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1. Police Introduction to Police Police, agency of a community or government that is responsible for maintaining public order and preventing and detecting crime. The basic police mission-preserving order by enforcing rules of conduct or laws-was the same in ancient societies as it is in sophisticated [...]...
2. Police Reform Literature Review on Honduras: Police Reform In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Mark Ungar offers the following summary about the topic of Honduras: Police Reform: Honduras, with the world's highest murder rate and extensive infiltration by organized [...]...
3. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
4. Port-to-port Port-to-port in International Trade Meaning of Port-to-port, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Main carriage vessel transportation only from the port of loading to the port of discharge, i.e. excluding pre-carriage and on-carriage....
5. Policy Diffusion Literature Review on Policy Diffusion In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Karen Mossberger offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Diffusion: Policy diffusion involves the spread of policy ideas across political jurisdictions. This entry [...]...
6. Positivism The Legal History of Positivism in United States Law This section provides an overview of Positivism in United States Law Literature Review on (Public Administration Theory) Logical Positivism and Public Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] [...]...
7. Public Assistance Programs Literature Review on Brazil: Public Assistance Programs in Brazil In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Fabrício M. Fialho and Stanley R. Bailey provide the following summary about the topic of Public Assistance Programs in Brazil: This entry explores the [...]...
8. Police Cooperation Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters and Europe There is an entry on police and judicial co-operation in criminal matters in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Police and Judicial Co-operation in Criminal Matters" in the work [...]...
9. Port of Debarkation Port of Debarkation (POD) in International Trade Meaning of Port of Debarkation (POD), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The port from which cargo are discharge. This may be a seaport or aerial port from which merchandises are discharge; it may or may not [...]...
10. Port-state Jurisdiction Embracing mainstream international law, this section on port-state jurisdiction explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "port-state jurisdiction" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
11. Policy Networks Literature Review on Policy Networks In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jack W. Meek offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Networks: Policy networks have become the center of attention among scholars in political science, policy and policy [...]...
12. Policy Values Literature Review on Policy Analysis and Values In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Steven A. Peterson offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Analysis and Values: Values structure policy analysis. This entry examines the role of individual [...]...
13. Port Summary of Port An area within which vessels regularly load or discharge cargo, including such places where vessels await berthing.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International [...]...
14. History of Chinese Law Shang Dynasty (c.16th?11th Century BCE)For more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. Western Chou Dynasty (c.1045?771 BCE)For more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the [...]...
15. Port of Call Port of Call in International Trade Meaning of Port of Call, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A port where the ship discharges or receives traffic....
16. Public Policy Discourse Literature Review on (Ethics) Biomedical and Public Policy Discourse In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] John Abbott Worthley offers the following summary about the topic of (Ethics) Biomedical and Public Policy Discourse: What is the nature of public [...]...
17. Patronage Literature Review on (Personnel Policy) Patronage and Spoils In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Donald E. Klingner offers the following summary about the topic of (Personnel Policy) Patronage and Spoils: This entry discusses the following: 1) the role of [...]...
18. Political Question Doctrine In the United States For information about Political question doctrine in the context of international trade, click here Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and Political Question Doctrines in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and [...]...
19. Population Medium-variant Population Projection (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Medium-variant Population Projection means: _opulation projections by the United Nations Population Fund assuming medium-fertility path, normal mortality and normal international migration. Each assumption [...]...
20. Policy Sciences Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Policy Sciences Approach In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Peter deLeon and Christine R. Martell provide the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Policy Sciences Approach: This entry describes the [...]...
21. Population by Age Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
22. Population by Sex Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
23. Population Growth Annual Population Growth Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Growth Rate (Annual) refers to the average annual exponential growth rate for the period indicated. More People It is true that a country can get into economic trouble if the number of elderly [...]...
24. Population Change Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
25. Population Density Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
26. Population Projection Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
27. Population Policy Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
28. Freedom of Association Freedom of Association in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: Freedom of association is the right to meet and interact freely, without the interference of the state or others. This is slightly different than freedom of assembly, because assembly refers to the ability [...]...
29. Minimum Service Minimum service in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Minimum service provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: The operations needed in a public or private establishment during a strike, normally to avoid compromising the life or basic needs of the population or causing irreversible [...]...
30. Public Servant Public servant in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Public servant provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: See civil servant Resources See Also Public Service Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) [...]...
31. Corrections Administration Literature Review on Corrections Administration: Challenges In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy: [1] The American correctional system consists of four major components including jails, prisons, probation, and parole. These components are interdependent, working [...]...
32. Legislative Power The Legal History of Legislative PowerThis section provides an overview of Legislative Power ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Legislative Power in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) [...]...
33. Postmodern Approaches Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Postmodern Approaches In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Thomas J. Catlaw and Margaret Stout provide the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Postmodern Approaches: While somewhat limited to date, [...]...
34. Win-Win Policy Literature Review on (Policy Making) Win-Win Policy Solutions In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Stuart S. Nagel offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Making) Win-Win Policy Solutions: Win–win policy refers to public policy that is capable [...]...
35. Postpositivist Perspectives Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Postpositivist Perspectives In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Göktu_ Morçöl offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Postpositivist Perspectives: Postpositivism is a group of philosophical [...]...
36. Policy Research Literature Review on Policy Research: Measuring Benefits In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Henry E. Kilpatrick offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Research: Measuring Benefits: This entry discusses issues in evaluating social science [...]...
37. Military Privatization Literature Review on Military Management: Privatization In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lindy Heinecken offers the following summary about the topic of Military Management: Privatization: Much has been written on the economic, legal, and political impact [...]...
38. Politics Politics Politics From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Politics (1): A minister who had been expelled by his congregation for voting the Democratic ticket, had some of the members of the church arrested under the election laws for intimidating a voter. The court held that [...]...
39. Citizen Participation in Local Government Literature Review on Citizen Participation in Local Government In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Anthony J. Nownes offers the following summary about the topic of Citizen Participation in Local Government: Citizens can participate in government and [...]...
40. Public Relations in Public Administration Literature Review on Public Relations in Public Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Mordecai Lee offers the following summary about the topic of Public Relations in Public Administration: By its very nature, public administration is a public [...]...
41. Group Dynamics Resources See Also Group Corporate Group Collective Right...
42. Public Administration Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Public Administration Introduction to Public Administration Political scientists interested in public administration study government organizations and their relation to other parts of government. Political scientists investigate how these [...]...
43. Byzantium Early ByzantiumFor more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. Later Byzantium to 1453For more information about this section, in the context of legal history, see the main entry in this legal encyclopedia. [...]...
44. Bangladesh The Legal History of Bangladesh This section provides an overview of Bangladesh Literature Review on Bangladesh In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ferdous Jahan and Asif Mohammad Shahan provide the following summary about the topic of Bangladesh: This entry [...]...
45. Political Crimes The Legal History of Political CrimesThis section provides an overview of Political Crimes ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Political Crimes in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
46. Defense Policy Literature Review on (Defense and Military Policy) Casualty Aversion In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Yagil Levy offers the following summary about the topic of (Defense and Military Policy) Casualty Aversion: This entry describes the emergence of the [...]...
47. Policy Implementation Literature Review on Policy Implementation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ann O'M. Bowman offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Implementation: Implementation makes a policy happen; it gives a policy life. Policy formulation and [...]...
48. Political Science Fields Political Science: Fields in Political Science:Introduction to Political Science FieldsPolitical science is organized into several fields, each representing a major subject area of teaching and research in colleges and universities. These fields include comparative politics, Americ......
49. Pakistan The Legal History of Secular Laws in Pakistan This section provides an overview of Secular Laws in Pakistan Prospects for Afghanistan and Pakistan and Foreign Policy Introduction Major internal conflict has plagued Afghanistan for four decades. The U.S., for its part, has conducted military [...]...
50. Transparency In Public Administration and Policy Transparency and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Transparency: Openness, clarity, and predictability of a country's trade laws [...]...
51. Millennium Development Goals Literature Review on Millennium Development Goals In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Maria Ivanova and Natalia Escobar-Pemberthy provide the following summary about the topic of Millennium Development Goals: Millennium Development Goals—widely known as [...]...
52. Public Policy Formation Literature Review on (Policy Making) Ambiguity and Public Policy Formation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Nikolaos Zahariadis offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Making) Ambiguity and Public Policy Formation: Multiple streams (MS) is [...]...
53. Principal–Agent Perspective Literature Review on Principal–Agent Perspective In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Arie Halachmi offers the following summary about the topic of Principal–Agent Perspective: The principal–agent perspective views the interaction between two parties as a [...]...
54. Probability Theory Literature Review on Probability Theory In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Bradley J. Best and Paul J. Brennan provide the following summary about the topic of Probability Theory: Public administrators use probability theory to account for uncertainty in [...]...
55. Procurement Contracts Literature Review on (Procurement) Model Contracts In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Michael Asner offers the following summary about the topic of (Procurement) Model Contracts: Contract negotiation is an important and critical element in dealing with [...]...
56. Peru The Legal History of Peru This section provides an overview of Peru Implementation: United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement ("ptpa") In relation to the international law practice and Implementation: United States-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement ("ptpa") in this world [...]...
57. Bureaucracy Perspectives Literature Review on Bureaucracy Perspectives In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Larkin S. Dudley offers the following summary about the topic of Bureaucracy Perspectives: To introduce some of the bureaucratic literature pertinent to public administration, [...]...
58. Public Choice Literature Review on Public Choice: Models In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Thomas S. Nesslein offers the following summary about the topic of Public Choice: Models: Since the 1950s, the broad chasm dividing the disciplines of economics and political [...]...
59. Coalition Coalition, temporary combination of groups or individuals formed to pursue specific objectives through joint action. The term coalition is most often used in connection with political parties. Coalition governments, which are frequently found in multiparty countries, such as France......
60. Welfare Introduction to Welfare Welfare, programs aimed at helping people unable to support themselves fully or earn a living. Welfare recipients include elderly people, people with mental or physical disabilities, and those needing help to support dependent children. People in the United States most [...]...
61. Postmodernism The Legal History of Postmodernism and Law This section provides an overview of Postmodernism and Law Embracing mainstream international law, this section on postmodernism explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry [...]...
62. Insurgency Literature Review on (Defense and Military Policy) Counter Insurgency Operations In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jeremy Wells offers the following summary about the topic of (Defense and Military Policy) Counter Insurgency Operations: Insurgency has [...]...
63. Ban on Political Parties In relation to the ban on political parties and constitutional law, Justin O Frosini and Sara Pennicino[1] made the following observation: A 'ban of political parties' is one of the ways constitutions have regulated political parties after the Second World War. In these cases, the [...]...
64. Population Groups Population Groups Related Fields Related topics include: Population Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Population Group Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Ethnic Group Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Minority Group Find this subject in this [...]...
65. Population Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
66. Population Census Resources See Also Housing Housing Discrimination Limited Equity Housing Habitability Urban Development Cooperative Housing...
67. Requisition Requisition in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Requisition provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: To issue back-to-work orders. Requisition in Canadian Procedural Law Find materials in the Canadian legal Encyclopedia that anlyze Requisition. Embracing mainstream international law, [...]...
68. Public Policy Administration Literature Review on Constitutional Constraints: Public Policy Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Matthew Woessner offers the following summary about the topic of Constitutional Constraints: Public Policy Administration: By fragmenting the [...]...
69. Aid for Trade Initiative This section provides an overview of aid for trade initiative within the legal context of Combating Poverty in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further Reading Jean-Jacques Hallaert, "Aid for Trade Initiative," Elgar Encyclopedia of International [...]...
70. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
71. Public Utilities The Legal History of Public UtilitiesThis section provides an overview of Public Utilities ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Public Utilities in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
72. Regulation The Legal History of Regulation This section provides an overview of Regulation Public, Regulation From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Public, Regulation (1): The right to bury in a public cemetery is a privilege or license that is subject to municipal regulation, and [...]...
73. Absolute Poverty Absolute Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Absolute Poverty means: number of persons or households whose level of consumption or income below the poverty line....
74. Public Choice Theory Literature Review on Public Choice Theory In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Darrene L. Hackler offers the following summary about the topic of Public Choice Theory: Public choice uses economics methodology to understand political organization and [...]...
75. Port Dues Synonymous with harbor dues (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
76. Slavery The Legal History of Slavery This general section provides an overview of Slavery and its historical context. Slavery in the Ancient Greek Law See the main entry of this legal history topic. Slavery in the Roman Law See the main entry of this legal history topic. Slavery in the English [...]...
77. Depopulation Depopulation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Depopulation means: is the reduction of population over time in a region's census Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
78. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
79. Relative Poverty Relative Poverty (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Poverty (Relative) means: supposes a certain percentage of poor individuals or households (for example, 10%, 20%, 30%, etc.) or the binding of poverty to the middle, or median income in the country....
80. Reproduction Reproduction of the Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Reproduction of the Population means: one of the main processes of reproduction of society - can be viewed as a combination of three types of "movement" of the population, "natural" (biology and [...]...
81. Planning Literature Review on Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Planning In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Hua Xu offers the following summary about the topic of Planning in Capital Improvement Programs (CIPs): Capital improvements are important investment [...]...
82. Mass Evacuation Literature Review on (Emergency Management) Mass Evacuation and Relocation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jane Kushma offers the following summary about the topic of (Emergency Management) Mass Evacuation and Relocation: Mass evacuation and population [...]...
83. Public Funds Literature Review on Public Funds: Investment Strategies In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] William G. Albrecht offers the following summary about the topic of Public Funds: Investment Strategies: This entry broadly defines and illustrates public sector [...]...
84. Compagnie Du Port, Des Quais Et Des Entrepôts De Beyrouth Compagnie du Port, Des Quais et Des Entrepôts de Beyrouth Embracing mainstream international law, this section on compagnie du port, des quais et des entrepôts de beyrouth explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry [...]...
85. Public Morals This section provides an overview of public morals within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Robert Howse, "Public Morals," [...]...
86. Réunion Réunion The Legal History of Réunion This section provides an overview of Réunion Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading [...]...
87. Public Goods Global Public Good(s) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Global Public Good(s) means: a global public good is a good that has the three following properties : 1. It is non-rivalrous. Consumption of this good by anyone does not reduce the quantity available to other agents; 2. It [...]...
88. Participatory Budgeting Literature Review on Brazil: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lucio Renno offers the following summary about the topic of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: This entry explores the main characteristics, advantages, and [...]...
89. Ageing Population Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
90. School Age Population Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
91. Urban Population Urban Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Urban Population means: refers to the de facto population living in areas classified as urban according to the criteria used by each area or country. Data refer to 1 July of the year indicated. See Population, total. Resources [...]...
92. Indigenous Population Resources See Also Population Population Group Ethnic Group Minority Group...
93. Agricultural Population Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
94. Rural Population Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
95. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Population Fund , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United [...]...
96. Income Poverty Line, Population Below Population Below Income Poverty Line (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Below Income Poverty Line means: percentage of the population living below the specified poverty line (PPP $1.25 a day and the national poverty line). The national poverty line is the poverty [...]...
97. Popular searches Law School Programs Online Law School Programs ask a lawyer tax questions ask a lawyer online online lawyer legal questions ... Read more...
98. Power of Attorney by states ContentsPower of Attorney by statesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Power of Attorney by ... Read more...
99. Pocket A bag of rice weighing one hundred pounds.......
100. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
101. Polycentric Pricing A pricing policy in a multinational firm that permits substantially uniform products to be priced differently in various countries, to accommodate local conditions.......
102. Port of Entry A point designated by a nation's customs authority through which goods may be entered for examination and clearance; ports of entry may be actual ocean ports, land border points, or interior locations to which goods are carried in bond.......
103. Portfolio Investment A minority interest in a foreign venture from which income is derived in the form of dividends; normally such an interest does not convey any significant control over the management or operations of the foreign firm.......
104. Positive Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the actual value of the transaction, as defined by buyer and seller. This view has been substantially fulfilled by the recent adoption of the transaction value basis of valuation in the Customs Valuatio......
105. Popular Name of Acts ContentsTERMINODetailsCitations of the TERMINOActs Browse OptionsAuthorities (CFR)BackgroundLegislative Provisions of the TERMINOCommentary on the TERMINOImplementation of the TERMINORelated Case LawResourcesExplanationActs of ... Read more...
106. Political Constitution Political Constitution Constitution, in politics, fundamental system of law, written or unwritten, of a sovereign state, established or accepted as a guide for governing the state. A constitution fixes the limits and defines the relations of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers o......
107. Pornography "From a criminological perspective, pornography has been investigated in its relationship to criminal behavior or as a form of crime itself. Research on the relation between pornography and crime has primarily focused on the impact which the exposure to pornographic materials has on [...]...
108. Police Forces Police: History of Police ForcesIntroduction to Police ForcesThe conception of the police force as a protective and law enforcement organization developed from the use of military bodies as guardians of the peace, such as the Praetorian Guard of ancient Rome. The Romans achieved a ......
109. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
110. Political Campaign Introduction to Political CampaignPolitical Campaign, organized effort by a political party or candidate for public office to attract the support of voters in an election. Political campaigns play an important role in the education and mobilization of citizens in most democracies.In......
111. Political Parties Future Political Parties: The Future of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties FutureThough most pronounced in the United States, the decline of traditional parties is an international phenomenon. Some analysts believe political parties will one day cease to exist, and that t......
112. Political Parties History Political Parties: History of Political Parties: Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Parties HistoryThe origins of political parties are closely associated with the development of the modern state and representative democracy in Western Europe and the United States. Pa......
113. Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political Parties Political Parties: Organization and Structure of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political PartiesPolitical parties mediate the relationship between citizens and their government. In democracies with competitive party systems, polit......
114. Political Science History Political Science: History of the Discipline Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Science HistoryThe systematic study of politics dates to ancient times. The oldest legal and administrative code that survives in its entirety is the Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a pill......
115. Political Scientists Political Science: What Political Scientists DoIntroduction to Political ScientistsMost professional political scientists work in colleges and universities where they teach, conduct research, and write articles and books related to their specific research interests. Political scien......
116. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
117. Polygraph Introduction to PolygraphPolygraph, any of various scientific recording devices designed to register a person's bodily responses to being questioned. Popularly known as a lie detector, the polygraph has been used chiefly in criminal investigations, although it is also used in employment......
118. Pornography Prevalence and Availability Introduction to Pornography Prevalence and AvailabilityBoth the availability of pornography and the growth of the pornography industry have exploded since the 1950s. These trends reflect an increased demand for pornography, greater social and legal tolerance, and the emergence of new techno......
119. Police Law Police Law......
120. Polynesia The Legal History of PolynesiaThis section provides an overview of Polynesia ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Polynesia in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...