LAWIN

Deterrance

Focused Deterrence Strategies

Focused deterrence strategies attempt to influence the criminal behavior of individuals through the strategic application of enforcement and social service resources to facilitate desirable behaviors.

The Boston Gun Project

The Operation Ceasefire

Further Reading

  • Abt, T., & Winship, C. (2016). What works in reducing community violence. Washington, DC: United States Agency for International Development.
  • Apel, R., & Nagin, D. (2011). General deterrence: A review of recent evidence. In J. Q. Wilson, & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Crime and public policy (pp. 411-436). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Beha, J. A. (1977). “And nobody can get you out” : The impact of a mandatory prison sentence for the illegal carrying of a firearm on the use of firearms and the administration of justice in Boston: Part I. Boston University Law Review, 57, 96-146.
  • Bottoms, A., & Tankebe, J. (2012). Beyond procedural justice: A dialogic approach to legitimacy in criminal justice. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 102, 119-170.
  • Boyle, D. J., Lanterman, J., Pascarella, J., & Cheng, C. C. (2010). The impact of Newark’s Operation Ceasefire on trauma center gunshot wound admissions. Newark, NJ: University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Violence Institute of New Jersey.
  • Braga, A. A. (2008). Pulling levers focused deterrence strategies and the prevention of gun homicide. Journal of Criminal Justice, 36, 332-343.
  • Braga, A. A. (2012). Getting deterrence right? Evaluation evidence and complementary crime control mechanisms. Criminology & Public Policy, 11, 201-210.
  • Braga, A. A., Apel, R., & Welsh, B. (2013). The spillover effects of focused deterrence on gang violence. Evaluation Review, 37, 314-342.
  • Braga, A. A., Hureau, D. M., & Papachristos, A. V. (2014). Deterring gang-involved gun violence: Measuring the impact of Boston’s operation ceasefire on street gang behavior. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30, 113-139.
  • Braga, A. A., Hureau, D. M., & Winship, C. (2008). Losing faith? Police, black churches, and the resurgence of youth violence in Boston. Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 141-172.
  • Braga, A. A., & Kennedy, D. M. (2012). Linking situational crime prevention and focused deterrence strategies. In G. Farrell & N. Tilley (Eds.), The reasoning criminologist: Essays in honour of Ronald V. Clarke (pp. 65-79). London: Routledge.
  • Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., & Tita, G. (2002). New approaches to the strategic prevention of gang and group-involved violence. In C. R. Huff (Ed.), Gangs in America (3d ed.; pp. 271-286). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE.
  • Braga, A. A., Kennedy, D. M., Waring, E. J., & Piehl, A. M. (2001). Problem-oriented policing, deterrence, and youth violence: An evaluation of Boston’s Operation Ceasefire. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38, 195-225.
  • Braga, A. A., McDevitt, J., & Pierce, G. (2006). Understanding and preventing gang violence: Problem analysis and response development in Lowell, Massachusetts. Police Quarterly, 9, 20-46.
  • Braga, A. A., Papachristos, A. V., & Hureau, D. M. (2010). The concentration and stability of gun violence at micro places in Boston, 1980-2008. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26, 33-53.
  • Braga, A. A., Pierce, G., McDevitt, J., Bond, B., & Cronin, S. (2008). The strategic prevention of gun violence among gang-involved offenders. Justice Quarterly, 25, 132-162.
  • Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2010). Policing problem places: Crime hot spots and effective prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2012). The effects of “pulling levers” focused deterrence strategies on crime. Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(6).
  • Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2014). Must we settle for less rigorous evaluations in large area-based crime prevention programs? Lessons from a Campbell review of focused deterrence. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10, 573-597.
  • Braga, A. A., & Weisburd, D. (2015). Focused deterrence and the prevention of violent gun injuries: Practice, theoretical principles, and scientific evidence. Annual Review of Public Health, 36, 55-68.
  • Braga, A. A, & Winship, C. (2006). Partnership, accountability, and innovation: Clarifying Boston’s experience with pulling levers. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police Innovation (pp. 171-190). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Brunson, R. K. (2015). Focused deterrence and improved police-community relations. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 507-514.
  • Brunson, R. K., & Weitzer, R. (2009). Police relations with black and white youths in different urban neighborhoods. Urban Affairs Review, 44, 858-885.
  • Carr, P. J., Napolitano, L., & Keating, J. (2007). We never call the cops and here is why: A qualitative examination of legal cynicism in three Philadelphia neighborhoods. Criminology, 45, 445-480.
  • Chin, K. (1996). Chinatown gangs. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Clarke, R. V. (Ed.). (1997). Situational crime prevention: Successful case studies. New York: Harrow and Heston.
  • Cook, P. J. (1980). Research in criminal deterrence: Laying the groundwork for the second decade. In N. Morris & M. Tonry (Eds.), Crime and justice (Vol. 2; pp. 211-268). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Cook, P. J., & Ludwig, J. (2006). Aiming for evidence-based gun policy. Journal of Policy Analysis and Management, 48, 691-735.
  • Corsaro, N., Brunson, R., & McGarrell, E. (2010). Problem-oriented policing and open-air drug markets: Examining the Rockford pulling levers deterrence strategy. Crime & Delinquency, 59(7), 1085-1107.
  • Corsaro, N., & Engel, R. (2015). Most challenging of contexts: Assessing the impact of focused deterrence on serious violence in New Orleans. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 471-505.
  • Corsaro, N., Hunt, E., Hipple, N. K., & McGarrell, E. (2012). The impact of drug market pulling levers policing on neighborhood violence: An evaluation of the High Point Drug Market Intervention. Criminology & Public Policy, 11, 167-200.
  • Corsaro, N., & McGarrell, E. (2009). An evaluation of the Nashville drug market initiative (DMI) pulling levers strategy. East Lansing: Michigan State University.
  • Dalton, E. (2002). Targeted crime reduction efforts in ten communities. U.S. Attorney’s Bulletin, 50, 16-25.
  • Deuchar, R. (2013). Policing youth violence: Transatlantic connections. London: IEP Press.
  • Durlauf, S, & Nagin, D. (2011). Imprisonment and crime: Can both be reduced? Criminology & Public Policy, 10, 13-54.
  • Engel, R. S., Corsaro, N., & Skubak Tillyer, M. (2010). Evaluation of the Cincinnati Initiative to Reduce Violence (CIRV). Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati Policing Institute.
  • Fagan, J. (2002). Policing guns and youth violence. The Future of Children, 12, 133-151.
  • Farrington, D. P., & Petrosino, A. (2001). The Campbell collaboration crime and justice group. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578, 35-49.
  • Gibbs, J. P. (1975). Crime, punishment, and deterrence. New York: Elsevier.
  • Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem-oriented policing. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
  • Horney, J., & Marshall, I. (1992). Risk perceptions among serious offenders: The role of crime and punishment. Criminology, 30, 575-594.
  • Institute of Medicine. (2008). Violence prevention in low- and middle-income countries: Finding a place on the global agenda. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Institute of Medicine and National Research Council. (2013). Priorities for research to reduce the threat of firearm-related violence. Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
  • Kennedy, D. M. (1997). Pulling levers: Chronic offenders, high-crime settings, and a theory of prevention. Valparaiso University Law Review, 31, 449-484.
  • Kennedy, D. M. (2006). Old wine in new bottles: Policing and the lessons of pulling levers. In D. Weisburd & A. A. Braga (Eds.), Police innovation (pp. 155-170). New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Kennedy, D. M. (2008). Deterrence and crime prevention. New York: Routledge.
  • Kennedy, D. M. (2011). Don’t shoot. New York: Bloomsbury.
  • Kennedy, D. M., Braga, A. A., & Piehl, A. M. (1997). The (un)known universe: Mapping gangs and gang violence in Boston. In D. L. Weisburd & J. T. McEwen (Eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention (pp. 219-262). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
  • Kennedy, D. M, & Moore, M. H. (1995). Underwriting the risky investment in community policing. Justice System Journal, 17, 271-290.
  • Kennedy, D. M., Piehl, A., & Braga, A. A. (1996). Youth violence in Boston: Gun markets, serious youth offenders, and a use-reduction strategy. Law & Contemporary Problems, 59, 147-196.
  • Kennedy, D. M., & Wong, S.-L. (2009). The High Point drug market intervention strategy. Washington, DC: Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.
  • Kerani, R. P., Handcock, M. S., Handsfield, H. H., & Holmes, K. K. (2005). Comparative geographic concentrations of 4 sexually transmitted infections. American Journal of Public Health, 95, 324-330.
  • Klein, M. (1995). The American street gang. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Land, K. (2015). Something that works in violent crime control. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 515-519.
  • McGarrell, E., Chermak, S., Wilson, J., & Corsaro, N. (2006). Reducing homicide through a “lever-pulling” strategy. Justice Quarterly, 23, 214-229.
  • Meares, T., & Kahan, D. (1998). Law and (norms of) order in the inner city. Law & Society Review, 32, 805-838.
  • Mercy, J. A., Rosenberg, M. L., Powell, K. E., Broome, C. V., & Roper, W. L. (1993). Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs, 12, 7-29.
  • Moore, M. H. (1992). Problem-solving and community policing. In M. Tonry & N. Morris (Eds.), Modern policing, Crime and justice (Vol. 15; pp. 99-158). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Moore, M. H. (2002). Creating networks of capacity. In G. Katzmann (Ed.), Securing our children’s future (pp. 338-385). Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press.
  • Moore, M. H., Prothrow-Stith, D., Guyer, B., & Spivak, H. (1994). Violence and intentional injuries: Criminal justice and public health perspectives on an urgent national problem. In A. J. Reiss & J. A. Roth (Eds.), Understanding and preventing violence (Vol. 4; pp. 167-216). Washington, DC: National Academy Press.
  • Morgan, S. L., & Winship, C. (2007). Counterfactuals and causal inference: Methods and principals for social research. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Nagin, D. (1998). Criminal deterrence research at the outset of the twenty-first century. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 23; pp. 1-42). Chicago: University of Chicago Press
  • National Network for Safe Communities. (2013). Group violence intervention: An implementation guide. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
  • Papachristos, A. V. (2009). Murder by structure: Dominance relations and the social structure of gang homicide. American Journal of Sociology, 115, 74-128.
  • Papachristos, A. V., Braga, A. A., & Hureau, D. M. (2012). Social networks and the risk of gunshot injury. Journal of Urban Health, 89, 992-1003
  • Papachristos, A. V., & Kirk, D. S. (2015). Changing the street dynamic: Evaluating Chicago’s group violence reduction strategy. Criminology & Public Policy, 14, 525-558.
  • Papachristos, A. V., Meares, T., & Fagan, J. (2007). Attention felons: Evaluating project safe neighborhoods in Chicago. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 4, 223-272.
  • Paternoster, R. (1987). The deterrent effect of the perceived certainty and severity of punishment. Justice Quarterly, 4, 173-217.
  • Paternoster, R., Brame, R., Bachman, R., & Sherman, L. (1997). Do fair procedures matter? Law & Society Review, 17, 457-479.
  • Piehl, A. M., Cooper, S. J., Braga, A. A., & Kennedy, D. M. (2003). Testing for structural breaks in the evaluation of programs. Review of Economics and Statistics, 85, 550-558.
  • Poundstone, K. E., Strathdee, S. A., & Celentano, D. D. (2004). The social epidemiology of Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome. Epidemiologic Reviews, 26, 22-35.
  • President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. 2015. Final Report of the President’s Task Force on 21st Century Policing. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services.
  • Reisig, M. D. (2010). Community and problem-oriented policing. In M. Tonry (Ed.), Crime and justice (Vol. 39; pp. 1-53). Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
  • Rosenfeld, R., Fornango, R., & Baumer, E. (2005). Did Ceasefire, Compstat, and Exile reduce homicide? Criminology & Public Policy, 4, 419-450.
  • Sampson, R., Raudenbush, S., & Earls, F. (1997). Neighborhoods and violent crime. Science, 277, 918-924.
  • Saunders, J., Lundberg, R., Braga, A. A., Ridgeway, G., & Miles, J. (2015). A synthetic control approach to evaluating place-based crime interventions. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31, 413-434.
  • Sierra-Arevalo, M., Charette, Y., & Papachristos, A. V. (2015). Evaluating the effect of Project Longevity on group-involved shootings and homicides in New Haven, CT. New Haven, CT: Yale University.
  • Skogan, W., & Frydl, K. (Eds.). (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.
  • Sunshine, J., & Tyler, T. R. (2003). The role of procedural justice and legitimacy in shaping public support for policing. Law & Society Review, 37, 513-548.
  • Tita, G., Riley, K. J., Ridgeway, G., Grammich, C., Abrahamse, A., & Greenwood, P. W. (2004). Reducing gun violence: Results from an intervention in East Los Angeles. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
  • Tyler, T. R. (2004). Enhancing police legitimacy. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 84-99.
  • Tyler, T. R. (2006). Why people obey the law. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
  • Tyler, T. R., & Fagan, J. (2008). Legitimacy and cooperation: Why do people help the police fight crime in their communities? Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 6, 231-276.
  • Tyler, T. R., & Huo, Y. (2002). Trust in the law: Encouraging public cooperation with the police and courts. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
  • Wallace, D., Papachristos, A. V., Meares, T., & Fagan, J. (2016). Desistance and legitimacy: The impact of offender notification meetings on recidivism among high risk offenders. Justice Quarterly, 33(7), 1237-1264.
  • Webster, D. W., Whitehill, J. M., Vernick, J. S., & Parker, E. M. (2012). Evaluation of Baltimore’s Safe Streets Program: Effects on attitudes, participants’ experiences, and gun violence. Baltimore: Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University.
  • Weisburd, D. L., Groff, E., & Yang, S. M. (2014). Understanding and controlling hot spots of crime: The importance of formal and informal social controls. Prevention Science, 15, 31-43.
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  • Zimring, F., & Hawkins, G. (1973). Deterrence. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

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