Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
2. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
3. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
4. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
5. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
6. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
7. Recording Direct Recording Electronic (dre) Equipment in Election Law Machines or computers normally installed at a polling station, which record and simultaneously store votes. This can be done using a touch screen (with or without a special pen), or by using devices that involve pressing one or more [...]...
8. Poll Tax and Residence Introduction to Poll Tax and ResidenceVarious countries have employed a poll tax to raise general revenues for the conduct of government and the waging of war, not as a requirement for voting. During its first wave of popularity in the United States, after the American Revolution (1775-1783......
9. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
10. Internet Campaign Internet Campaign in Election Law Any means of contact with voters using computer-based or other electronic communication methods. This involves developing a campaign on the internet using web sites and social networks. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
11. Cost Core Cost (elections) in Election Law Direct expenses incurred by a country for the preparation and conduct of an election, largely for the compilation of voter registers, candidate registration, voting and counting of election results. This does not include other costs covered by the [...]...
12. By-elections By-elections in Election Law Elections conducted to re-allocate one or several seats in a representative assembly following the death, resignation or dismissal of the incumbent(s). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
13. Primary Elections Primary Elections in Election Law Elections generally held within political parties to designate the candidates who will represent them in the elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
14. Simulation Simulation in Election Law Exercise carried out prior to an election to test the equipment and the implementation procedures for election day. Also known as mock polling, this can help to train polling staff and demonstrate voting procedures to voters. Resources See Also Vocational Training [...]...
15. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
16. Multi-party Elections Multi-party Elections in Election Law Elections in which a minimum of two parties or candidates runs for office. Plurality is an essential condition of democratic elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
18. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
19. Presidential Elections Presidential Elections in Election Law Elections in which voters are called on to elect the president of the republic. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
20. Voter Registration Election: Voter Registration Introduction to Voter Registration In addition to differences in political party strength, these national differences in voter participation result from variations in registration rules and the organization of elections. In Europe, governments automatical......
21. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
22. Parliamentary Elections Legislative (or Parliamentary) Elections in Election Law Elections in which an electorate is called upon to choose the members of the representative body which exercises legislative authority in that country. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. How Voters Decide Election: How Voters DecideIntroduction to How Voters DecideMany Americans identify personally with and maintain a sense of loyalty to either the Democratic or Republican Party. Voters often acquire partisan identification in childhood as a result of parental influence. Issues and ......
24. Local Elections Local Elections in Election Law Elections held to elect the representatives of a regional or local assembly or any other regional, infra-state body. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
25. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
26. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
27. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
28. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
29. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
30. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
31. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
32. Foreigner Foreigner in Election Law A person in a state of which he or she is not a citizen. In some countries, foreign residents are legally allowed to vote under certain conditions, mainly in local elections, such as municipal council elections. Resources See Also Migration Internal Migration [...]...
33. General Elections General or National Elections in Election Law Two terms used to indicate democratic selection of representatives or officials at a national level. The term general election is more often used in republican parliamentary systems, while the term national election is more common in republican [...]...
34. Psephology Psephology in Election Law The study of voting and voting patterns. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
35. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
36. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
37. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
38. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
39. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
40. Gerrymander Introduction to Gerrymander Gerrymander, apportionment of electoral districts in such a way as to give the political party in power an advantage in electing its representatives. Gerrymandering can be accomplished by dispersing an opponent's supporters across so many electoral districts [...]...
41. Free Expression Internet Speech, Defamation, Online Torts and The Good Samaritan Exemption in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about E-Commerce and the Rights of Free Speech, Press and Expression In Cyberspace...
42. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
43. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
44. Equal Opportunity Equal Opportunity in Election Law Provision to all citizens of the conditions necessary so that they may exercise their civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights regardless of gender, race, religion, language, wealth or other factors. In terms of elections, equal opportunity is [...]...
45. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
46. Equal Suffrage Equal Suffrage in Election Law Principle by which all voters have equal voting rights and do not suffer any form of discrimination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
47. Candidate Candidate, person who seeks or is nominated for an office, prize, or honor. In politics, candidates aspire to be elected to office by conducting campaigns. (1) Candidate in Election Law Any person who aspires to public office and fulfills the eligibility criteria set by the Election Management [...]...
48. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
49. Streams Streams in Election Law Separate queues formed at a polling station to organise and speed up the voting process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
50. Suffrage Introduction to SuffrageSuffrage, right or privilege of voting to elect public officials and to adopt or reject legislation. Suffrage is a political institution dating from ancient times. In the city-states of Greece, all freemen (who constituted a minority of the population) were expected ......
51. Complaint Form Complaint Form in Election Law Tool developed by the election administration and made available to stakeholders in the electoral process to address and register a complaint about a specific aspect of the electoral process. It can be made available on paper or as an electronic form on a [...]...
52. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
53. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
54. Remote Remote Voting in Election Law See: Absentee vote Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Technology Contract Technology Contract Review and the Electronic Commerce Technology Contract Review in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
56. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
57. General Election General Election in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: An election involving most or all constituencies in a state (or nation) in choosing candidates for office and voting on ballot measures. Concept of General Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal [...]...
58. Equipment Resources See Also Fishery Fisheries Law Fishing License...
59. Equipment Leasing Equipment Leasing regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Equipment Leasing covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
60. Equipment Cost Resources See Also Bookkeeping Accounting Accounting Ethics Public Accountant Accounting Principles...
61. Equipment Interchange Receipt A document prepared by a carrier or lessor company or other firm having control over containers or trailers to be executed by a lessee, carrier, or other person taking delivery of those containers or trailers for use in the transport of goods. The interchange receipt serves as an acknowledgment tha......
62. Electronic Surveillance Surveillance ElectronicIntroduction to Electronic SurveillanceElectronic Surveillance, the interception of communications by electronic listening or other devices by someone who is not a party to the conversation. Electronic surveillance may be conducted by governments or individua......
63. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
64. Electronic Discovery Law E-Discovery Law......
65. Electronic Database ResourcesSee Also see Database...
66. Electronic Commerce The Conduct and Regulation of Internet commerce in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Antitrust Restrictions on the Conduct of Electronic Commerce Electronic Commerce in Cyberlaw Antitrust Restrictions on the [...]...
67. Electronic Communications Civil Jurisdiction and Litigation in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Email and other Electronic Communications in Litigation and in Corporate and Employer Policies...
68. Electronic Marketplaces Electronic Marketplaces: Contracts with Buying Companies and the Electronic Commerce Electronic Marketplaces: Contracts with Buying Companies in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax [...]...
69. Electronic Media Electronic Media in Election Law Means of communication, dissemination and publication of information which differ from the printed press. Information is stored, transmitted and published using technology. Chief among these are internet-based publications, as well as some aspects of television [...]...
70. Electronic Signature Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act and the Electronic Commerce Electronic Signatures in Global and National Commerce Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax [...]...
71. Electronic Transactions The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act and the Electronic Commerce The Uniform Electronic Transactions Act in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Keyword Advertising ...
72. Electronic An Integrated Electronic Iqa System for Hei, the Law and other Social Sciences Most HEIs have piecemeal partially linked QMS (Quality Management System) or mechanisms to manage the data, statistics and documents heavy quality management of its academic aspirations disjointed from the planning [...]...
73. Electronic Messages Consumer Adoption of Pc-based/mobile-based Electronic Word-of-mouth Messages, the Law and other Social Sciences Electronic word of mouth (eWOM) on products and services is getting more important in consumer behavior as well as marketing communication. Regarding the issue, marketing and [...]...
74. Electronic Payment Electronic Payment Frameworks: Characterization, Main Initiatives and Challenges, the Law and other Social Sciences This article presents what an electronic payment framework is, its main features and benefits, what the main electronic payment frameworks proposed so far are and, the current [...]...
75. Electronic Dissertations Electronic Theses and Dissertations (etds), the Law and other Social Sciences Electronic Theses and Dissertations (ETDs) have been a recent addition to the library's online access system, or digital project. this topic traces the history of dissertations, from their printed form and [...]...
76. Electronic Industry Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to electronic industry in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
77. Electronic Evidence Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of electronic evidence, with a description of the most significant features of electronic evidence at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Crime Lab In The Age Of The [...]...
78. Electronic Computer Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
79. Electronic Publishing Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
80. Electronic Network Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
81. Electronic Library Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
82. Electronic Messaging Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
83. Electronic Learning Resources See Also Vocational Training Training Vocational Education Continuing Legal Education Training Contract...
84. Electronic Commerce Law Concepts Contents Introduction to Electronic Commerce Law E-Commerce and Internet Law Consumer protection laws in Internet Copyright and trademark issues Cryptography ... Read more...
85. Electronic Frontier Foundation Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) The Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) is a group of people (lawyers, technologists, volunteers, and visionaries) who share a passionate commitment to defending digital information, innovation, and technology from attempts by government and business to [...]...
86. Electronic Voting Origins Electronic Voting Origins of Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting OriginsElectronic voting has been used in United States elections since the mid-1970s. The first electronic voting system is believed to be the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. The incentive fo......
87. Electronic Voting Problems Electronic Voting Problems with Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting ProblemsScientific concerns about the reliability of electronic vote tallying were raised early on, in a 1975 report by voting technology consultant Roy Saltman at the U.S. National Bureau of Standar......
88. Electronic Data Interchange Definition of Electronic Data InterchangeIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Electronic Data Interchange : EDI (electronic data interchange, EDI) The use of electronic data-transmission networks to exchange information. Significant commercial contracts set [...]...
89. Electronic Health Record Electronic Health Record (ehr) Diffusion: an Examination of Physician Resistance, the Law and other Social Sciences Since the enactment of the United States Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health (HITECH) Act in 2009, there has been substantial progress in the diffusion [...]...
90. Electronic Funds Transfers Electronic Funds Transfers in relation with Electronic Funds Transfer Systems This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Electronic Funds Transfers covered in connexion with Electronic Funds Transfer Systems and banking / lending Institutions....
91. Electronic Data Processing Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
92. Electronic Document Management Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
93. Electronic Document Delivery Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
94. Electronic Funds Transfer Systems Electronic Funds Transfer Systems regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Electronic Funds Transfer Systems covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
95. Military Equipment In the United States For information about Military equipment in the context of international trade, click here...
96. Agricultural Equipment Resources See Also Farming Farm Bill Agricultural Law Agriculture Reform Agriculture...
97. Fishing Equipment Resources See Also Fishery Fisheries Law Fishing License...
98. Transport Equipment Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
99. Original Equipment Manufacturing Original Equipment Manufacturing in International Trade Meaning of OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturing), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Type of contract whose purpose is to offer a guarantee to foreign companies subcontracting their manufacturing in [...]...
100. Security Interests in Mobile Equipment (Uniform Law) Security Interests in Mobile Equipment (Uniform Law) in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to security interests in mobile equipment (uniform law) on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues [...]...
101. Electronic Records Contents Electronic Records What are Considered Electronic Records When many pieces of legislation on freedom of information and protection of ... Read more...
102. Taxation of Electronic Commerce The Conduct and Regulation of Internet commerce in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Taxation of Electronic Commerce...
103. Electronic Contract Formation Electronic Contract Formation In his Book “Implicity of Electronic Contract Formation: With Reference to Email and Website Copyright” (2009), Taimur ... Read more...
104. Electronic Contract Creation Electronic Contract Creation In his Book “Implicity of Electronic Contract Formation: With Reference to Email and Website Copyright” (2009), Taimur ... Read more...
105. Trade and Electronic Commerce Trade and Electronic Commerce and the World Trade Organization Trade and Electronic Commerce in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
106. Paper Trail for Electronic Voting Electronic Voting A 'Paper Trail' for Electronic VotingIntroduction to Paper Trail for Electronic VotingThis lack of an independent proof, or audit trail, for the vote data collected by DREs led numerous computer scientists to consider the requirement that all electronic el......
107. List of Electronic commerce legal resources in internet 1. Attorney -General’s Department. E-Commerce Description The purpose of this site is to provide updates on legal developments in electronic ... Read more...
108. Electronics Related Fields Related topics include: Electronics Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Electronic Commerce Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Internet Fraud Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Electronic Surveillance Find this subject in this [...]...
109. Electronics Engineer Resources See Also Electronics Electronic Commerce Internet Fraud Electronic Surveillance...
110. Electrical Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law Electronics...
111. eLaw Contents eLaw Introduction “The eLaw Project aims at a reform of legal text production, creating one continuous electronic production channel ... Read more...
112. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
113. Eligible Paper Drafts, bills of exchange, and other instruments that satisfy requirements for discount or re-discount at the counters of a Federal Reserve bank. In addition to being eligible, i.e., arising from an approved transaction, the paper must be acceptable, i.e., drawn, accepted, or endorsed by a credit-wo......
114. Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law Contents Elgar Encyclopedia of Comparative Law This legal Encyclopedia offers chapters on legal topics, such as statutory interpretation or insurance, ... Read more...
115. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
116. Electoral Realignments Election: Electoral RealignmentsIntroduction to Electoral RealignmentsThe outcomes of elections often have important consequences for governmental programs and policies. In the United States, elections have had their greatest impact during times of "critical realignment"-......
117. Electoral Systems Election: Electoral Systems Introduction to Electoral Systems The manner in which governments organize elections and determine winners also affects participation rates. Majority systems require that a victorious candidate receive more than 50 percent of the vote. Under a plurality system, [...]...
118. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
119. Electorate Gender Introduction to Electorate GenderRestrictions on the basis of gender were ended in the United States with the passage of the 19th Amendment in 1920, and in Great Britain with enactment of the "flapper vote" law in 1928. Women were enfranchised in Germany under the Weimar Constitut......
120. Electorate Historical Electorate Historical OverviewIntroduction to Electorate HistoricalSince the beginning of the 18th century, there has been a struggle to expand the electorate in many countries to include new groups or classes of citizens or subjects. Many criteria have been used throughout history......