned Economy An economy in which basic economic decisions are made by a central planning commission or a similar state agency. Price mechanism does not determine the allocation of resources; instead the planning agency assesses resource availability and reports this to the level of government that determines pri......
32. Hooliganism Hierarchical Display of Hooliganism Social Questions > Social affairs > Social problem > DelinquencySocial Questions > Social affairs > Leisure > Sport > Sporting event Concept of Hooliganism See the dictionary definition of Hooliganism. Characteristics of Hooliganism [rtbs [...]...
33. EAEC Directive Hierarchical Display of EAEC Directive European Union > European construction > European Communities > EAEC Concept of EAEC Directive See the dictionary definition of EAEC Directive. Characteristics of EAEC Directive [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of EAEC Directive Spanish: [...]...
34. Economy Related Fields Related topics include: International Economic Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Foreign Direct Investment Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Economic Law Find this subject in this [...]...
35. Multi-storey Dwelling Hierarchical Display of Multi-storey dwelling Social Questions > Construction and town planning > HousingLaw > Civil law > Ownership > Joint ownership Multi-storey dwelling Concept of Multi-storey dwelling See the dictionary definition of Multi-storey dwelling. Characteristics of [...]...
36. Comparative Analysis Hierarchical Display of Comparative analysis Production, Technology And Research > Research and intellectual property > Research > Research methodEducation And Communications > Education > Education policy > Comparative educationProduction, Technology And Research > Technology and [...]...
37. Dual Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
38. Parallel Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
39. Rural Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
40. Shadow Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
41. Province of Namur Hierarchical Display of Province of Namur Geography > Regions of EU Member States > Regions and communities of Belgium > Walloon region (Belgium) Concept of Province of Namur See the dictionary definition of Province of Namur. Characteristics of Province of Namur [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] [...]...
42. Steady State Economy Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
43. Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......
44. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
45. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
46. Mature Economy A developed economy in which population growth is declining and new capital investment is slowing. Mature economies tend to be highly urban and industrial. Many economists hold that limited new investment in productive capital will, over time, result in economic stagnation and high unemployment.......
47. Collective Economy Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
48. Hidden Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
49. Informal Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
50. Multiannual Financial Framework Hierarchical Display of Multiannual financial framework European Union > EU finance > Drawing up of the EU budget > Budgetary discipline (EU) Multiannual financial framework Concept of Multiannual financial framework See the dictionary definition of Multiannual financial framework. [...]...
51. Shell Company A "paper" company, usually operated without employees. Normally an attorney or other local agent or management company performs the legal duties of the company on behalf of the stockholders. Shell companies often operate in tax-free or low- tax jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Liechtenstein,......
52. EU Statistics Hierarchical Display of EU statistics Economics > Economic analysis > StatisticsEuropean Union > EU institutions and European civil service > EU office or agency > EurostatEconomics > National accounts > Accounting system > Standardised accounting system > European accounting system EU [...]...
53. Black Economy Black Economy and Europe There is an entry on black economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Black Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)...
54. International Political Economy Issues Introduction to International Political Economy Future DirectionsSince the end of the Cold War, liberalism has generally prevailed over mercantilism and Marxism in academic and policy debates regarding the international political economy. The global expansion in international trade, busines......
55. Globalization of the Economy Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
56. Command Directed Economy An economy in which the questions of which goods are to be produced, how they will be produced, and who will receive them are established by governmental fiat. See Centrally Planned Economy.......
57. Closed Economy The economy of an isolated area that engages in virtually no trade beyond its own borders. This condition is usually the product of geographic remoteness rather than design. See also AUTARCHY.......
58. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
59. Control of the Economy Totalitarianism The Party and its Tools Control of the EconomyIntroduction to Control of the EconomyThe centrally controlled economy enables the totalitarian dictatorship to exploit its population for foreign conquest and world revolution. For example, all resources can be concentr......
60. Global Political Economy Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political EconomyThe study of international political economy developed rapidly as an academic discipline in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars in this subject area generally adopt the theoretical perspectives of either ......
61. Refrigeration Industry Hierarchical Display of Refrigeration industry Industry > Miscellaneous industriesAgri-Foodstuffs > Food technology > Food technology > Food preservingAgri-Foodstuffs > Agri-foodstuffs > Food industryIndustry > Mechanical engineering > Thermal equipment > Cold store Refrigeration [...]...
62. Socialist Party Socialist party in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Socialist party provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) Trade Union Density Definition of Trade Union Socialist Coalition Socialist Party Legislative Power [...]...
63. Cultural Political Economy ContentsCultural Political EconomyResourcesSee AlsoFurther Reading Cultural Political Economy W.H. Sewell argued, in “The Concept(s) of Culture” (in V. Bonnell, and ... Read more...
64. Evacuation of the Population Hierarchical Display of Evacuation of the population Politics > Politics and public safety > Public safety > Civil defence Evacuation of the population Concept of Evacuation of the population See the dictionary definition of Evacuation of the population. Characteristics of Evacuation of [...]...
65. Computer Assisted Design Hierarchical Display of Computer assisted design Education And Communications > Information technology and data processing > Computer systems > Computer applicationsProduction, Technology And Research > Research and intellectual property > Intellectual property > Industrial property > [...]...
66. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
67. Structural Change Structural Change and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Change: Changes in the relative importance of different sectors of an economy over time, usually measured in terms of their [...]...
68. Nonmarket Economy Essentially, an economy that is centrally planned, i.e., allocation of resources is directed by a governmental authority, rather than by market forces. For purposes of trade reporting and other reasons, the U.S. government defines the following states as nonmarket economies:China Bulgari......
69. Collectivism Collectivism Definition Collectivism is a term used to denote a political or economic system in which the means of production and the distribution of goods and services are controlled by the people as a group. Generally this refers to the state. Opposite of Free Enterprise Collectivism [...]...
70. Political Reform Political Reform in Election Law Set of measures applied to review laws governing the political environment and political action and, by extension, reform the political institutions which are based upon these laws. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
71. Consent to Act as Director Sample ContentsConsent to Act as Director SampleConsent letter of director to act as director of the CompanyIn IndiaConsent to Act as ... Read more...
72. Economic Vulnerability Economic Vulnerability and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Vulnerability: In the context of trade relations, the proportion of a country's GNP accounted for by exports and imports [...]...
73. International Political Economy Theories Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy MarxismThe ideas of 19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx offer a third political approach toward understanding economic behavior and policies. Marxism focuses on the inequality of relationship......
74. Central American Parliament Hierarchical Display of Central American Parliament International Organisations > Extra-European organisations > Latin American organisation > Central American Integration System Concept of Central American Parliament See the dictionary definition of Central American Parliament. [...]...
75. Economic Growth Futureless Economic Growth (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Futureless Economic Growth means: Futureless growth that is accompanied by a waste of economic and natural resources needed to sustain life for future generations. Ruthless Economic Growth (in the Human Development [...]...
76. Industrial Policy Industrial Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Industrial Policy: A program of selective government interventions designed to change the sectoral composition of a country's economy [...]...
77. Yugoslavia Countries or entities formerly subject to sanctions by the United States: Yugoslavia Yugoslavia and Europe There is an entry on yugoslavia in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Further Reading Entry [...]...
78. Dietary Product Hierarchical Display of Dietary product Agri-Foodstuffs > Foodstuff > Processed food productAgri-Foodstuffs > Foodstuff > Foodstuff > Organic product Dietary product Concept of Dietary product See the dictionary definition of Dietary product. Characteristics of Dietary product [rtbs [...]...
79. Structural Adjustment Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
80. Trade Agreement See information on the case Grand River Enterprises Six Nations, Ltd v United States of America. Resources See Also Trade Commercial Relations Investment Transportation North American Free Trade Agreement Investment Dispute Settlements Resources See Also International Organization [...]...
81. International Political Economy Introduction to International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy, field of study that deals with the interaction of politics and economics among the world's nations. The most important of these interactions concerns foreign trade. Students of international political econom......
82. Buffer Stocks Buffer Stocks and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Buffer Stocks: Commodity stocks managed by countries or international organizations to moderate market price fluctuations. When prices rise [...]...
83. Troubled Economies Ict Investments and Recovery of Troubled Economies, the Law and other Social Sciences The economy of any country can thrive, decline or remain steady. A declining economy is a troubled one and it is necessary to find ways to reverse its course. Naturally, there is no single recipe to put a [...]...
84. Public Companies Public Companies In the United States, public companies are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of ... Read more...
85. Political System Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
86. Price Control Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
87. Demografy Model of Demografic Transition (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Model of Demografic Transition means: is an empirical description of the dynamics of demographic change on the basis of fertility and mortality rates that occur as countries develop from pre-industrial to [...]...
88. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
89. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
90. Public Sector Literature Review on Budgeting: Public Choice Perspectives In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] John R. Bartle offers the following summary about the topic of Public Choice Perspectives in Budgeting: Public choice theory applies the method of economics to the [...]...
91. Grubbing Premium Hierarchical Display of Grubbing premium Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural structures and production > Agricultural production policy > Redirection of productionAgriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural activity > Crop production > ViticultureAgriculture, [...]...
92. Economic Development Economic Development of Society (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Economic Development of Society means: is a multidimensional process, covering economic growth, structural changes in economy, improvement of conditions and quality of life. Legal Issues in the Third World’s [...]...
93. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
94. Sporting Event Hierarchical Display of Sporting event Social Questions > Social affairs > Leisure > SportSocial Questions > Social affairs > Social problem > Delinquency > Hooliganism Sporting event Concept of Sporting event See the dictionary definition of Sporting event. Characteristics of Sporting [...]...
95. Globalisation Globalisation and Law Globalisation and Europe There is an entry on globalisation in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Globalisation" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
96. Deregulation Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
97. Accident in the Home Hierarchical Display of Accident in the home Social Questions > Social affairs > Social problemSocial Questions > Health > Health policy > Organisation of health care > Accident preventionSocial Questions > Construction and town planning > Construction policy > Building safety Accident [...]...
98. International Political Economy Trends Trends in International Political EconomyIntroduction to International Political Economy TrendsSince the end of World War II, the pace of international economic transactions has risen steadily. At the same time, different regions of the world have experienced dramatically uneven pa......
99. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
100. Corporate Governance Law Corporate Governance Law......
101. Regional Development Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to regional development in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
102. Small Economy Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
103. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
104. Turning Point A change in the economy marking transition into the next phase in the Business Cycle (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
105. Structural Adjustment Policies Structural Adjustment Policies and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Structural Adjustment Policies: Measures --such as worker re-training and placement, capital formation, and R&D support [...]...
106. Tajikistan For information on Tajik legal materials, see Researching Tajik Law: A Guide to the Tajik Legal System by Nargis Bozorova (www.llrx.com/features/tajik.htm). Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate...
107. Worker Participation Hierarchical Display of Worker participation Employment And Working Conditions > Labour law and labour relations > Labour relationsBusiness And Competition > Business organisation > Economic concentration > ShareholdingBusiness And Competition > Management > Management techniques > [...]...
108. Economic Sector Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
109. Council of European Municipalities and Regions Hierarchical Display of Council of European Municipalities and Regions International Organisations > Non-governmental organisations > Non-governmental organisationSocial Questions > Social affairs > Social life > Twinning Concept of Council of European Municipalities and Regions See the [...]...
110. Regional Planning Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to regional planning in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
111. Visual Arts Hierarchical Display of Visual arts Social Questions > Culture and religion > ArtsEducation And Communications > Communications > Communications industry > Audiovisual industryIndustry > Miscellaneous industries > Miscellaneous industries > Photographic industryEducation And [...]...
112. Industrial Project Hierarchical Display of Industrial project Industry > Industrial structures and policy > Industrial policyBusiness And Competition > Management > Management > Action programme > Project evaluationEconomics > Economic analysis > Economic analysis > Impact study Industrial project [...]...
113. Physical Sciences Hierarchical Display of Physical sciences Science > Natural and applied sciencesScience > Natural and applied sciences > Earth sciences > Geology > Geophysics Physical sciences Concept of Physical sciences See the dictionary definition of Physical sciences. Characteristics of Physical [...]...
114. Economic Policy Concept of Economic Policy Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
115. Disabled Person Hierarchical Display of Disabled person Social Questions > Social affairs > Social policyLaw > Rights and freedoms > Social rights > Equal treatmentEmployment And Working Conditions > Labour market > Labour force > Worker with disabilitiesLaw > Rights and freedoms > [...]...
116. Development Policy Literature Review on Development Policy In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lawrence S. Graham offers the following summary about the topic of Development Policy: Development policy is the overarching term we use today in public administration and public [...]...
117. Conscience Clause Hierarchical Display of Conscience clause Employment And Working Conditions > Labour law and labour relations > Organisation of professions > Professional ethics Conscience clause Concept of Conscience clause See the dictionary definition of Conscience clause. Characteristics of Conscience [...]...
118. Inflation Concept of Inflation An introductory definition of Inflation is provided here: money is losing value relative to goods and services produced in an economy Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to inflation in the Max [...]...
119. Agricultural Economy Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
120. Centre for the Development of Enterprise Hierarchical Display of Centre for the Development of Enterprise International Organisations > Non-governmental organisations > Non-governmental organisationEuropean Union > European construction > EU relations > Joint body (EU) > ACP-EU institution Concept of Centre for the Development [...]...