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1. Electoral Court Electoral Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post....
2. Court of First Instance Court of First Instance in Election Law Court of original or primary jurisdiction which can be mandated by electoral law to rule on certain election-related disputes. The Court of First Instance Name The Court of First Instance is the standarized name of one of the International Courts and [...]...
3. Administrative Court Administrative Court in Election Law Type of court specialised in ruling on disputes between the public authorities and individuals. It can be mandated by electoral law to rule on election-related disputes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
4. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
5. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
6. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
7. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
8. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
9. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
10. Intimidation Intimidation (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law Any action that creates physical or moral pressure on voters, candidates or any other player in the electoral process to alter, modify or change his or her intention or behaviour under duress. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
11. Court of Auditors Court of Auditors in Election Law Financial authority in charge of monitoring the management of public funds. In some countries, the court of auditors can intervene in the electoral process to monitor the financing of political parties or election campaigns and the use made by recipients of [...]...
12. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
13. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
14. Incumbent Candidate Incumbent Candidate in Election Law Candidate whose term in office has ended and who decides to run in the election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
15. Information Officer Information Officer in Election Law Person appointed by the election authority to provide information to the public, generally in every polling station. The information officer guides voters and provides assistance to those who experience difficulties in exercising their right to vote. [...]...
16. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Association Association in Election Law Group of people working together to achieve common goals on a nonprofit basis. Associations are the most important component of civil society. Description of Association Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
18. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
19. Electoral Legislation Electoral Legislation in Election Law Set of constitutional, legislative, regulatory or other texts which govern the election process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
20. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
21. Indirect Suffrage Indirect Suffrage in Election Law Process in which voters in an election do not choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. An example of this is when voters elect their representatives in parliament who, in turn, elect the president. [...]...
22. Return Return in Election Law Declaration by a returning officer of a candidate or party in an election as being the winner, according to the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. Observation Election Observation in Election Law Verification of the election process for the purpose of collecting all information concerning the conditions in which it took place. This is done by impartial organisations that must not intervene or interfere in the operations they are called upon to [...]...
24. Stuffing The act of loading a container.......
25. Electoral Law Electoral Law in Election Law The law governing elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
26. Impersonation Identity Theft or Impersonation in Election Law Type of election fraud in which an individual's identity is stolen in order to usurp his or her vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
27. Invalid Ballot Invalid Ballot in Election Law Voting paper that is marked incorrectly, in a way that does not conform with the electoral law and procedures, or is illegible so that the voter's choice cannot be determined. Several things can invalidate a ballot, according to the electoral law: (1) a [...]...
28. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
29. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
30. Cycle Electoral Cycle in Election Law Refers to the different stages of the electoral process and can be represented as a visual planning and training tool designed to help development agencies, electoral assistance providers and electoral officials in partner countries to understand the cyclical [...]...
31. Internet Campaign Internet Campaign in Election Law Any means of contact with voters using computer-based or other electronic communication methods. This involves developing a campaign on the internet using web sites and social networks. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
32. Manifesto Election Platform or Manifesto or Programme in Election Law The principles, values and projects that one or more candidates or political party present during their campaign and commit to uphold and implement in order to secure as many votes as possible on election day. Resources See Also [...]...
33. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
34. Badge Badge in Election Law A label bearing information worn by a person to identify him or her and the organisation which he or she represents or works for. Badges must be worn in a way which allows its owner to be easily identified. In many countries, the electoral law stipulates that badges must [...]...
35. Independent Candidate Independent Candidate in Election Law Candidate who belongs to no political party. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
36. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
37. Announcement Announcement of Final Results in Election Law Official proclamation after an election (either verbally or in writing, depending on the law) of the number of votes and the corresponding number of seats won by each candidate or each list that stood in the election. Resources See Also Election [...]...
38. Complaint Form Complaint Form in Election Law Tool developed by the election administration and made available to stakeholders in the electoral process to address and register a complaint about a specific aspect of the electoral process. It can be made available on paper or as an electronic form on a [...]...
39. Impartiality Impartiality in Election Law Principle by which decisions are made in an objective manner and without preconceptions or bias. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
40. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
42. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
43. Campaign Strategy Campaign Strategy in Election Law Plan of action developed by a candidate or a political party aimed at obtaining the best electoral performance. It covers target audience studies, campaign messages and other elements. This 'road map' is drawn up before the campaign starts and includes [...]...
44. Integrity Integrity Cost in Election Law Expenses that a country incurs to ensure that elections take place in an environment of fairness and to guarantee a level playing field for all. Such costs can be related to providing equitable media access for parties, party funding, voter education and, in some [...]...
45. Internal Rules Internal Rules or Regulations in Election Law Set of general rules that govern the internal workings of a collective authority or legislature, such as the creation of committees, distribution of roles, definition of rules of deliberation or determining voting procedure (by show of hands or [...]...
46. Officer Returning or District Electoral Officer in Election Law Electoral official responsible for organising the election in a constituency. Resources See Also United States officer Resources See Also the titles Commissioned office Constitutional Corporate Executive Fiscal Judicial Legislative [...]...
47. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
48. Apathy Voter Apathy in Election Law Partial or total lack of interest on the part of certain voters in an election or in politics in general. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
49. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
50. Fundraising Fundraising in Election Law Any method used to collect funds for an election campaign or for the financing of political parties within the limits set by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
51. Malapportionment Malapportionment in Election Law The uneven distribution of voters between electoral districts or constituencies. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Seal Seal in Election Law A device provided to polling officials for use in securely closing the ballot box and packets containing election materials. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
53. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
54. Victory Landslide Victory in Election Law Election in which a candidate or party wins a significantly large number of votes or seats, many more than the rivals. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
56. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
57. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
58. Elected Elected in Election Law Person chosen to hold public office through an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
59. Prorogation Prorogation in Election Law Act of ending a session of parliament. It takes place when an election is called. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
60. Recount Recount in Election Law Verification of the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. If permitted by law, this is conducted after the first count and after any complaint about the final results of an election in one or more constituencies. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
61. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
62. Turnout Estimated Turnout in Election Law Assessment of the number of voters who will go to the polls in a specific election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
63. Accreditation Accreditation in Election Law Administrative procedure by which a person or an entity is qualified to carry out a specific task in connection with an election. Different stakeholders must normally apply for accreditation from the electoral authorities to obtain a document, badge or pass giving [...]...
64. Constituencies Merging Constituencies in Election Law Combination of two or more constituencies/ districts into one. This type of merger can take place when electoral boundaries are redesigned. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
65. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
66. Tier Tier in Election Law The level at which candidates are elected. This can be local, regional or national. All electoral systems have at least one tier, but many have two and some have even three. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
67. Abstention Rate Abstention Rate in Election Law Percentage of voters who did not go to the polls on election day. This percentage is highly important in that it is an indication of the degree of citizens' lack of interest in an election. It may also be an indication of how confident citizens are in the [...]...
68. Hung Parliament Hung Parliament in Election Law Electoral result whereby no single party or coalition commands an absolute majority of the seats. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
69. Independence Independence (election Management Body) in Election Law One of the basic principles for an electoral administration for its action to be considered credible and as a factor that induces confidence in the process. While it is arguably the most recognised principle of electoral administration, [...]...
70. Marginal Swing or Marginal Constituency in Election Law An electoral constituency in which there is only a small difference between the number of votes the leading parties expect to win. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
71. Rival Rival in Election Law Election candidate who runs against one or more contestors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
72. Banner Banner in Election Law Long strip of fabric or other material secured at both ends by poles, used to promote election candidates. Usually this features the name of a candidate or party, along with a clear, short slogan that sums up the political programme and promises to voters. Resources See [...]...
73. Exit Poll Exit Poll in Election Law Unofficial estimate of election results obtained by questioning voters as they leave the polling centre. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
75. Power Sharing Power Sharing in Election Law In the context of an election, this often refers to an agreement made by political parties on their participation in the government after the vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
76. Team Core Team in Election Law Group of experts from an electoral observation mission who normally arrive on the ground first to set up the mission. They then analyse the electoral process at the national level, based on the findings of long-term and short-term observers and also meetings with all [...]...
77. International Court of Justice Part 29 Contents International Court of Justice Part 29   469 HAGUE INTERNATIONAL TRIBUNALS: International Court of Justice Leiden Journal of International ... Read more...
78. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
79. Dark Horse Dark Horse in Election Law A little known candidate who does unexpectedly well in an election or wins a party's nomination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
80. Disproportionality Disproportionality in Election Law In a proportional representation (PR) system, this refers to quantitative data relating to the discrepancy between the percentage of votes cast for parties in an election and the percentage of seats which they obtained in parliament. Resources See Also [...]...
81. Domestic Observer Domestic Observer in Election Law Citizen or, in some countries, a resident who monitors the election process in his or her own country. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Gerrymandering Gerrymandering in Election Law North American political term used to describe the deliberate division or redrawing of electoral districts/ constituencies in a way which gives a political party or candidate an advantage on election day. Concept of Gerrymandering Note: explore also the meaning [...]...
83. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
84. Homogeneous District Homogeneous District in Election Law Electoral district in which there is substantial social, ethnic, religious or linguistic uniformity among potential voters. This can be the result of a deliberate effort at the time of boundry delimitation, or not. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
85. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
86. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
87. Constituents Direct Contact With Voters or Constituents in Election Law Any means by which a candidate or list of candidates conveys an electoral message directly to voters rather than using media, such as in face-to-face meetings. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
88. Controller Queue Controller in Election Law Person charged by an election authority with ensuring the smooth movement of voters through the polling station. Resources See Also Comptroller Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation...
89. Legal Framework Legal Framework in Election Law Broad system of rules surrounding the electoral process, consisting of constitutional provisions, legislation and regulations. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
90. International Court of Justice Part 28 Contents International Court of Justice Part 28   449 Seeking Justice for “Comfort”Women: Without an International Criminal Court , Suits ... Read more...
91. Advance Voting Advance Voting in Election Law Method by which a registered voter who cannot vote on election day may do so earlier. This can be done in several ways, including by postal vote or at a specific location. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
92. Campaign Committee Campaign Committee in Election Law Group of people, including the top advisors of candidate(s), who take decisions regarding their election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
93. Electoral Roll Display of The Voter List or Electoral Roll in Election Law Procedure in which an election authority makes voter lists available to the public, for example in towns and villages, after the process of voter registration has been completed. The purpose is to allow citizens who registered to make [...]...
94. Legitimate Government Legitimate Government in Election Law Government chosen through a genuine electoral process, in accordance with the constitution and the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
95. Poll Opinion Poll (for an Election) in Election Law Scientific, quantitative sociological research, based on a representative sample of voters. It is used to determine the opinion of voters on parties and candidates, as well as to ascertain their most likely choice. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
96. Secondment Secondment of Staff in Election Law Temporary transfer of staff from the public service to work as electoral officials. During the period of transfer, the staff members are under the control and direction of the election management body. Resources See Also Personnel Law Enforcement Officer [...]...
97. Campaign Contributions Campaign Contributions in Election Law Donations, financial or in kind, to support one or several candidates during an election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
98. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
99. Volunteer Volunteer in Election Law In an electoral context, a person who decides to donate his or her time without being paid to support a candidate, act as an election observer or take part in citizen activities, in particular civic education. Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to [...]...
100. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
101. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
102. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
103. Primary Election Introduction to Primary Election Primary Election, preliminary election in which voters select a political party's candidates for public office. Primary election winners from each political party compete in a general election to determine who will hold the public office. Because each [...]...
104. General Election General Election in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: An election involving most or all constituencies in a state (or nation) in choosing candidates for office and voting on ballot measures. Concept of General Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal [...]...
105. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
106. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
107. Election Cost Election Cost in Election Law All expenses incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
108. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
109. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
110. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
111. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
112. Election Observer Election Observer in Election Law A person who witnesses the proceedings of election preparation or conduct and may comment and report, but is not entitled to intervene in the process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
113. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
114. Critical Election Concept of Critical Election Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
115. Election Judges Concept of Election Judges Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns Elections...
116. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
117. Second Election Second Election Method in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: In a mixed system, this refers to the election method by which the fewest members are elected...
118. Election Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of election law, with a description of the most significant features of election law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Dilution Of The Black Vote: Revisiting The [...]...
119. What is a Section 645 election? Contents What is a Section 645 election? Under Section 645, if both the executor (if any) of an estate and ... Read more...
120. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......