LC Classification on the Law of the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas
In june 2011 started the drafts for a new subclass of the Library of Congress K classification in the works dealing with the Law of the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas.
As Jolande Goldberg notes the following motivations for the development of this classification in the introduction to Class KIA-KIP,
The rising interest and marked increase in studies on contemporary indigenous law, environment, protection of cultural property and language is documented by steadily growing course offerings in U.S. and Canadian universities as well as by inter-institutional collection development
projects that give presence and visibility to the “heritage” of Indigenous peoples. All generated great demands for bibliographic keys to the hard to find materials on a broad and varied number of subjects.
She adds, “Even LC Class KF (Law of the United States), which has a section on American Indian law and law-related materials (KF8220+), does not reflect the sovereign status and autonomy of the Indian nations, nor does it reflect current Indian law making and law developments.“
The new classification schedule on Law of the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas (Classes KIA KIK: North America), currently in final draft stage, is a subclass of the Library of Congress Law Classification , Class K. These draft versions are being made available again for discussion at the 2012 Annual Convention of the American Association of Law Libraries and for general review by the user community.
Outline
LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE AMERICAS: Subclasses KIA-KIP North America: Introduction
Prospecting a new Class for the American Indigenous peoples. The new classification schedule on Law of the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas (Classes KIA-KIP: North America), currentlyin draft stage, is a subclass of the Library of Congress Classification( LCC), Class K (Law), andwill conclude for the time being the regional/comparative Law Classification schedule for theAmericas, Classes KDZ-KIX.
Emerging project. The various stages of research for subject classification of the initial classesKIA-KIK, and the “sifting” of the Web have revealed that the critical mass of resources, inparticular primary sources produced by the individual Aboriginal or tribal governments, and theoutput of their organizations or inter-operational institutions, together with the secondaryliterature, are mainly to be found on the Web dispersed, unorganized, and for that matter,obscure.
To this date, however, both information seekers and information providers are hard pressed by anuneasy reality: the obvious gap between availability and accessibility of information. Search and research are still confronted with problems, such as
< paucity of (commercial) printing/publishing of current legal materials;
< collections on law and sociology of Indigenous peoples, one of a kind and mostly
little publicized, are held only by a few bona fide and specialist institutions;
< programs with limited access; or
< information on the subject which may be buried in relevant anthropological,
archeological, or ethnological sources, usually in older collections on the History
of the Americas. And, to this point, even
< Class KF (Law of the United States), the only place in the LCC which has a
section on American Indian law and law-related materials (KF8220+), does not
reflect the sovereign status and autonomy of the Indian nations, nor does it reflect
current Indian law making and law developments.
For these reasons, LC took the lead with a new classification schedule for the law of IndigenousPeoples in the Americas in order to provide for
< first, an arrangement of the many Indigenous entities residing in the Americas that
reflects their constitutional/legal status and self-governance;
< second, a subject organization for laws and governmental functions; and
< third, a better structured and broader access to such information.
I. The structure of the regional class for Law of the Americas (KDZ-KIX)
The layout of the draft schedule is based on the geo-political structure of LC Class G(Geography). Regional arrangements in related or overlapping LC Classification fields, inparticular Class F (America. Local history), were evaluated for their structure as well. Since Class E99+ (by old LC policy) includes all subjects relating to Aboriginals and Indians in the Americas,this class and the collections built by it have been scrutinized.
(1) Outline. The complete outline of KDZ-KIX shows all the subclasses for the law of countriesin the Americas, and where the Indigenous law development files in the sequence of those subclasses.
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KDZ
KDZ3001+
KE
KF
KG-KGH
KGJ-KGZ
KH-KHW
KIA-KIX
KIA-KIP
KIA1-15.8
KIA15.9-19
KIA21-9180
KIA21-100
KIA111-300
KIA351-1701
KIA1741-2049
KIA2101-9180
KIB-KID
KIB1-1000
KIB1101-1129.2
KIB1131-9511
KIC2001-2043.2 KIC2081-KID6031
KIE-KIK
KIE1-3920
KIF221-292 KIF301-3251
KIF3301-3375 KIF3378-3445 KIF3501-7460
LAW OF THE AMERICAS America. North America
General (Comparative)
Greenland
Canada
United States
Mexico and Central America
West Indies. Caribbean Area
South America
LAW OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE AMERICAS
North America
General (Comparative) History
Arctic and sub-Arctic Regions
Regional Comparative Aboriginal Law
Greenland, see KDZ3001+
Northern Canada General (Comparative) Aboriginal peoples and communities. Inuit
Alaska General (Comparative) Alaska Natives and communities. Other
jurisdictions
Canada
Regional comparative Aboriginal law
Northern Canada, see KIA111+
Eastern Canada General (Comparative) Aboriginal peoples and communities
Including First Nations and Métis
Western Canada General (Comparative) Aboriginal peoples and communities
Including First Nations and Métis
United States
Regional comparative American Indian law
Northeast Atlantic Including New EnglandGeneral (Comparative) American Indians
South Including the Old Southwest General (Comparative) History. Indian Territory American Indians
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KIE-KIK
United States Continued
North Central
KIG1-112 KIG201-7440
Including the old Northwest Territory General (Comparative) American Indians
Pacific Northwest
KIH1-112 KIH401-7100
Also known as the Old Oregon country General (Comparative) American Indians
New Southwest
KIJ1-92 KIJ101-9530
General (Comparative) American Indians
KIL-KIPKIL1+
Mexico and Central America (currently explored) General (Comparative)Countries with Indigenous populations
(KIS-KIX)
South America
States in the US or provinces in Canada – in both countries the 1st order subdivisions – are absent from the new development, since the Indigenous peoples are, or will be, on a one-to-one level withthe respective federal governments.
(2) Geographical principle. In concept, the new class (the final component of the current Class KDZ-KHW, as the Outline shows) adheres to the principles of regionalism and jurisdictionalitywhich has pre-determined for all LC law classes under the letters K-KZ the hierarchy:
< first, by regions, here the regions and sub-regions of KIA-KIK, in which Aboriginals and American Indians reside.
The regional comparative law, the introductory chapter of each regional schedule,comprises such comparative components as, for example, inter-tribal organizationsand corporations active on the regional level, as well as international components,for example inter-governmental organizations in the Arctic and sub-Arctic region;
< second, by jurisdictions. The term jurisdiction, as we understand it here, signalizesindependence and self-governance of a corporate organization, which resides in aparticular geographic region as one of the three orders of government, i.e., federal,state/provincial, and Aboriginal/tribal.
(3) Sovereignty and jurisdictionality. The legal/constitutional status of Aboriginal/Tribal government is based in the
(a) United States on the Act of Congress of June 18, 1934, better known as the Indian Reorganization (Wheeler-Howard) Act of 1934. < In the 1930s, by authority of the U.S. Government, about a third of the tribes or tribal
groups on U.S. territory organized themselves as federal corporations by authority ofthe Act, under adopted Constitutions and by-laws, or charters.
< Today, ca. 564 tribal corporate entities have been formally recognized and are“acknowledged to have immunities and privileges by virtue of their government-togovernment relationship with the federal government of the United States, as well as
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responsibilities, powers, certain limitations, and obligations.”
< Federally recognized (i.e., sovereign) tribes determine the requirements for tribalmembership and citizenship, which is acquired by formal enrollment; the criteria are usually set forth in their Constitutions , by-laws, articles of incorporation, or codes.Enrollment records, the “rolls,” are maintained by the tribes, although the U.S.Department of the Interior/Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) retains control over thebase rolls. For most tribes, admission as a member is based on the proof of lineage ornative “blood quantum” at the end of the lineal kinship line.
< The list of "acknowledged or recognized” tribes under most current corporate namesis published routinely in the Federal Register by the BIA.
Name authority work plays a very important role for establishing all tribal
jurisdictions/organizations in the LC authority files.
< As a first step at the begin of this project, the LC Policy and Standards Division hasdetermined that the appropriate MARC 21 field in name authority records willhenceforth be the 151 (Geographic name) field for tribes recognized by the USGovernment as autonomous/sovereign entities, instead of the previously used 110(Corporate name) field. This was in keeping with the guidance provided in rule 21.35of the Anglo American Cataloguing Rules 2nd edition (AACR2) to treat suchcorporate entities as sovereign tribal governments.
< For establishing new, or updating existing, name authority records of AmericanIndian jurisdictions, the BIA is to date the principal authority on Indian Entities Recognized and Eligible to Receive Services from the U.S. Bureau of Indian Affairs.
< The list of tribes, maintained by the Bureau, has been used and is regularly checkedfor updates. LC authority files, i.e., name authorities and subject authorities, havebeen compared for currency against the Bureau's file, as well as against other bonafide resources, such as those of the
< U.S. Department of Justice,
< United States Government's Official Web Portal (https://USA.gov: Government
Agencies/Tribal Governments), and < Tribal government and Tribal organization Web sites.
(b) Canada. The development of the jurisdictional, i.e., constitutional and legal status, of Aboriginal corporate entities in Canada took historically a very different path and is stillevolving.
< Prior to the Confederation, the Canadian government signed Treaties with theAboriginal peoples, mostly trading aboriginal landownership for treaty rights andreserve lands. To cement it into law, the Canadian federal government passed theIndian Act in 1876.
< By virtue of this Act, still in 1951, the government decided whom to recognize asIndian: those registered with the federal government and entered into the nationalIndian register, would be recognized, often termed as "Status Indians,” in contrast tothe "non-Status Indians.” Registration under the Act also provided entrance into thecommunity and, in the course of time, resulted in eligibility for certain benefitsprovided by the government.
< After adoption of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms in 1982, and in particular the Constitution Act of 1982, which acknowledged Aboriginal and Treaty rights (Section 35 of the Constitution Act) of the three recognized cultural groups, Indians, Inuit (in the Canadian North), and Métis, made amendments to the Indian Act necessary, since the original registration rules favored the male component of theAboriginal population.
< In particular, the 1985 Amendment (the so called Bill C-31) was to correct thissituation, and had a tremendous impact on registration and band membership.
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< The 1995 change in policy by recognizing "Aboriginal inherent right to self-government,” paired with the 1996 Royal Commission Report on AboriginalGovernment, opened the way to new Treaties , but also implementation of non-treatyforms of negotiations for Aboriginal self-government beyond the band-internal by-law powers.
Today – besides a number of successfully completed self-government negotiations – such
negotiations are under way virtually across Canada in a range of different processes, but
involving regularly Aboriginal groups (or their representatives, for example the First
Nations Leadership Councils, or the Assembly of First Nations), the Federal government,
and a Provincial government (local to the negotiating Aboriginal group(s)).
For information on Aboriginal peoples/communities, constitutional/legal status,
and their political organizations in the Canadian regions, the principal resources consulted
are:
< Documentation of the Parliamentary Information and Research Service, Library of
Parliament, Canada;
< the (Department of ) Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada(AANDC);
< the Aboriginal Canada Portal (ACP) launched in 2001 under the auspices of theDepartment of Indian Affairs and Northern Development. The latter offers access through over 7,500 Websites and portals to Aboriginal organizations andcommunities of the Inuit, First Nations, and Métis, and
< Library and Archives Canada (LAC).
(4) The List of jurisdictions. Instead of one alphabetical list of peoples and communities for theentire region of the United States or Canada, they are presented by the region in which these Indianor Aboriginal groups reside. Each group is assigned a unique number or number span withinstruction as to which one of the specifically developed subject tables is to be applied.
II. The content. Rights and law of the Indigenous
(1) Recent legal tradition has cast laws relating to Indigenous peoples in North America into two categories, termed as:
< Federal Indian law. This category refers to federal laws and regulationsimpacting on Indigenous peoples rights and affairs. In the Library of CongressClassification, this law is classed currently with the national legal systems,e.g., Law of the United States, Class KF8201-8210, and Law of Canada, ClassKE7701-7722.
< Indigenous, Aboriginal, or Tribal law. This category refers to the law as itwas developed by a particular Indigenous group (band or tribe), and practicedwithin the group's territorial boundaries, i.e., applied by, and to, the membersof the group residing on a reservation, township, village, ranch, or other suchgeographic entity. Included are the constitutions and by-laws that wereadopted pursuant to either the Indian Reorgnization Act (US), or pursuant totreaties, negotiations, etc., by Aboriginal groups with federal or provincialauthorities (Canada).
This set of sub-classes, KIA-KIK (Arctic and sub-Arctic, Canada, and the United States), are onlyconcerned with the latter category for the time being. This does not preclude that, at an appropriatetime, the "Federal Indian law” may be optionally classed in the KIA-KIK schedules, if so desired,rather than in KF8200+ and KE7701+ .
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(2)
Comparative Aboriginal and American Indian law. Both schedule groups commence with a broad classification of generalia and subjects addressing general developments, discussions, orconcerns in the region at large. These schedules are KIB (Canada) and KIE (US), comparable to thefederal law arrangements in schedules KF and KE, respectively.
(3)
Uniform subject tables. The Aboriginal or tribal law proper is presented in a set of uniform subjecttables to be applied to the jurisdictions as instructed: KIA-KIX1 (30 No.); KIA-KIX2 (100 No.); KIAKIX3 (Cutter No.), and KIA-KIX4 (1 No. Form Division Table for general works).
(4)
Subject patterns. For patterning of the subject arrangements of the new schedule, the Classes K(Law in General), KF (Law of the United States), and KE/KEO (Law of Canada and Ontario) werecomparatively evaluated (including all bibliographic records in the data base, classed in the numberranges for Indigenous peoples of these schedules).
For the subjects proper, a wide variety of Web resources were investigated. In particular for theCanadian subject tables, public documentation dealing with the scope of Negotiation of Inherent Aboriginal Self-Government with a definitive range of subjects slated for Aboriginal jurisdiction wereconsulted; those subjects are extending "to matters that are internal to the group, integral to its distinctAboriginal culture, and essential to its operation as a government or institution.”
III. The language of the schedules. Indigenous peoples
The language of the schedule with often only fine differences in the overall terminology, takes localusage in account. This is easily discerned by a parallel study of the schedules for the Arctic, Canada, andthe United States. Differences in terms for the same subject are not editorial oversights, but reflect ingeneral the language taken primarily from local or regional legal sources in order to provide better accesswith accurate terms. Sources and resources were searched in particular for the proper noun ordenomination distinguishing the different groups of ethnic peoples in North America to be introduced inthe classification.
International law in general does not provide an exact legal definition of "Indigenous peoples,” althoughparticular international instruments established "some criteria.” In both forums domestic andinternational, however, the category "Indigenous peoples” distinguishes the group and its members fromcollectivities, such as "minorities” and other (ethnic) components of society. A critical element in thedetermination of the attribute Indigenous or Tribal for a group is "historical continuity and ancestralrelationship” with societies in a territory that pre-dates conquest and colonization. Thus, followingcommon practice, the term Indigenous peoples has been adopted for this classification as the overarchingterm, while for the sub-Regions Arctic/sub-Arctic, Canada, and the United States, local usage wasobserved.
(1)
For Canada, the term Aboriginals is used as the preferred general and official designation for the three distinct groups: Indians, Inuit, and Métis (Canadian Constitution Act of 1982, section 25 and 35).
(a)
Since the 1970s, First Nations seems to have slowly replaced Indians (sometimes perceivedas pejorative), and the term "band” as part of the name of a community. Therefore, the term First Nations is used in this classification where appropriate.
(b)
The Resolution 2010-01 of the Inuit Circumpolar Council (chartered in 1980 as a multinational NGO for protection and advancement of Inuit rights and a Permanent Participant on the Arctic Council), denounced the exonym Eskimo used to designate Arctic peoples. As laid down in the Charter, "Inuit means Indigenous members of the Inuit homeland,“ including the Inupiat, Yupik (ofAlaska), Inuvialuit, Inuit (of Canada), Kalaallit (of Greenland) and Yupik (of Russia/Siberia). Today,Inuit is the term commonly used for Arctic peoples of Canada regardless of fine ethnic/linguisticdistinctions. It is therefore consistently applied in this classification.
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(c) The third group of peoples residing in all of the Canadian regions are the Métis people,
commonly defined as "people of both Aboriginal and European descent, and speaking either French,English, or an Aboriginal language.” The term Métis is used in this classification.
(2)
All Indigenous peoples of Alaska are currently represented collectively by the term Alaska Natives. Included in this "collective” are the principal 5 groups: Aleuts, Athabascans, Inupiat and Yupik (both considered Inuit), and the Southeast Coastal Tlingit and Haida (Indians). IndividualIndigenous jurisdictions (peoples and communities) of Alaska are entered in this classification underthe name as recognized by the U.S. Department of the Interior/BIA.
(3)
In the United States, the term given preference at this time seems to be American Indians, although Indian Tribes and the adjective form Tribal as well as Native (e.g., Alaska Natives, or the National Native American Bar Association) are still in use. For this classification, the term American Indians has been adopted.
IV. Web resources and the role of online classification
The development took full advantage of the existing linking and correlation functionality of Library ofCongress online classification. Multi-lateral links to areas in related disciplines in the LCClassification system provide rich information on anthropology, ethno-geography, local history, socialand political sciences, law, etc., thus expanding the scope of the new class in the interest of a broaderaudience or special user community.
For the jurisdictional, organizational, and subject structure, the development relies heavily on Websources. For example, the general bibliography, a very important component of the regional schedules,provides the listing for the major governmental, organizational, or bibliographic institution Web sites. Because Web sites, in many instances, offer subject information otherwise difficult to obtain, anAppendix to the schedules was developed with the list of the URLs in the order of the classification. Alittle icon (star) in this draft classification indicates the presence of an electronic resource, thus relatingthe entry in the classification to the Appendix. At this point, the list of Web resources is not complete and is expected to grow.
At a later stage of the development, through an envisioned Portal for Indigenous peoples' information,these will be actual links either to authoritative government Web sites (tribal governments included) orto other electronic resources, in particular of those institutions which provide either full-text digitalcollections, or serve as conduits (indexes) to other Web resources on modern style constitutional andorganizational developments of a people, association, or federation, etc.
V. Maps and other cartographic sources as visual enhancement of the classification
This classification pioneers also the use of cartographic materials as visual aids for the user in accessinginformation, i.e., guiding by diagrams/maps, that overlay the current geopolitical arrangement of NorthAmerica, into the geographic regions of the schedule. For examples, click on the links below:
https://www.loc.gov/loc/classwebdemo/mapdemo.html (Principal regions of North America for this classification)
https://www.loc.gov/loc/classwebdemo/us-map.html (US regions KIF-KIK).
In addition, cartographic reviews and references to cartographic materials are used to visualize thehistorical territorial evolution of Indian country , such as
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< land tenure changes by major events, such as removal and relocation, or
< land cessions (either by treaty or deed), or
< changes as a consequence of allotment legislation (regional as well as local),and impact thereof on Indian culture areas, environment, and resources. This information is introducedeither as reference to Class G, or with links to digital images of maps as further illustration of thesubject.
Jolande E. GoldbergPolicy and Standards OfficeAccessions and Bibliographic Access DirectorateThe Library of Congress Washington DC 20540
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VI. Appendices
Appendix KIA: Electronic Resources In Order of Classification
KIA General North America (General)Arctic/SubarcticNorthern Canada Alaska
KIA1
General
EarthRights International
https://www.earthrights.org/about/mission-statement
NativeWeb
https://www.nativeweb.org/resources/law_legal_issues
KIA2
American Indian Law Review
https://adams.law.ou.edu/ailr/
KIA6.3
Indigenous Law Journal
https://www.indigenouslawjournal.com/
KIA12.3 Tribal law journal
https://tlj.unm.edu KIA15.5 Non-Governmental organizations (NGOs)
Cultural survival
https://www.culturalsurvival.org/
Indian Law Resource Center
https://www.indianlaw.org/en/about
International Indian Treaty Council (IITC)
https://www.treatycouncil.org/ KIA15.7 Institutes. Research Centers. Academies Center for the World Indigenous Studies
https://cwis.org/who_we_are/
Native American & Indigenous Studies Association
https://naisa.org/Governance
KIA17 Colonialism and establishment of political boundaries. Maps
Distribution of Indian tribes, ca.1600 -1800
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3301e.ct000669
Regions 1694
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ct000122
Early political division, 1764
Htp://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar011300
Colonial powers ca.1775
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar002000
Colonial powers ca.1783
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar010000
Regions ca.1805
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ct000175
9
KIA General Continued
KIA22
KIA24
KIA25.3
KIA28
KIA29
KIA30
KIA33
KIA49.5
KIA50
KIA
KIA111 KIA112 ArcticStat
https://www.arcticstat.org/About.aspx
NGOs
Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)
Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
https://www.itk.ca/about-itk
IGOs
Aleut International Association (AIA)
https://www.arcticpeoples.org/aleut?layout=item
Arctic Athabaskan Council (AAC)
https://www.arcticathabaskancouncil.com/
Arctic Council (AC)
https://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/
Arctic Council Indigenous Peoples' Secretariat (IPS)
https://www.arcticpeoples.org/about/
Inuit Circumpolar Council (ICC)
Political organizations
Gwich'in Council International (GCI)
https://www.gwichin.org
Education
Polar Law Institute. University of Akureyri/Iceland
https://www.polarlaw.is
Academies, etc.
Arctic Institute of North America (AINA)
https://www.arctic.ucalgary.ca/index.php?page=asg_nwt
University of the Arctic (Thematic Network on Arctic Law)
https://www.uarctic.org/SingleArticle.aspx?m=1060&amid=11366
History. General
https://muse.jhu.edu/journals/ethnohistory/v046/46.4reedy-maschner.html
Environment
Arctic Institute of North America
https://www.arctic.ucalgary.ca/index.php?page=wildlife
Arctic Health
https://www.arctichealth.org/
Northern Canada
Nunavik Bibliography
https://136.159.147.171/nunavik/
Law gateways (Portals). Web directories
Aboriginal Connections Directory
https://directory.aboriginalconnections.com/Canada/index.html
Aboriginal Mall
https://www.aboriginalmall.com/
First Nation Information Project
https://www.aboriginalcanada.com/firstnation/dirfnnwt.htm
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KIA Northern Canada Continued
KIA115.2
KIA120 KIA120.
KIA178
KIA230.2 KIA240 KIA255.4 KIA269.2
KIA
KIA1741.5 KIA1746
KIA1754
Political organizationsInuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK)
https://www.itk.ca/about-itk
Kitikmeot Inuit Association
https://www.polarnet.ca/polarnet/kia.htm
Kivalliq Inuit Association
https://www.kivalliqinuit.ca/home.html
Qikiqtani Inuit Association
https://www.qia.ca/i18n/english/home.shtm
Deh Cho First Nations
https://www.dehcho.org/home.htm
Gwich’in Tribal Council
https://www.gwichin.nt.ca/https://www.tetlitgwichin.ca/abouttetlitgwichin
Associations & corporations Rat River Development Corporation
https://www.tetlitgwichin.ca/RatRiverDevelopmentCorporation
Health Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami
https://www.itk.ca/publications/
Nunavut Wellness
https://nunavutwellness.ca/english/index.html
Sovereignty in the Arctic
https://www.itk.ca/publications/circumpolar-declaration-sovereignty-arctic
Public property. Inuit regional associationsInuvialuit Regional Corporation (IRC)
https://www.irc.inuvialuit.com/about/finalagreement.html
Makivik Corporation (Quebec)
https://www.makivik.org
Nunatsiavut (Labrador)
Nunavut Land Claims agreement
https://lccn.loc.gov/sn95018388
Nunavut Tunngavik Incorporated (NTI)
Alaska
Law gateways (Portals). Web directories Justice Center. University of Alaska, Anchorage
https://justice.uaa.alaska.edu/rlinks/natives/index.html
Political organizations
Alaska Federation of Natives (AFN)
https://www.nativefederation.org/about/history.php
Alaska Inter-Tribal Council (AITC)
https://aitc.org
Alaska Native Justice Center
Aleutian Pribilof Islands Association
https://www.apiai.com/about.asp?page=about
First Alaskans Institute
https://www.firstalaskans.org/
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KIA Alaska Continued
KIA1792 Native associations and corporations links
https://www.lbblawyers.com/ancsa.htm#corpx
KIA1794 By nameAHTNA, Incorporated
https://www.ahtna-inc.com/
Aleut Corporation
Arctic Slope Regional corporation
https://www.asrc.com/splash.asp
Bering Straits Native Corporation
Bristel Bay Native Corporation
Calista Corporation
Chugach Alaska Corporation
https://www.chugach-ak.com
Cook Inlet Region, Inc. (CIRI)
https://www.ciri.com/content/home
Doyon, Limited
Koniag Incorporated
https://www.koniag.com/koniag/aboutus.cfm
NANA Regional Corporation, Inc.
Sealaska Corporation
https://www.sealaska.com/page/who_we_are.html
Village corporationsAfognak Native Corporation
https://www.afognak.com/
KIA1810.5 Native cultural and intellectual property rights
https://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/rights.html
KIA1819.2 Native Health Organizationhttps://www.anthc.org/ref/laws/index.cfm
KIA1821.3 Alcoholism in Alaska
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6874159https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17602395
KIA1824 Native/traditional ecology ,
https://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/tek.html
KIA1828 Alaska Native Knowledge Network
https://ankn.uaf.edu/IKS/ecology.html
KIA1831 Native medicine Health organizationsAlaska Native Tribal Health Consortium
https://www.anthc.org/abt/
Indian Health Service
https://www.ihs.gov/HPDP
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KIA Alaska Continued
KIA1858 Constitutional law. IRA era constitutions and by-laws
https://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA.html
KIA1859 Alaska Reorganization Act, 1936
https://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA/IRAbook/acts.htm
Public property
KIA1918 Yukon River Inter-Tribal Watershed Council https://www.yritwc.org/AboutUs/AboutUs/tabid/56/Default.aspx
Native land claims KIA 1920 Bibliography. Law gateways (Portals)Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA portal)
https://www.ancsa.net/
ANCSA Resource Center
https://www.lbblawyers.com/ancsa.htm
Alaska Natives Claims Settlement Act 1971
https://uscode.house.gov/popularnames/popularnames.htm#letterA Regional associations
KIA1921 Bristol Bay Native Associationhttps://www.bbna.com/Copper River Native Assoc. https://www.crnative.org/Tanana Chiefs Conference, Inc. (TCC)https://www.tananachiefs.org/
KIA1922 Association of Village Council Presidents
https://www.avcp.org
Council of Athabascan Tribal Governments (CATG)https://catg.org KIA1944 Native courts and procedure. Court Development
https://thorpe.ou.edu/AKtribalct/index.html
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Appendix KIB-KID: Canada. Electronic Resources In Order of Classification
KIB Regional comparative
KIB3 Law gateways. Web directories (Portals)Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
https://aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/eng
Aboriginal Canada Portal
https://www.aboriginalcanada.gc.ca/acp/site.nsf/en/ao20997.html
Aboriginal Connections. Directory (First Nations)
https://directory.aboriginalconnections.com/Canada
Athabasca University Digital Content Repository
https://auspace.athabascau.ca.8080
Department of Justice Canadahttps://www.justice.gc.ca/Library and Archives Canada (LAC)
https://www.collectionscanada.ca/02/02012001_e.html
Métis Nation Gateway
https://www.metisportals.ca/wp
Political organizations
KIB12 Assembly of First Nations (AFN)
https://www.afn.ca/
KIB12.2 Congress of Aboriginal Peoples (CAP)
KIB12.5 Métis National Council (MNC)
https://www.metisnation.cahttps://www.Canadianmetis.com
KIB19 Treaties
Aboriginal Canada Portal
https://www.aboriginalcanada.gc.ca/acp/site.nsf/en/ao20009.html
KIB22 Library and Archives Canada/Aboriginal Documentary Heritage
https://www.collectionscanada.ca/aboriginal-heritage/
KIB23 Aboriginal Affairs and Northern Development Canada (AANDC)
https://aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/eng
KIB37 Legal researchFirst Nations Information Project (FNIP)
https://www.johnco.com/firstnation/
Indigenous Studies Portal University of Saskatchewan
https://iportal.usask.ca
Libraries and Archives Canada. Aboriginal Resources
https://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/aboriginal/index-e.html
Library of Parliament. Parliamentary Information and ResearchService. Documents and publications
https://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/ResearchPublications/
KIB39 Legal Education . Native Law Center of Canada. University of Saskatchewan
https://www.usask.ca/nativelaw/
KIB42 Indigenous Bar Association
https://www.indigenousbar.ca/main_e.html
KIB47 Institutes. Center for World Indigenous Knowledge and Research Athabasca University
https://auspace.athabascau.ca:8080/dspace/https://auspace.athabascau.ca/about.jsp?about
14
KIB Regional comparative Continued
KIB50 Maps/Territorial evolution/Atlas of Canadahttps://atlas.nrcan.gc.ca/site/english/maps/historicalhttps://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar004200
KIB32 Directories. Canada First Nations and organizations directories
https://sdiprod2.inac.gc.ca/FNProfiles
KIB406 Mining. First Nations Oil and Gas Management. FNOGMM Act
https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1325088660590
KIB568 Environment Indigenous Environmental NetworkHttp://www.ienearth.orgNational Environmental Coalition of Native Americans https://www.necona.indigenousnative.org
KIB582 Health National Aboriginal Health Organization (NAHO)Http://naho.ca/firstnations/english/traditional.php
KIB587 Race, health care and the law
https://academic.udayton.edu/health/index.htm
KIB Constitutional law
KIB 699.3 Royal Proclamation of 1763https://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/proc1763.asp
KIB720 First Peoples National Party of Canada (FPNP)
https://www.fpnpoc.ca/
KIB Eastern Canada
KIB 1112 Advocacy and development corporations and organizationsAnishinabek Nation, see 1112.U+ https://www.anishinabek.ca/Association of Iroquois and Allied Indianshttps://www.aiai.on.ca/Atlantic Policy Congress of First Nation Chiefs (APCFNC)
https://www.apcfnc.ca
Chiefs of Ontario (Confederacy of Nations)
Confederacy of Mainland Micmacs
https://cmmns.com
Confederation of Nova Scotia Métis
https://www.canadianmetis.com/
Federation of Newfoundland Indians
https://www.fni.nf.ca/backgrou.htm
Independent First Nation Alliance (IFNA)
https://www.ifna.ca/
Innu Nation
https://www.innu.ca
15
KIB Eastern Canada
KIB 1112 Advocacy and development corporations and organizations Continued Labrador Inuit Association https://www.nunatsiavut.com/Labrador Metis Nation
https://www.labmetis.org/about.asp
Metis Nation of Ontario
https://www.metisnation.org/governance/governing-structure.aspx
Mikmaq Confederacy of Prince Edwards Islandhttps://www.mcpei.caNishnabwe-Aski Nation https://www.nan.on.caSix Nations of the Grand River Territory (Confederacy)
https://www.sixnations.ca/Profile.htm
The Union of New Brunswick Indians
https://www.unbi.org
The Union of Ontario Indians (Anishinabek Nation)
KIB1120 Councils for provincial/territorial representation Council of Conne River Micmacs
Grand Council of the Crees (Quebec)
https://www.gcc.ca
Grand Council of Treaty #3 (GCT3)
https://www.treaty3.ca/grandchief/gct3-info-history.php
KIB1120.5 Other councils for provincial/territorial or regional representation, A-ZMawiw Council
https://www.mawiw.com/index.html
Mohawk Council of Kanawá:ke
https://www.kahnawake.com/council.asp
Native Council of Prince Edward Island
https://www.ncpei.com/
Toronto Métis Council
https://www.torontometiscouncil.org/
We’Kopekwitk Métis council
https://www.geocities.com/capitolhill/parliament/4848/?200618
16
KIC Western Canada
KIC2001 KIC2002
KIC2009 KIC2012
KIC2013
KIC2013.5-14
KIC2015
Bibliography Pannekoek, Frits. A selected Western Canada Historical Resources Bibliographyhttps://auspace.athabascau.ca/browse?type=author
Law gateways. Web directories (Portals)British Columbia. Ministry of Aboriginal Relations/Reconciliationshttps://www.gov.bc.ca/arr/treaty/regional.htmlFirst Nations (British Columbia) treaties Http://www.bctreaty.net/files_3/first_nations.html
IGO (BC)
https://www.bctreaty.net/files_3/aboutus.html
Advocacy organizationsAssembly of Manitoba Chiefs (AMC)https://www.manitobachiefs.com/index4.htmConfederacy of Treaty No.6 First Nationhttps://www.treaty6.caFederation of Saskatchewan Indian Nations (FSIN)https://www.fsin.com/aboutfsin/conventionact.htmlManitoba Métis Federation Union of B.C. Indian Chiefs https://www.ubcic.bc.ca Treaty No.7 Management Corporeationhttps://www.treaty7.org
Treaty 8 Tribal Associationhttps://www.treaty8.bc.ca/about Councils for provincial/territorial representationAthabasca Tribal Council (ATC)
https://www.atc97.org/organization.html
B.C. Assembly of First Nations (BCAFN)
https://www.bcafn.ca
Council of Yukon First Nations
https://www.cyfn.net
Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council (DOTC)
Http://www.dotc.mb.ca/members.html
First Nations Summit (FNS)
https://www.fns.bc.ca/about/about.htm
Grand Council Treaty No.8
Ktunaxa Kinbasket Treaty Council
Http://www.ktunaxa.org/treaty/index.html
Métis Provincial Council of British Columbia (MNBC)
https://www.mpcbc.bc.ca/aboutus/aboutus.html
Métis Settlements General Council (MSGC)
https://www.msgc.ca/main.php?page=about
Southern Chiefs Organization (SCO)
https://www.scoinc.mb.ca/projects.php
Union of BC Indian Chiefs
https://www.ubcic.bc.ca/
Manitoba Keewatinook Ininew Okimowin (MKIO)
https://www.mkonorth.com/
United Native Nations (UNN)
https://www.unns.bc.ca/faq_bac.htm
Vancouver Aboriginal Council
https://www.vac-bc.ca/about.html
17
KIC Western Canada Continued
KIC2042
Surveys on legal activities
https://www.oag-bvg.gc.ca/domino/reports.nsf/html/06menu_e.html
KID4991
Cree Portal
https://www.firstnationsseeker.ca/Cree.html
KID5700
Métis Portal
https://www.canadianmetis.com/Links.htm
KID5791
Metis Nation Saskatchewan
https://metna.sasktelwebhosting.com/governance/index.html
Appendix KIE-KIK: Electronic Resources In Order of Classification KIE-KIK United States
Regional/ComparativeNortheast Atlantic South North Central Pacific Northwest New Southwest
Regional comparative
KIE2 Tribal law gateways (Portals). Web directories American Indian Resource Directory
https://www.indians.org/Resource/FedTribes99/fedtribes99.html
Federal Websites-Native Americans
https://www.oklibshare.org/ieclinks.htm
National Indian Justice Center
https://www.nijc.org/resources.html
National Indian Law library
https://www.narf.org/nill/triballaw
University of Oklahoma Native American law digitization project
https://thorpe.ou.edu
Tribal Court Clearinghouse. Tribal Law and Policy Institute
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/tribal_law.htm
USA.gov. U.S. government’s official Web portal
https://www.usa.gov/Government/Tribal_Sites/index.shtml
US Department of the Interior. Indian Affairs. BIA
https://www.bia.gov/WhatWeDo/index.htm
US Department of Justice. Office of Tribal Justice
https://www.usdoj.gov/otj/napolicies.htm
US Environmental Protection Agency. Tribal Portal
https://www.epa.gov/tribalportal/whereyoulive/tribes-a-z.htm
18
KIE-KIK United States
KIE12 KIE12.3 KIE12.5KIE 12.8
KIEKIE17
KIE26 KIE28 KIE30
KIE52
KIE67
Regional comparative Continued
Political organization
National Congress of American Indians (NCAI)
https://ncai.org/About.8.0.html
Indian Law Resource Center
https://www.indianlaw.org
Tribal Law and Policy Institute
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/tlpi.htm
American Indian Development Associates
https://aidainc.net/
Collections (Treaties. Statutes)
Charles J. Kappler. Laws and Treaties
https://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/toc.htm
Treaties between the US and Native Americans/Yale Law
School/Avalon Project
https://avalon.law.yale.edu/subject_menus/ntreaty.asp
Tribal Court Clearinghouse/Tribal codes
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/codes.htm
National Indian Law library /Tribal codes
https://www.narf.org/nill/triballaw/onlinedocs.htm
Native American constitution and law digitization project/University of Oklahoma Law Center/Tribal codes
https://thorpe.ou.edu/codes.html
Directories
Indian Casino Directory (by State)
https://indiancasinodirectory.org/index.html
Tribal leaders
https://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xois/documents/text/idc002652.pdf
Research guides
AILA. Native American Sites
https://www.nativeculturelinks.com/education.html
Association for the Study of American Literatures (ASAIL)
https://oncampus.richmond.edu/faculty/ASAIL/guide/guide.html
University of Arizona/Law Library
https://www.law.arizona.edu/library
University of Georgetown Law Library
https://www.ll.georgetown.edu/guides/nativeamericanlaw.cfm
Harvard University
https://www.law.harvard.edu/library/research/guides/index.html
National Indian Law Library
https://www.narf.org/nill
University of Oklahoma Law Library
https://thorpe.ou.edu/researchguides.htm
University of Tulsa Law Library
University of Washington/Indian Law Research
https://lib.law.washington.edu/ref/indian.html
19
KIE-KIK United States
Regional comparative Continued
KIE 72 Particular law schools. Tribal Legal Studies Programs
Project Peacemaker
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/peace_maker.htm
Community legal services. Indian legal aid KIE87 Cornell Law School/Legal Information Institute: Native Law
https://lawyers.law.cornell.edu/lawyers/native-american#states
KIE89 Oklahoma Indian Legal Services
https://www.oilsonline.org
KIE93 Indian law societies. The American Indian bar
National Native American Bar Association
https://www.nativeamericanbar.org KIE97 National American Indian Court Judges Association (NAICJA)
https://www.naicja.org KIE106 Tribal Law and Policy Institute:
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/tlpi.htm
KIE110 General works. Cohen, Felix S.
https://thorpe.ou.edu/cohen.html
KIE115 History
Maps
US Gen.Web Archives. US Digital Map Library
https://usgenmap.rootsweb.ancestry.com/usgenmap.htm
KIE118 Linguistics. Semanticshttps://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3301e.ct000724
https://www.nativeculturelinks.com
KIE140 Pre-1830 to 1830
Mapshttps://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar001201
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar004200
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ar009101 KIE150 1830 to 1934
https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/ourdocs/Indian.html
Maps
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.ct000815
KIE160 1934 to 1945
https://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA/IRAbook/acts.htm
KIE170 Haas, Theodore H., Ten years of tribal government under IRA
https://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA/IRAbook/index.html
KIE475 American Indian Territoriality. Research Guide
https://thorpe.ou.edu/treatises/AIT%20hdr%20pdfs/index.htm
KIE490 Indian Land Tenure Foundation: Curriculum and resources
20
KIE-KIK United States
KIE Regional comparative Continued
KIE610 Indian Land cessions in the US (1784-1894)
https://memory.loc.gov/ammem/amlaw/lwss-ilc.html
KIE610 Royce, Charles C. (1845-1923). Maps on Indian land cessions
https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3701em.gct00002
KIE1062 National Indian Gaming Association
KIE1462 Court Appointed Special Advocates Program for Abused Children (CASA)
https://www.casaforchildren.org/site/
KIE1462 Indian Country Child Trauma Center
https://www.icctc.org/links1.htm
KIE1462 National Indian Child Welfare Association (NICWA)
https://www.nicwa.org/about/history/index.asp
Medical legislation
KIE1521 American Indian Health portalhttps://americanindianhealth.nlm.nih.gov/
KIE1522 Indian Health Service
https://www.ihs.gov/
KIE1539.5 Indian tobacco. Sacred origin of tobacco
https://academic.udayton.edu/health/syllabi/tobacco/lesson03.htm
KIE1543 Alcoholic beverages. Liquor Ordinances (Collective)
https://www.bia.gov/idc/groups/xois/documents/text/idc009135.pdf
KIE1613.5 Office of the White House (Executive Order 13021)
https://www.ed.gov/about/inits/list/whtc/edlite-index.html
KIE1614 Indian education and organizationsAmerican Indian Studies Research Institute (AISRI)
https://www.indiana.edu/~aisri/index.shtml
Center for Indian Education (CIE)
Http://coe.asu.edu/cie/
National Indian Education Association (NIEA)
Http://www.niea.org
Tribal Education Departments National Assembly (TEDNA)
https://www.tedna.org/about/mission.htm
KIE1645 American Indian College Fund
American Indian Higher Education Consortium
https://www.aihec.org/about/index.cfm
Office of Indian Education (U.S. Dept. of Education)
Http://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oie/
KIE1658 National Advisory Council on Indian Education (U.S. Dept. of Education)
https://www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/oese/oie/nacie.html
21
KIE-KIK United States
KIE Regional comparative Continued
KIE1673 Science and the arts. Institutions The American Indian Science & Engineering Society (AISES)
https://www.aises.org/AboutUs
Institute of American Indian Arts (IAIA)
https://www.iaia.edu/college/index.php
KIE1697 National NAGPRA law and regulationshttps://ww w.nps.gov/history/nagpra/MANDATES/INDEX.HTM
Constitutional law KIE1725 US Dept. of Justice. Indian Sovereignty Policy
https://www.justice.gov/otj/napolicies.htm
KIE1744 Indian Reorganization Act era constitutions and charters
https://thorpe.ou.edu/IRA.html
KIE2097 Indian Civil Rights Act of 1968 (ICRA)
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/icra1968.htm
KIE2145 Blood quantumhttps://www.bia.gov/DocumentLibrary/index.htm
KIE 2362 Indian Land Tenure Foundation
https://www.iltf.org/resources/land-tenure-history
KIE2393 Indian housing. National American Indian Housing Council
Courts Tribal law gateways (Portals).Web directories KIE2806 Tribal Court Clearing Househttps://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/justice.htm KIE2808 Tribal drug courts
https://www.tribal-institute.org/lists/drug_court.htm
KIE3060 Court Appointed Special Advocates (abused children)
https://www.casaforchildren.org/site/
KIF Northeast Atlantic
Tribal law gateways (Portals).Web directories KIF222 Northeast Region US Fish & Wildlife Service
https://www.fws.gov/northeast/nativeamerican/tribalsi.html
Tribal laws and treaties KIF249 Kappler, Charles J. Indian Treaties, 1778-1883
https://digital.library.okstate.edu/kappler/vol2/toc.htm
Maps 1642 https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.np000004 1700 https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3300.np000005
Iroquois Confederacy KIF328 The Great Binding Law (Constitution)
https://www.indigenouspeople.net/iroqcon.htm
22
KIE-KIK United States
KIF Northeast Atlantic Continued
KIF344 Research guides. ProgramsConnecticut States Library
https://www.cslib.org/indians.htm
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut/Council
https://www.mptnlaw.com/ResearchAssistance.htm
Connecticut States Library
https://www.cslib.org/indians.htm
Mashantucket Pequot Tribe of Connecticut/Tribal Council
https://www.mptnlaw.com/ResearchAssistance.htm
KIF South
Tribal law gateways (Portals).Web directories KIF3302 Oklahoma Department of Libraries: US Government. Information on Oklahoma’s Federal Depository Libraries
https://www.odl.state.ok.us/usinfo/pubs/Native-American-Materials.pdf
IGO KIF3309 Oklahoma Indian Affairs Commission
https://www.ok.gov/oiac/
Virginia Council on Indians
https://www.indians.vipnet.org
KIF3312 Advocacy corporationsNative American Indian Association of Tennessee
https://www.naiatn.org
South Carolina Indian Affairs Commission
https://www.southcarolinaindianaffairs.com/about.html
KIF3378 History. GeneralHenry L. Dawes, The Indian Territory
https://etext.lib.virginia.edu/toc/modeng/public/DawIndi.html
KIF3382 Tribal law gateways (Portals). Web directories, A-ZArchives Library Information Center (American Indians)
https://www.archives.gov/research/alic/reference
KIF3384 History.1830 to 1887 Teaching with documentshttps://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/fed-indian-policy
Maps1872: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4022c.ct002198 1873: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g3701g.ct002649 1887: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021e.ct000226 1889: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021e.ct000225
23
KIE-KIK United States South Continued
KIF3387 History.1887 to 1907
Maps1892: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021e.ct000224 1894: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4020.rr002880 1898: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4020.ct002099 1898: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4020.ct002102 1899: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4022c.ct002106 1902: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021g.ct002104 1903: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4022c.ct002107 1903: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4021p.ct002110 1905: https://hdl.loc.gov/loc.gmd/g4020.ct000282
KIG North Central
Political organizations KIG12 Advocacy corporationsMidwest Treaty Network
https://treaty.indigenousnative.org/mtnet.html
KIG14 Intertribal councils Great Lakes Inter-Tribal Council
Inter-Tribal Council of Michigan. Inc.
https://www.itcmi.org
KIG80 Community legal services. Legal aid. A-Z Northern Plains Indian law Center. Tribal Judicial Institute
https://www.law.und.edu/npilc/
Wisconsin Judicare Inc.
https://www.judicare.org/ilo/
KIG85 Indian law societies. Indian bar Northwest Indian Bar association
https://www.nwiba.org/
KIH Pacific Northwest
KIH2 Tribal law gateways (Portals).Web directories Washington State Court Directory
https://www.courts.wa.gov/court_dir/orgs/134.html
KIH12 Advocacy corporationsAffiliated Tribes of Northwest Indians
https://www.atnitribes.org/About%20ATNI.html
KIH14 Inter-tribal councils Montana-Wyoming Tribal Leaders Council
https://www.mtwytlc.com/resources.htm
KIH90 Indian law societies. Indian bar Northwest Indian Bar Association
https://www.nwiba.org
KIE-KIK United States Continued
KIJ New Southwest
Tribal law gateways (Portals).Web directories KIJ2 National Indian Justice Center (NIJC)
https://www.nijc.org/about_us.html
KIJ72 Law schools. Faculties. ProgramsSouthwest Center for Law and Policy
Indian law societies. Indian bar, A-Z KIJ82 Hopi Foundation
https://www.hopifoundation.org
Conclusion
Notes
See Also
References and Further Reading
About the Author/s and Reviewer/s
Author: international
Mentioned in these Entries
Advocacy, Constitutions, Education, Law Classification, Law library, Treaties, country.
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