Communication

Adaptive Networks for On-chip Communication, the Law and other Social Sciences

The second generation of Network-on-Chips (NoC) are dynamic or adaptive providing a new set of benefits in terms of area overhead, performance, power consumption, fault tolerance and quality of service compared to the previous generation where the architecture is decided at design time. To improve resource efficiency and performance, the NoC must consider adaptive processes at several architectural levels, including the routing protocols, the router, the network interface and the network topology. this subject focuses on adaptive Networks-on-Chip, namely adaptive topologies and adaptive routers.[1]

Communication, Information and Pragmatics, the Law and other Social Sciences

In this subject we will first examine the meaning and significance of information, which will entail a critique of Shannon Information Theory. We will show it is really a theory of the transmission of signals. We describe how MacKay and Bateson with their respective formulations of “information is the distinction that makes a difference (MacKay, 1969)” and “information is the difference that makes a difference (Bateson, 1973)” adds the element of meaning to the definition of information. We then examine the proposition of Kauffman, Logan et al. (2007) that organization is a form of information. Assuming that it is not possible not to communicate, we emphasize the pragmatic dimension of communication. We argue that ‘information,’ ‘communication’ and ‘social interaction’ are inseparable elements of production of meaning. Thus, as in any communication there are three simultaneous dimensions operating as a system – syntactic, semantics and pragmatics, and it is also the case that ‘information,’ ‘communication’ and ‘social interaction’ are operating as a system.[1]

Related Fields

Related topics include:

Communication

Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia.

Information

Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia.

Related Fields

Related topics include:

Communication

Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia.

Information

Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia.

Meeting

Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia.

Communication

Embracing mainstream international law, this section on communication explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here.

International Communications

Communication

Resources

Notes and References

1. Adriana Braga, Robert K. Logan, “Communication, Information and Pragmatics” (Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 4th Edition, Information Resources Management Association, 2018)
2. Mário Vestias, “Adaptive Networks for on-Chip Communication” (Encyclopedia of Information Science and Technology, 4th Edition, Information Resources Management Association, 2018)

See Also

• Political Movement
• Privileged communications
• Social Movement
• Grassroots
• Libel
• Publication
• Slander
• Socialism

Further Reading

• The entry “communication” in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law, 2009), Oxford University Press
• Abbate, J. (1999) Inventing the Internet. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Aitken, H.G.J. (1985) The Continuous Wave: Technology and American Radio. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Anderson, B. (1991) Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origins and Spread of Nationalism. New York: Verso.
• Ang, I. (1991) Desperately Seeking the Audience. London: Routledge.
• Archibugi, D., and Michie, J. (eds.) (1997) Technology, Globalization and Economic Performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ark, B.V. (2001) The Renewal of the Old Economy: An International Comparative Perspective. OECD STI Working Papers 2001/5. Paris.
• Aronson, J.D., and Cowhey, P.F. (1988) When Countries Talk: International Trade in Telecommunications Services. Cambridge: Ballinger.
• Bell, D. (1973) The Coming of Post-industrial Society: A Venture in Social Forecasting. New York: Basic Books.
• Beniger, J. (1986) The Control Revolution: Technological and Economic Origins of the Information Society. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Borrus, M., and Zysman, J. (1996) Globalization with Borders: The Rise of Wintelism as the Future of Global Competition. Industry and Innovation 4, 141–66.
• Boulding, K.E. (1966) The Economics of Knowledge and the Knowledge of Economics. American Economic Review 56, 1–13.
• Bowles, S., Gordon, D.M., and Weisskopf, T.E. (1990) After the Wasteland: A Democratic Economics for the Year 2000. Armonk: M.E. Sharp.
• Boyer, R. (1986) La Théorie de la régulation: Une Analyse critique. Paris: La Découverte.
• Carnoy, M., and Castells, M. (2001) Globalization, the Knowledge Society, and the Network State: Poulantzas at the Millenium. Global Networks 1, 1–18.
• Castells, M. (2000) The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, Vol. 3: End of Millenium. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Caves, R.E. (2007) Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Cerny, P.G. (1990) The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency, and the Future of the State. London: Sage.
• Chandler, A. (1977) The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business. Cambridge: Belknap Press.
• Chandler, A.D. (2001) Inventing the Electronic Century: The Epic Story of the Consumer Electronics and Computer Industries. New York: Free Press.
• Chandler, A.D., and Mazlish, B. (eds.) (2005) Leviathans: Multinational Corporations and the New Global History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Charles, D.R. (1996) Information Technology and Production Systems. In P.W. Daniels and W.F Lever (eds.) The Global Economy in Transition. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman, pp. 83–102.
• Clapes, A.L. (1993) Softwars: The Legal Battles for Control of the Global Software Industry. Westport: Quorum Books.
• Coase, R.H. (1937) The Nature of the Firm. Economics 4, 386–405.
• Codding, G.A. (1972) The International Telecommunication Union: An Experiment in International Cooperation. Leiden: Brill.
• Codding, G.A., and Rutkowski, A. (1982) The International Telecommunication Union in a Changing World. Dedham: Artech House.
• Collecchia, A., and Schreyer, P. (2001) ICT Investment and Economic Growth in the 1990s: Is the United States a Unique Case? A Comparative Study of Nine OECD Countries. OECD IST Working Papers 2001/7. Paris.
• Cooper, K. (1942) Barriers Down. New York: Farrar.
• Cowhey, P.F. (1990) The International Telecommunications Regime: The Political Roots of Regimes for High Technology. International Organization 44, 169–99.
• Dai, X., Cawson, A., and Holmes, P. (1996) The Rise and Fall of High Definition Television: The Impact of European Technology Policy. Journal of Common Market Studies 34, 149–66.
• Daniels, P.W., and Lever, W.F. (eds.) (1996) The Global Economy in Transition. Harlow: Addison Wesley Longman.
• Davis, M. (1990) City of Quartz. New York: Verso.
• Davis, S.G. (1986) Parades and Power: Street Theater in Nineteenth-Century Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Temple University Press.
• Deibert, R.J. (1997) Parchment, Printing and Hypermedia: Communication in World Order Transformation. New York: Columbia University Press.
• Dilts, M.M. (1941) The Telephone in a Changing World. New York: Longmans Green.
• Dosi, G., Freeman, C., Nelson, R., Silverberg, G., and Soete, L. (eds.) (1988) Technical Change and Economic Theory. London: Pinter.
• Douglas, S.J. (1987) Inventing American Broadcasting, 1899–1922. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Drake, W.J., and Noam, E.M. (1997) The WTO Deal on Basic Telecommunications: Big Bang or Little Whimper. Telecommunication Policy 21, 799–818.
• Drucker, P.F. (1969) The Age of Discontinuity: Guidelines to Our Changing Society. New York: Harper and Row.
• Dudley, L.M. (1991) The Word and the Sword: How Techniques of Information and Violence Have Shaped Our World. Cambridge: Blackwell.
• Dunning, J.H. (ed.) (1974) Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise. London: Routledge.
• Edelmann, M. (1950) The Licensing of Radio Services in the United States, 1927–1947: A Study in Administrative Formulation of Policy. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Eisenstein, E. (1979) The Printing Press as Agent of Change: Communications and Cultural Transformations in Early Modern Europe. New York: Cambridge University Press.
• Evans, P., and Wurster, T. (2000) Blown to Bits: How the New Economics of Information Transform Strategy. Boston: Harvard Business School Press.
• Fagerberg, J. (1994) Technology and International Differences in Growth Rates. Journal of Economic Literature 32, 1147–75.
• Ferguson, Y.H., and Mansbach, R.W. (2004) Remapping Global Politics: History’s Revenge and Future Shock. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Fiske, J. (1989) Understanding Popular Culture. London: Unwin Hyman.
• Freeman, C. (1987) Technology, Policy and Economic Performance. London: Pinter.
• Friedrichs, J. (2001) The Meaning of New Medievalism. European Journal of International Relations 7, 475–501.
• Gandal, N., Salant, D., and Waverman, L. (2003) Standards in Wireless Telephone Networks. Telecommunication Policy 27, 325–32.
• Garnham, N. (1979) Contribution to a Political Economy of Mass Communication. Media, Culture and Society 1, 123–46.
• Garnham, N. (1990) Capitalism and Communication: Global Culture and the Economics of Information. London: Sage.
• Gasset, J.O.Y. (1957) The Revolt of the Masses. New York: Norton.
• Gilpin, R. (2002) The Challenge of Global Capitalism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Gilpin, R. (1975) Technology, Economic Growth and International Competitiveness. Washington, DC: US Government Printing Office.
• Hanson, E.C. (2008) The Information Revolution and World Politics. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Harrison, B. (1994) Lean and Mean: The Changing Landscape of Corporate Power in the Age of Flexibility. New York: Basic Books.
• Harvey, D. (1989) The Condition of Postmodernity. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Headrick, D.R. (1988) The Tentacles of Progress: Technology Transfer in the Age of Imperialism, 1850–1940. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Held, D., and McGrew, A. (2007) Globalization/Anti-globalization: Beyond the Great Divide. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Held, D., McGrew, A., Goldblatt, D., and Perraton, J. (1999) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture. Cambridge: Polity Press.
• Herman, E.S., and Chomsky, N. (1988) Manufacturing Consent: The Political Economy of the Mass Media. New York: Pantheon.
• Herring, J.M., and Cross, G.C. (1936) Telecommunications Economics and Regulation. New York: McGraw-Hill.
• Hirst, P., and Thompson, G. (1999) Globalization in Question. Cambridge, Polity Press.
• Hughes, T.P. (1989) American Genesis: A Century of Invention and Technological Enthusiasm 1870–1970. New York: Viking.
• Hugill, P.J. (1999) Global Communications since 1844: Geopolitics and Technology. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Inkpen, A.C. (2001) Strategic Alliances. In A.M. Rugman and T.L. Brewer (eds.) The Oxford Handbook of International Business. Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 402–27.
• Innis, H.A. (1964) The Bias of Communication. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.
• Innis, H.A. (2007) Empire and Communications. Toronto: Dundurn Press. Originally published 1950.
• Jalava, J., and Pohjola, M. (2002) Economic Growth in the New Economy: Evidence from Advanced Economies. Information Economics and Policy 14, 189–210.
• Jessop, B. (1990) State Theory: Putting Capitalist States in their Place. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
• Jhally, S. (1990) The Codes of Advertising: Fetishism and the Political Economy of Meaning in the Consumer Society. New York: Routledge.
• Junne, G. (1997) The End of Dinosaurs? Do New Technologies Lead to the Decline of Multinationals? In M. Talalay, C. Farrands, and R. Tooze (eds.) Technology, Culture and Competitiveness: Change and the World Political Economy. London: Routledge, pp. 58–71.
• Kaplan, D.M. (ed.) (2004) Readings in the Philosophy of Technology. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Katz, M.L., and Shapiro, C. (1985) Network Externalities, Competition, and Compatibility. American Economic Review 75, 424–40.
• Katz, M.L., and Shapiro, C. (1986) Technology Adaptation in the Presence of Network Externalities. Journal of Political Economy 94, 822–41.
• Katz, M.L., and Shapiro, C. (1994) Systems Competition and Network Effects. Journal of Economic Perspectives 8, 93–115.
• Keohane, R.O., and Nye, J.S. (1998) Power and Interdependence in the Information Age. Foreign Affairs 77, 81–94.
• Keohane, R.O., and Nye, J.S. (2001) Power and Interdependence. New York: Longman.
• Kim, S., and Hart, J.A. (2002) The Global Political Economy of Wintelism: A New Mode of Power and Governance in the Global Computer Industry. In J.N. Rosenau and J.P. Singh (eds.) Information Technologies and Global Politics. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 143–68.
• Korten, D.C. (2001) When Corporations Rule the World. Bloomfield: Kumarian Press.
• Koski, H., Rouvinen, P., and Ylä-Anttila, P. (2002) ICT Clusters in Europe: The Great Central Banana and the Small Nordic Potato. Information Economics and Policy 14, 145–65.
• Krasner, S. (1991) Global Communications and National Power: Life on the Pareto Frontier. World Politics 43, 336–66.
• Krein-Fredebeul, M., and Freytag, M. (1997) Telecommunications and WTO Discipline: An Assessment of the WTO Agreement on Telecommunication Services. Telecommunication Policy 21, 477–91.
• Lawton, T.C., Rosenau, J.N., and Verdun, A.C. (eds.) (2000) Strange Power: Shaping the Parameters of International Relations and International Political Economy. Aldershot: Ashgate.
• Leaffer, M.A. (1991) Protecting United States Intellectual Property Abroad: Toward a New Multilateralism. Iowa Law Review 76, 237–308.
• Lessig, L. (2001) The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World. New York: Basic Books.
• Lessig, L. (2004) How Big Media Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Control Creativity. New York: Basic Books.
• Lessig, L. (1999) Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace. New York: Basic Books.
• Lipietz, A. (1988) Reflections on a Tale: The Marxist Foundations of the Concepts of Regulation and Accumulation. Studies in Political Economy 26, 7–36.
• McChesney, R.W. (2007) Communication Revolution: Critical Junctures and the Future of Media. New York: The New Press.
• McChesney, R.W. (2008) The Political Economy of Media: Enduring Issues, Emerging Dilemmas. New York: Monthly Review Press.
• McCluskey, J., and Swinnen, J. (2004) Political Economy of Media and Consumer Perceptions of Biotechnology. American Journal of Agricultural Economics 86, 1230–7.
• Machlup, F. (1962) The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• McPhail, T.L. (1989) Inquiry in International Communication. In M.K. Asante and W.B. Gudykunst (eds.) Handbook of International and Intercultural Communication. Newbury Park: Sage, pp. 47–66.
• McPhail, T.L. (2006) Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends. Oxford: Blackwell.
• Mansell, R. (1993) The New Telecommunications: A Political Economy of Network Evolution. London: Sage.
• Mansfield, E. (1974) Technology and Technological Change. In J.H. Dunning (ed.) Economic Analysis and the Multinational Enterprise. London: Routledge, pp. 147–83.
• Marx, K. (1976) Capital: A Critique of Political Economy. London: Penguin. Originally published 1867.
• Melody, W.H. (1994) The Information Society: Implications for Economic Institutions and Market Theory. In E.A. Comor (ed.) The Global Political Economy of Communication. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 21–36.
• Moore, A.D. (1997) Intellectual Property: Moral, Legal, and International Dilemmas. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield.
• Moore, G.E. (1996) Intel: Memories and the Microprocessor. Daedalus 125, 55–80.
• Morse, E.L. (1976) Modernization and the Transformation of International Relations. New York: Free Press.
• Mosco, V. (1996) The Political Economy of Communication: Rethinking and Renewal. London: Sage.
• Mowery, D.C. (1996) The International Computer Software Industry: A Comparative Study of Industry Evolution and Structure. New York.
• Mowlana, H. (1997) Global Information and World Communication. London: Sage.
• Murdock, G. (1978) Blindspots about Western Marxism: A Reply to Dallas Smythe. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 2, 109–19.
• Mytelka, L.K., and Delapierre, M. (1999) Strategic Partnerships, Knowledge-Based Networked Oligopolies, and the State. In A.C. Cutler, V. Haufler, and T. Porter (eds.) Private Authority and International Affairs. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 129–49.
• Nadeem, S. (2009) The Uses and Abuses of Time: Globalization and Time Arbitrage in India’s Outsourcing Industries. Global Network 9, 20–40.
• Neal, Z.P. (2008) The Duality of World Cities and Firms: Comparing Networks, Hierarchies, and Inequalities in the Global Economy. Global Networks 8, 94–115.
• Negroponte, N. (1996) Being Digital. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Noble, D.F. (1977) America by Design: Science, Technology, and the Rise of Corporate Capitalism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
• Nora, S., and Minc, A. (1980) The Computerization of Society: A Report to the President of France. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Nye, J.S. (1990) Soft Power. Foreign Policy 80, 153–71.
• OECD (2002) OECD Information Technology Outlook: ICTs and the Information Economy. Paris.
• Ohmae, K. (1993) The Rise of the Region State. Foreign Affairs 72, 78–87.
• Ohmae, K. (1994) The Borderless World: Power and Strategy in the Global Marketplace. London: HarperCollins.
• Ohmae, K. (2000) The Invisible Continent: Four Strategic Imperatives of the New Economy. London: Nicholas Brealey.
• Oren, S.S., and Smith, S.A. (1981) Critical Mass and Tariff Structure in Electronic Communications Markets. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 12, 467–87.
• Parker, I.C. (1994) Myth, Telecommunication and the Emerging Global Informational Order: The Political Economy of Transition. In E.A. Commor (ed.) The Global Political Economy of Communication. Basingstoke: Macmillan, pp. 37–60.
• Persaud, A. (2001) The Knowledge Gap. Foreign Affairs 80, 107–17.
• Peterson, J. (1993) High Technology and the Competition State: An Analysis of the Eureka Inivitiative. London: Routledge.
• Peterson, J., and Sharp, M. (1998) Technology Policy in the European Union. Basingstoke: Macmillan.
• Phillips, R. (2000) Approaching the Organisation of Economic Activity in the Age of Cross-border Alliance Capitalism. In R. Palan (ed.) Global Political Economy: Contemporary Theories. London: Routledge, pp. 36–52.
• Pilat, D., and Lee, F.C. (2001) Productivity Growth in ICT-Producing and ICT-Using Industries: A Source of Growth Differentials in the OECD. OECD STI Working Papers 2001/4. Paris.
• Piore, M.J., and Sabel, C.F. (1984) The Second Industrial Divide: Possibilities for Prosperity. New York: Basic Books.
• Pool, I.D.S. (1983) Technologies of Freedom. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Porter, M. (1990) The Competitive Advantage of Nations. London: Macmillan.
• Porat, M. (1977) The Information Economy: Definition and Measurement. Washington, DC: US Department of Commerce, Office of Telecommunications.
• Reich, R. (1991) The Work of Nations. London: Simon and Schuster.
• Rogerson, K.S. (2000) Information Interdependence: Keohane and Nye’s Complex Interdependence in the Information Age. Information, Communication and Society 3, 415–36.
• Rohlfs, J. (1974) A Theory of Interdependent Demand for a Communications Service. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 5, 16–37.
• Rosecrance, R. (1996) The Rise of the Virtual State. Foreign Affairs 75, 45–62.
• Rosenau, J.N. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Rosenau, J.N. (1997) Along the Domestic–Foreign Frontier: Exploring Governance in a Turbulent World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Rosenau, J.N. (2003) Distant Proximities: Dynamics beyond Globalisation, Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Rosenau, J.N. (2007) People Count! Individuals in Global Politics, Boulder: Paradigm Publishers.
• Rosenau, J.N., and Czempiel, E.-O. (eds.) (1992) Governance without Government: Order and Change in World Politics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Rosenau, J.N., and Fagan, M.W. (1997) A New Dynamism in World Politics: Increasingly Skillful Citizens? International Studies Quarterly 41, 655–86.
• Rosenberg, N. (1976) Perspectives on Technology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Rosenberg, N. (1994) Exploring the Black Box: Technology, Economics, and History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Ruggie, J.G. (1982) International Regimes, Transactions, and Change: Embedded Liberalism in the Postwar Ecnomic Order. International Organization 36, 379–415.
• Rugman, A. (2001) The End of Globalization. New York: Random House.
• Sabel, C. (1982) Work and Politics: The Division of Labor in Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Sabel, C., and Zeitlin, J. (1985) Historical Alternatives to Mass Production: Politics, Markets and Technology in the Nineteenth Century Industrialization. Past and Present 108, 133–76.
• Salter, L. (1999) The Standards Regime for Communication and Information Technologies. In A.C. Cutler, V. Haufler, and T. Porter (eds.) Private Authority and International Affairs. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 97–127.
• Sassen, S. (2001) The Global City. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Savage, J.G. (1989) The Politics of International Telecommunications Regulation. Boulder: Westview Press.
• Saxby, S. (1990) The Age of Information: The Past Development and Future Significance of Computing and Communications. London: Macmillan.
• Saxenian, A. (1994) Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Schiller, D. (1999) Digital Capitalism: Networking the Global Market System. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Schiller, D. (2007) How to Think about Information. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Schiller, H.I. (1973) The Mind Managers. Boston: Beacon Press.
• Schiller, H.I. (1976) Communication and Cultural Domination. White Plains: International Arts and Sciences Press.
• Schiller, H.I. (1984) Information and the Crisis Economy. Norwood: Ablex.
• Schiller, H.I. (1989) Culture Inc. New York: Oxford University Press.
• Scholte, J.A. (2000) Globalization: A Critical Introduction. New York: Palgrave.
• Schreyer, P. (2002) The Contribution of Information and Communication Technology to Output Growth: A Study of G7 Countries. OECD STI Working Papers 2000/2. Paris.
• Schumpeter, J.A. (1935) The Analysis of Economic Change. Review of Economics and Statistics 17, 2–10.
• Schumpeter, J. (1942) Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. New York: Harper and Brothers.
• Sharp, M. (1997) Technology, Globalisation and Industrial Policy. In M. Talalay, C. Farrands, and R. Tooze (eds.) Technology, Culture and Competitiveness: Change and the World Political Economy. London: Routledge, pp. 90–106.
• Singh, J.P. (2002) Introduction. In J.N. Rosenau and J.P. Singh (eds.) Information Technologies and Global Politics: The Changing Scope of Power and Governance. Albany: State University of New York Press.
• Skolnikoff, E.B. (1993) The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Slaughter, A.-M. (2004) A New World Order. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
• Smith, A. (1991) The Age of Behemoths. New York: Priority Press.
• Smith, A. (2003) The Wealth of Nations. New York: Bantam Dell. Originally published 1776.
• Smith, M.R., and Marx, L. (eds.) (1994) Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism. Cambridge: MIT Press.
• Smythe, D. (1957) The Structure and Policy of Electronic Communications. Urbana: University of Illinois Press.
• Smythe, D.W. (1977) Communications: Blindspot of Western Marxism. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 1, 1–27.
• Smythe, D.W. (1978) Rejoinder to Graham Murdock. Canadian Journal of Political and Social Theory 2, 120–7.
• Steinbock, D. (2003) Globalization of Wireless Value System: From Geographic to Strategic Advantages. Telecommunication Policy 27, 207–35.
• Stigler, G.J. (1971) The Theory of Economic Regulation. Bell Journal of Economics and Management Science 2, 3–21.
• Stone, A. (1993) Public Service Liberalism: Telecommunications and Transitions in Public Policy. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
• Stopford, J., and Strange, S. (1991) Rival States, Rival Firms: Competition for World Market Shares. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Strange, S. (1994) States and Markets. London: Pinter.
• Strange, S. (1995) The Defective State. Daedalus 124, 55–74.
• Strange, S. (1996) The Retreat of the State: The Diffusion of Power in the World Economy. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Strömberg, D. (2004) Mass Media Competition, Political Competition, and Public Policy. Review of Economic Studies 71, 265–84.
• Swinnen, J.F.M., and Francken, N. (2006) Summits, Riots and Media Attention: The Political Economy of Information on Trade and Globalisation. The World Economy 29, 637–54.
• Talalay, M., Farrand, C., and Tooze, R. (eds.) (1997) Technology, Culture and Competitiveness: Change and the World Political Economy. London: Routledge.
• Thurow, L. (1992) Head to Head: The Coming Economic Battle among Japan, Europe, and America. New York: Warner Books.
• Tunstall, J. (1977) The Media Are America. New York: Columbia University Press.
• UNDP (2001) Human Development Report 2001: Making New Technologies Work for Human Development. New York.
• Vernon, R. (1977) Sovereignty at Bay: The Multinational Spread of US Enterprises. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
• Vernon, R. (1998) In the Hurricane’s Eye: The Troubled Prospect of Multinational Enterprise. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
• Walsh, R.J. (1935) Capital Concept Applied to Man. Quarterly Journal of Economics 49, 255–85.
• Wasserman, N.H. (1985) From Invention to Innovation: Long Distance Telephone Transmission at the Turn of the Century. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
• Weiss, L. (1998) The Myth of the Powerless State. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
• West, J. (1995) Software Rights and Japan’s Shift to an Information Society: The 1993–1994 Copyright Revision Process. Asian Survey 35, 1118–39.
• Wilkin, P. (2001) The Political Economy of Global Communication: An Introduction. London: Pluto Press.
• World Bank (1999) World Development Report 1998/99: Knowledge for Development. Washington, DC.
• Zacher, M.W. (1996) Governing Global Networks: International Regimes for Transportation and Communications. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
• Zacher, M.W. (2002) Capitalism, Technology, and Liberalization: The International Telecommunications Regime 1865–1998. In J.N. Rosenau and J.P. Singh (eds.) Information Technologies and Global Politics. Albany: State University of New York Press, pp. 189–210.