Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
2. Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
3. Tariff Schedule Tariff Schedule and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Schedule: A comprehensive list of the goods, which a country imports, and the import duties applicable to each [...]...
4. Technical Data Information that can be transferred to overseas users only in accordance with export control regulations. The Office of Export Administration regulations (Part 379) define technical data as: Information of any kind that can be used, or adopted for use, in the design, production, manufacture, [...]...
5. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
6. Extensions of Credit In the United States For information about Extensions of credit in the context of international trade, click here...
7. Exports In the United States For information about Exports in the context of international trade, click here...
8. Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
9. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
10. Regulations In the United States For information about Regulations in the context of international trade, click here 69 Federal Register 16873-01 Explained in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) References See Also Administrative Law (in international or comparative law) Rules (in [...]...
11. Sovereign The supreme political power that, within its own defined geographical boundaries, is accountable to no authority higher than its own.......
12. Functioning of the GATT System Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS): Designation for a negotiating group in the Uruguay Round [...]...
13. Encryption Products In the United States For information about Encryption products in the context of international trade, click here...
14. Unfair Trade Practices Unfair Trade Practices and the Laws of International Trade Executive review of unfair trade practices: Background Unfair Trade and Import Competition Regulation Procedure: Initiation of investigation The investigation Monitoring Recent developments The escape clause: [...]...
15. Upstream Subsidization Upstream Subsidization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Upstream Subsidization: An "indirect export subsidy," whereby a producer benefiting from a government [...]...
16. Quadrilateral Quadrilateral ("Quad") and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Quadrilateral ("Quad"): In GATT parlance, a meeting involving senior trade officials or [...]...
17. Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
18. Deemed Exports In the United States For information about Deemed exports in the context of international trade, click here...
19. Green Box Green Box and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Box: A term used in the context of GA TT negotiations on agriculture and on export subsidiesto refer to a category of [...]...
20. Entities Entities and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Entities: In the context of the GATT Government Procurement Code, refers to government departments or ministries and their [...]...
21. Marking Rules Packaging, Labeling, and Marking Regulations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Packaging, Labeling, and Marking Regulations: National requirements that importers must [...]...
22. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
23. Foreign Boycotts In the United States For information about Foreign boycotts in the context of international trade, click here...
24. Information Exports In the United States For information about Information exports in the context of international trade, click here...
25. Performance Requirements Performance Requirements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Performance Requirements: Government-imposed rules or conditions requiring foreign investors to serve [...]...
26. Reversal of Enforcement Policy In the United States For information about Reversal of enforcement policy in the context of international trade, click here...
27. Trade-Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): Designation for a Uruguay Round "' [...]...
28. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
29. Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Process and Production Methods (PPMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Process and Production Methods (PPMs): In the context of environmental trade measures, refers to [...]...
30. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
31. General Prohibitions In the United States For information about General prohibitions in the context of international trade, click here...
32. Sanctions Laws In the United States For information about Sanctions laws in the context of international trade, click here...
33. Multilateral Trade Negotiations Negotiations among many nations acting in concert for the purpose of reducing trade barriers. Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). in 1947, the mos......
34. Procedural Protectionism Procedural Protectionism and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Procedural Protectionism: Abusive administration of import control procedures allowed under GATT (especially [...]...
35. Mixed Credits Mixed Credits and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Mixed Credits: Exceptionally liberal financing terms for an export sale. Ostensibly provided for foreign aid purposes, [...]...
36. Banking Institutions In the United States For information about Banking institutions in the context of international trade, click here...
37. Comprehensive License In the United States For information about Comprehensive license in the context of international trade, click here...
38. State Department In the United States For information about State Department in the context of international trade, click here...
39. International Trade Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
40. Trade Barriers Standards-Related Activity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standards-Related Activity: An activity undertaken in conjunction with administration or enforcement of [...]...
41. Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries: [...]...
42. Direct Taxes Direct Taxes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Direct Taxes: Taxes on all forms of income including wages, profits, interest, rents, and royalties, or on the ownership of [...]...
43. Sanctions United Nations Sanctions Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Sanctions , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Sanctions , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) Spanish [...]...
44. Standstill Standstill and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standstill: A commitment undertaken at the outset of a GATT negotiation to refrain .from legislating or implementing new [...]...
45. Green Round Green Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Round: A term referring to a proposed new GATT Round of multilateral negotiations that would address environmental [...]...
46. Corporate Policy In the United States For information about Corporate Policy in the context of international trade, click here...
47. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
48. COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of COCOM (Coordinating Committee for Multilateral Export Controls): A working group of 16 [...]...
49. De Facto Membership De Facto Member of GATT and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of De Facto Member of GATT: A former dependency of a GATT member that since attaining independence has applied the [...]...
50. Caribbean Basin Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI): A non-reciprocal preferential arrangement established by the United [...]...
51. Structural Impediments Initiative Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): A series of bilateral negotiations begun in 1989 by the [...]...
52. Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Less-Developed Countries (LDCs): An alternative term for developing countries. [...]...
53. Bank Export Services Act A 1982 act of Congress that amends Federal banking laws to permit banks to acquire equity, up to 100 percent, in Export Trading Companies. The act forms Title II of the Export Trading Company Act. See export TRADING COMPANY ACT.......
54. Forum Shopping Forum Shopping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Forum Shopping: Refers to the ability of countries to take advantage of differing procedures fordispute settlement under [...]...
55. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
56. Trade Controls In the United States For information about Trade Controls in the context of international trade, click here...
57. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
58. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
59. Export Control Laws Export Control Laws and the Laws of International Trade Worldwide export control laws Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Countries covered Extraterritorial application Entity-based sanctions Other export statutes Due diligence under other export statutes [...]...
60. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
61. Export Control Enforcement In the United States For information about Export Control Enforcement in the context of international trade, click here...
62. Export Control Regulations In the United States For information about Export Control Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
63. Export Customs Clearance In the United States For information about Export Customs Clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
64. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
65. Export Regulations In the United States For information about Export Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
66. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
67. Export In the United States For information about Export in the context of international trade, click here Export in International Trade Meaning of Export, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): To ship an item away from a country for sale to another country. [...]...
68. Export Violations Export Violations and the Laws of International Trade Export violations; evidence of violations Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Post-closing discovery of an export violation If an export violation is discovered Ongoing violations Cessation of illegal activity [...]...
69. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
70. Defense Export Control In the United States For information about Defense Export Control in the context of international trade, click here...
71. Export Compliance Programs In the United States For information about Export Compliance programs in the context of international trade, click here...
72. Export Due Diligence In the United States For information about Export due diligence in the context of international trade, click here...
73. Export Sanctions In the United States For information about Export Sanctions in the context of international trade, click here...
74. National Export Initiative In the United States For information about National Export Initiative in the context of international trade, click here...
75. Nonproliferation Export Controls In the United States For information about Nonproliferation export controls in the context of international trade, click here...
76. Arms Export Control Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Arms Export Control in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...
77. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
78. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
79. Export Compliance Export Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Enforcement: Compliance and investigations Export Administration System Penalties Effects of cooperation with the government Examples of enforcement actions Judicial review Some guidelines for export compliance [...]...
80. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
81. Export Restrictions Export Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restrictions: While usage varies, this term is often used to denote quantitative limits or charges on exports [...]...
82. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
83. Export Documentation In the United States For information about Export Documentation in the context of international trade, click here...
84. Export Laws In the United States For information about Export laws in the context of international trade, click here...
85. Export Procedures In the United States For information about Export Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
86. Marks And Numbers The use of identifying symbols and numbers on Break-Bulk (read this and related legal terms for further details) cargoes to differentiate among shipments. The practice, still widely followed, originated as a response to ......
87. Page Numbers Citation NotesFor decisions of the International Court of Justice, the starting page is generally that on which the judgment begins. The page numbers of title page and the page containing information about mode of citation should not be used as the starting page. (However, the information o......
88. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
89. Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
90. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
91. Export Control Compliance Export Control Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Management corporate policy statement Export Control Internal Compliance Programs Delegation of authority Product classification Screening denied/restricted parties Weapons proliferation screening Country [...]...
92. Export Credits Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees: A subgroup of the OECD Trade .Committee,comprising all OECD [...]...
93. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
94. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
95. Export Platforms Export Platforms and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Platforms: Refers to countries such as Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Korea that established incentive programs [...]...
96. Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
97. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
98. Export Guarantees Export Guarantees and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Guarantees: Assurances by an exporter's government that financing provided by a private lender will be [...]...
99. Export Credits Arrangement Export Credits Arrangement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Credits Arrangement: Formal title is the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export [...]...
100. Export Requirements Export Performance Requirements and International Trade Resources See Also performance requirements...
101. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
102. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
103. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
104. Export Trading In the United States For information about Export Trading in the context of international trade, click here...
105. Export Broker Export Broker in International Trade Meaning of Export Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm that brings together buyers and sellers for a fee but does not take part in actual sales transactions....
106. Export Business Plan Export Business Plan in International Trade Meaning of Export Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purpose of an export business plan is to prepare companies, specially middle and small to enter the international market place or to better [...]...
107. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
108. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
109. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
110. Export Incentives Export Incentives in International Trade Meaning of Export Incentives, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Assistance provided by governments to enable or assist their suppliers in securing foreign markets. Incentives take may forms. Some, such as assisting [...]...
111. Export License Export License in International Trade Meaning of Export License, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document granting the licensee the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country. This license may be require in a [...]...
112. Export Manager Export Manager in International Trade Meaning of Export Manager, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An export manager serves as intermediary between foreign buyers and domestic sellers. Unlike trading companies who buy the products before selling directly [...]...
113. Export Marks Export Marks in International Trade Meaning of Export Marks, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Words or symbols placed on the outside of a export packed goods to indicate the shipment's destination. Typical marks for vessel shipments include the [...]...
114. Export Packing Export Packing in International Trade Meaning of Export Packing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The preparation of goods for international shipping. The degree of export packing required greatly depends on the kind of product, the mode of [...]...
115. Export Subsidies Export Subsidies in International Trade Meaning of Export Subsidies, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Government payments, economic inducements or their financially quantifiable benefits provided to domestic producers or exporters contingent on the export [...]...
116. Export-performance Measure Export-performance Measure in International Trade Meaning of Export-performance Measure, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported....
117. Export Control Reform Export Control Reform in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Export Control Reform: On April 16, 2013, the Department of State announced that the U.S. Government had issued the first in a series of new rules regarding the export of munitions and commercial [...]...
118. Export Control Restrictions United States Executive Order 13224 Designations In relation to the international law practice and Executive Order 13224 Designations in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Sanctions, Export Controls, International Restrictions About this subject: Imposition, [...]...
119. Export Control Violations Aeroflex: Resolution of Export Control Violations in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Aeroflex: Resolution of Export Control Violations: On August 9, 2013, the State Department announced that it had entered into a consent agreement with Aeroflex Incorporated [...]...
120. Product Classification In the United States For information about Product classification in the context of international trade, click here...