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Search results for: “urban sociology”

  • THEOLOGY

    THEOLOGY The scholarly and critical study of religious beliefs. There has been an increasing use of the social sciences within academic theology during the twentieth century. Traditionally, theologians have related to the dominant philosophies of many ages and cultures and, at least since the […]

  • Cultural Political Economy

    Cultural Political Economy W.H. Sewell argued, in “The Concept(s) of Culture” (in V. Bonnell, and L. Hunt (eds.) Beyond the Cultural Turn: New Directions in the Study of Society and Culture), “the system has no existence apart from the succession of practices that instantiate, reproduce, or – most interestingly – transform it. Hence system implies…

  • SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

    SOCIAL MOVEMENTS Network-configured collectivities that seek to promote or resist political and/or cultural change on the basis of shared group identity. As Stanford Lyman (1995:397) has observed, “In virtually all their various manifestations in the United States, social movements have proclaimed a salvational message, each has sought to cure the soul of either the nation,…

  • Postcolonialism

    Postcolonialism Resources See Also Further Reading Acharya, A. (2011). Dialogue and discovery: In search of international relations theories beyond the West. Millennium—Journal of International Studies, 39(3), 619–637. Acharya, A., & Buzan, B. (2010). Non-Western international relations theory: Perspectives on and beyond Asia. London: Routledge. Aching, G. (2011). On colonial modernity: Civilization versus sovereignty in Cuba,…

  • Islamic World

    Islamic World At the peak of its power (the “peak” of the Islamic empire is usually considered to be during the Abbasid Dynasty , 750 A.D.-1258 A.D.) the Islamic empire represented the greatest military strength, reached a higher level of achievement in the arts and sciences than any other civilization, and was widely thought of…

  • Regulation of Global Value Chains

    Regulatory Implications and Challenges of Global Value Chains This section provides an overview of regulatory implications and challenges of global value chains within the legal context of Global Value Chains in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges).

  • Regulation of Global Value Chains

    Regulatory Implications and Challenges of Global Value Chains This section provides an overview of regulatory implications and challenges of global value chains within the legal context of Global Value Chains in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges).

  • Incarceration Rates

    Incarceration Rates This entry provides a comprehensive account of prison populations around the world and analyses recent trends in imprisonment. The imprisonment rate, in the United States, is the estimated number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (i.e., total imprisonment rate)…

  • Incarceration Rates

    Incarceration Rates This entry provides a comprehensive account of prison populations around the world and analyses recent trends in imprisonment. The imprisonment rate, in the United States, is the estimated number of prisoners under state or federal jurisdiction sentenced to more than 1 year per 100,000 U.S. residents of all ages (i.e., total imprisonment rate)…

  • Defensible Space

    Defensible Space The term “defensible space” was coined by Oscar Newman (1973a) in his book “Defensible Space.” About the book, Reynald and Elffers, in their article “The future of Newman’s defensible space theory: Linking defensible space and the routine activities of place”, published in the European Journal of Criminology (6(1), 25-46), wrote (page 29): “For…

  • Community Corrections

    Community Corrections Probation is a court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community and is generally used as an alternative to incarceration. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term. In Europe, probation is often used as the default term for community corrections. Community sanctions and measures These…

  • Incarceration Effects

    Incarceration Effects Lawmakers across the political spectrum, in some countries such as the United States, have begun to re-examine the policies that led to the massive growth in incarceration over the last generation. Incarceration is costly, the evidence for its deterrence value is mixed, and it has disproportionately affected people who are poor and (in…

  • Cultural Relativism

    Embracing mainstream international law, this section on cultural relativism explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "cultural relativism" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law […]

  • Deterrance

    Focused Deterrence Strategies Focused deterrence strategies attempt to influence the criminal behavior of individuals through the strategic application of enforcement and social service resources to facilitate desirable behaviors. The Boston Gun Project The Operation Ceasefire Further Reading Abt, T., & Winship, C. (2016). What works in reducing community violence. Washington, DC: United States Agency for…

  • Encyclopedia of Race and Crime

    Encyclopedia of Race and Crime Details Authors: Helen Taylor Greene and Shaun L. Gabbidon Editorial: Sage Publications Inc. Volumes: 2 vols. Description This Encyclopedia covers issues in both historical and contemporary context, with information on race and ethnicity and their impact on crime and the administration of justice. The Encyclopedia of Race and Crime explores…