Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Gray Market Definition In the United States For information about Gray Market Definition in the context of international trade, click here...
2. Caribbean Community and Common Market Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM), organization established in 1973 to promote regional unity and to coordinate economic and foreign policy among Caribbean nations. Member countries include Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, G......
3. Islamic Common Market Islamic Common Market in International Trade Resources See Also Economic Cooperation Organization....
4. Labor Market Analysis Resources See Also Labor Employment Law International Labor Law Industrial Safety Labour Labor Right Labor Policy...
5. International Trade Organization International Trade Organization (ITO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Trade Organization (ITO): (Not to be confused with Multilateral Trade "Organization, Sec. I). An [...]...
6. Gray Market Goods In the United States For information about Gray market goods in the context of international trade, click here...
7. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...
8. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
9. Labor Advisory Committee Labor Advisory Committee (LAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Labor Advisory Committee (LAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory system established by [...]...
10. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
11. Threshold Price A minimum import price for commodities established under the common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, set so as not to hamper sales of EEC pro......
12. Civic Center Civic CenterCivic Center, focal land area within a community, containing one or more dominant public structures. The term civic center has also been used more recently to refer to the entire central business district of a community. In planning this type of civic center, special attention i......
13. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
14. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
15. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
16. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
17. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
18. Managed Trade Managed Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Managed Trade: A trade policy approach that denies the practicability of traditional "laissez-faire" approaches to trade, and instead [...]...
19. Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Community (SADC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern African Development Community (SADC): A regional cooperation organization including Angola, Botswana, [...]...
20. Bounty Bounty or Grant and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bounty or Grant: A form of subsidy. As used in US trade legislation, the term refers to an economic inducement by a [...]...
21. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
22. International Labor Organization International Labor Organization Outline The ILO was established in 1919 in Washington. It became a specialized agency of the UN with independent status after the Second World War. The organization has representation from both the governments and trade unions of the member countries, and is a [...]...
23. Intervention Price The price at which the European Economic Community, in accordance with the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details), will intervene in the market to buy excess agricultural produ......
24. Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency: An independent agency of the World Bank group established in 1988 to [...]...
25. Development Finance Development Finance The U.S. Office of Development Finance The Office of Development Finance, part of the The Bureau of Economic ... Read more...
26. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
27. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
28. Mail Distribution Clerk Resources See Also Worker Employee Benefits Employ Employment White Collar Worker Blue Collar Worker Labor Right Employee...
29. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
30. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
31. Policy-oriented Theory Embracing mainstream international law, this section on policy-oriented theory explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "policy-oriented theory" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
32. Export Oriented Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
33. Rules-Oriented Trade Policy Rules-Oriented Trade Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Rules-Oriented Trade Policy: An idealized approach to trade policy under which governments establish a set of rules for the [...]...
34. Physical Distribution A branch of business management concerned with past product logistics, i.e., those functions that relate to the movement of goods from one place to another. Among those areas generally ascribed to physical distribution are transportation, material handling, warehousing, inventory control, packaging,......
35. Income Distribution Related Fields Related topics include: Disposable Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Bankruptcy Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Inequality Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Wage Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
36. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
37. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
38. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
39. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
40. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
41. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
42. Market Structure Market Structure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Structure: Refers to the structure of an industry or market, as reflected in the number and size distribution of sellers and buyers, [...]...
43. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
44. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
45. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
46. Market Intelligence Improving Competitiveness Through Organizational Market Intelligence: Market Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Market intelligence (MI) is a concept that results in real opportunities for knowledge management in organizations. MI is a cyclic process to deliver knowledge for [...]...
47. Market Economy Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
48. Market Research Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
49. Market Planning Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
50. Market Stabilization Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
51. Market Study Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
52. Market Definition Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
53. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
54. Market Access Data Base Market Access Data Base in International Trade Meaning of Market Access Data Base, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Database of the European Union with comprehensive information about tariffs in all countries of the world to European products and [...]...
55. Market Definition and Scope References See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
56. Media Law Resource Center Contents Media Law Resource Center (United States) From the website of Media Law Resource Center: “The Media Law Resource Center ... Read more...
57. Center Of Gravity Theory A principle in law which contends that whenever a contract involves parties in several legal jurisdictions and the document fails to prescribe which law shall govern, a court may apply the system of law having the most significant relationship to the contract. Factors to be considered by a court in ......
58. Offshore Center A locale with many foreign banks in residence.......
59. Media Center Resources See Also Educational Infrastructure Education Equal Education...
60. MCC-Marble Ceramic Center v. Ceramica Nuova d'Agostino Contents MCC-Marble Ceramic Center v. Ceramica Nuova d’Agostino 1998 11th Circuit Court of Appeals • Contract was done in Italian, ... Read more...
61. Gas Distribution Resources See Also Energy Utilities Natural Resources Energy Clean Energy...
62. Distribution Resources See Also Price Policy Price Control Pricing Strategy Dumping...
63. Exclusive Distribution Spanish Translation of exclusive distributionThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to exclusive distribution and / or a definition of this topic: Distribución Exclusiva (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
64. Selective Distribution Spanish Translation of selective distributionThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to selective distribution and / or a definition of this topic: Distribución Selectiva (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
65. Distribution Agreements Megasite Distribution Agreements and the Electronic Commerce Megasite Distribution Agreements in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
66. Piggyback Distribution Piggyback Distribution in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Distribution, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Piggyback is a form of distribution in foreign markets in which a SME company (the "rider"), deals with a larger company (the [...]...
67. Wealth Distribution Gini Index (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gini Index means: _easures the extent to which the distribution of income (or consumption) among individuals or households within a country deviates from a perfectly equal distribution. A Lorenz curve plots the cumulative percentages [...]...
68. Distribution Services This section provides an overview of distribution services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Joscelyn Magdeleine, "Distribution [...]...
69. Distribution Cost Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to distribution cost in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
70. Water Distribution Resources See Also International Environmental Law Environmental Law Violations Pollution Environmental Law Environmental Policy Climate...
71. Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution Contracts Commercial Agency, Franchise and Distribution Contracts in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to commercial agency, franchise and distribution contracts on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key [...]...
72. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
73. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
74. Interbank Market A market for the purchase and sale in the spot and forward markets for foreign exchange among major commercial banks. Very often, these banks will offer to purchase or sell exchange through brokers, thereby initially protecting the identity of the market participants in a given currency at a point i......
75. Primary Market A spot commodity market dealing in a local producing area. Ordinarily such markets develop around local transportation centers.......
76. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
77. Market Scope Resources See Also Business Law Antitrust Laws...
78. Andean Common Market Considered in Andean Group.......
79. Carribbean Community And Common Market Commonly known as Caricom, the successor organization to the defunct Caribbean Free Trade Association (Carifta). The object of CARICOM was to stimulate regional development through the adoption of a common external tariff and uniform protectionist measures, harmonization of fiscal affairs, and conce......
80. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
81. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
82. London Discount Market The group of London discount houses that make a market for short-term government and commercial paper. The discount market is financed by secured loans from the London clearing banks.......
83. Open Market Operations A principal vehicle of the Federal Reserve system in expanding or contracting bank reserves. The Federal Open Market Committee, consisting of the entire Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve system, plus representatives of five of the twelve regional Federal Reserve banks (the New York Federal R......
84. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
85. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
86. Money Market Accounts Money Market Accounts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Money Market Accounts covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
87. Agreement for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia Contents Agreement for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia   Article ... Read more...
88. Agreement for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia 2 Contents Agreement for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia   Article ... Read more...
89. Agreement for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia 3 Contents Agreement for Controlling the Desert Locust in the Eastern Region of its Distribution Area in South-West Asia   Article ... Read more...
90. Judicial Center Contents Judicial Center (United States) Federal Judicial Center The (United States) Federal Judicial Center is the judicial branch’s agency for ... Read more...
91. The Voa News Center The Voa News Center in 2016 Throughout 2016, VOA News provided comprehensive, round-the-clock coverage of U.S. and international efforts to counter violent extremism. Coverage included VOA reporting across Asia, Europe, the Middle East, and the United States. Reports on violent extremism and [...]...
92. Voa News Center Afghanistan and Pakistan See the entry on terrorism on Afghanistan and Pakistan in the corresponding legal encyclopedia of this platform. Europe See the entry on terrorism on Europe in the corresponding legal encyclopedia of this platform. Nigeria and Cameroon See the entry on terrorism on [...]...
93. International Trade Center International Trade Center (ITC) This section provides an overview of international trade center (itc) within the legal context of Development Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
94. Development Center Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to development center in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
95. Youth Center Resources See Also Cooperative Association Partnership Organization...
96. Computer Center Resources See Also Computer Fraud Computer Electronic Surveillance Electronic Commerce...
97. Resource Center Resources See Also Educational Infrastructure Education Equal Education...
98. Training Center Resources See Also Educational Infrastructure Education Equal Education...
99. Documentation Center Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
100. Call Center Resources See Also Publishing Publishing Contract Legal Publisher Academic Publishing...
101. Health Center Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Health...
102. Rehabilitation Center Resources See Also Vocation Vocational Education Profession Vocational Rehabilitation...
103. Information Center Resources See Also World Bank Bank Regulation History of Banking Functions of the World Bank...
104. Research Center Resources See Also World Bank Bank Regulation History of Banking Functions of the World Bank...
105. Japan Center for Economic Research Japan Center for Economic Research (JCER) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Japan Center for Economic Research (JCER): A nongovernmental economic forecasting organization funded primarily by [...]...
106. Center for the Study of Public Choice Center for the Study of Public Choice in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Center for the Study of Public Choice: A nonprofit organization to promote research in public choice, an [...]...
107. Center for Strategic and International Studies Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Center for Strategic and International Studies (CSIS): A nonprofit research organization founded in [...]...
108. International Center of Dispute Resolutions International Center of Dispute Resolutions (ICDR) in International Trade Meaning of International Center of Dispute Resolutions (ICDR), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Institution that belongs to the World Bank Group and is one of the most recognized [...]...
109. Syria Justice and Accountability Center Syria Justice and Accountability Center in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Syria Justice and Accountability Center: On February 20, 2013, the State Department issued a fact sheet, available at (link resource) usun.state.gov/briefing/statements/205075.htm, [...]...
110. Small Enterprise Advisory Center Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
111. International Development Research Center Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
112. United Nations Center For Human Settlements UNCHS – United Nations Center for Human Settlements Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Center for Human Settlements , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary [...]...
113. International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Center for Settlement of Investment Disputes: An international agency affiliated [...]...
114. European Center for the Development of Vocational Training Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
115. United Nations Center for Human Settlement Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
116. Inter-American Center for Labor Administration Resources See Also World Bank Bank Regulation History of Banking Functions of the World Bank...
117. International Occupational Safety and Health Information Center of the ILO Resources See Also World Bank Bank Regulation History of Banking Functions of the World Bank...
118. The Inter-American Center for Knowledge Development in Vocational Training Resources See Also World Bank Bank Regulation History of Banking Functions of the World Bank...
119. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
120. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...