Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Act of Formal Confirmation Act of Formal Confirmation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Act of Formal Confirmation provided by the European Union Commission: "Act of formal confirmation" is used as an equivalent for the term "ratification" when an international organization [...]...
2. Treaty Authentication Authentication and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Authentication provided by the European Union Commission: The term "authentication" refers to the procedure whereby the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive. Once a treaty has been [...]...
3. Treaty Objection Objection and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Objection provided by the European Union Commission: Any signatory or contracting state has the option of objecting to a reservation, inter alia, if, in its opinion, the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of [...]...
4. Acceptance Or Approval Acceptance or Approval and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Acceptance or Approval provided by the European Union Commission: The instruments of "acceptance" or "approval" of a treaty have the same legal effect as ratification and consequently express the [...]...
5. Treaty Reservation Reservation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Reservation provided by the European Union Commission: A reservation is a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that [...]...
6. Treaty Signature Signature and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Signature provided by the European Union Commission: Signature not subject to ratification ( see Definitive signature) • Simple signature ( see Signature subject to Ratification, Acceptance of Approval) • Signature ad [...]...
7. Modification Modification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Modification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "modification" refers to the variation of certain treaty provisions only as between particular parties of a treaty, while in their relation to the other [...]...
8. Treaty Notification Notification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Notification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "notification" refers to a formality through which a state or an international organization communicates certain facts or events of legal importance. [...]...
9. Treaty Publication Registration and Publication and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Registration and Publication provided by the European Union Commission: Article 102 of the Charter of the United Nations provides that "every treaty and every international agreement entered into by any [...]...
10. Treaty Amendment Amendment and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Amendment provided by the European Union Commission: The term "amendment" refers to the formal alteration of treaty provisions affecting all the parties to the particular agreement. Such alterations must be effected with [...]...
11. African, Caribbean and Pacific Countries Group African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group and the Treaties of the European Union Description of African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group provided by the European Union Commission: The African, Caribbean and Pacific countries (ACP) Group was formed when the first [...]...
12. Entry Into Force Entry into Force and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Entry into Force provided by the European Union Commission: Typically, the provisions of the treaty determine the date on which the treaty enters into force. Where the treaty does not specify a date, there is a presumption [...]...
13. Non-refoulement Non-refoulement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Non-refoulement provided by the European Union Commission: The key principle of international refugee law, which requires that no State shall return a refugee in any manner to a country where his or her life or freedom may [...]...
14. Treaty Ratification Treaty Conclusion and Ratification Introduction to Treaty Ratification International law prescribes neither a fixed form for a treaty nor any fixed procedure for its conclusion. It may be concluded by an exchange of diplomatic notes incorporating an agreed-upon text signed by authorized [...]...
15. Provisional Application Provisional Application and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Provisional Application provided by the European Union Commission: The growing use of provisional application clauses in treaties is a consequence of the need felt to give effect to treaty obligations prior to a [...]...
16. Treaties Office Treaties Office and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Treaties Office provided by the European Union Commission: The Treaties Office of DG External Relations of the European Commission, has two main roles: to advice on practice and procedural matters relating to the different [...]...
17. International law index V Contents International law index VConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries International law index V ... Read more...
18. International Convention Convention and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Convention provided by the European Union Commission: The term "convention" again can have both a generic and a specific meaning. (a) Convention as a generic term: Art.38 (1) (a) of the Statute of the International [...]...
19. EUROMARFOR EUROFOR/EUROMARFOR and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EUROFOR/EUROMARFOR provided by the European Union Commission: The Lisbon Declaration of the Western European Union on 15 May 1995 ratified the decision by Spain, France and Italy to set up land and sea forces (EUROFOR and [...]...
20. Mutual Recognition Mutual recognition and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Mutual recognition provided by the European Union Commission: A principle of international law whereby States party to an agreement decide that they will recognise and uphold legal decisions taken by competent authorities [...]...
21. Common Transit Common transit and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transit provided by the European Union Commission: Customs procedure for the carriage of goods between the Community and the EFTA countries and between the EFTA countries themselves. Resources See Also Popular [...]...
22. International Development Agenda 21 and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agenda 21 provided by the European Union Commission: Agenda 21 stands for "Agenda for the 21st Century". It is a declaration from the Earth Summit (UN Conference on the Environment and Development) held in Rio de Janeiro [...]...
23. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
24. European Development Fund EDF and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EDF provided by the European Union Commission: The European Development Fund is the main instrument for Community aid for development cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the Overseas Countries and [...]...
25. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
26. Mutual Assistance Mutual assistance and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Mutual assistance provided by the European Union Commission: A principle of international law implying that two or more States agree to cooperate in a certain area. The assistance specified is often written into a treaty. [...]...
27. Full Powers Full Powers and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Full Powers provided by the European Union Commission: "Full powers" means a document emanating from the competent authority of a state designating a person or persons to represent the state for negotiating, adopting, [...]...
28. Delimitation of Competences Delimitation of competences and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Delimitation of competences provided by the European Union Commission: The delimitation of competences between the European Union and its Member States is one of the main points for consideration identified by [...]...
29. Third Country Third country and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Third country provided by the European Union Commission: Any country that is not a Member State of the EU. Resources See Also Popular Treaties Topics Treaties of the United Nations (UN) Types of Treaties International [...]...
30. Treaty Revision Revision and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Revision provided by the European Union Commission: Revision has basically the same meaning as amendment. However, some treaties provide for a revision additional to an amendment (i.e., Article 109 of the Charter of the United [...]...
31. Court of First Instance of the European Union Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of First Instance of the European Communities (CFI) provided by the European Union Commission: The CFI was set up in 1989 to strengthen the protection of individuals' [...]...
32. Agreement on Agriculture Agreement on Agriculture and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agreement on Agriculture provided by the European Union Commission: The Uruguay Round Agreement on Agriculture (URAA) concluded in 1994 brought agricultural trade more fully under international trade rules and [...]...
33. Architecture of Europe Architecture of Europe and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Architecture of Europe provided by the European Union Commission: This refers to the various organisations, institutions, treaties and traditional relations making up the European area within which members work [...]...
34. Charter of Fundamental Rights Charter of Fundamental Rights and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Charter of Fundamental Rights provided by the European Union Commission: Following the 50th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in December 1998, the Cologne European Council (3 and 4 June [...]...
35. Composition of the European Commission Composition of the European Commission and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Composition of the European Commission provided by the European Union Commission: From the outset the Commission was always made up of two nationals of each of the most populated Member States and one [...]...
36. External Responsibilities External responsibilities of the European Community and the Treaties of the European Union Description of External responsibilities of the European Community provided by the European Union Commission: The European Community's external responsibilities are defined in accordance with whether [...]...
37. White Paper White Paper and the Treaties of the European Union Description of White Paper provided by the European Union Commission: Commission White Papers are documents containing proposals for Community action in a specific area. In some cases they follow a Green Paper published to launch a [...]...
38. Treaty Definition Legal IssuesTreaty can perhaps be understood in two different senses. In a narrower sense, it refers to an international agreement entered into between states; in a wider sense, it refers to international agreements not only between states, but also between a state and an inter-national org......
39. Citizenship of the Union Citizenship of the Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Citizenship of the Union provided by the European Union Commission: Citizenship of the Union is dependent on holding the nationality of one of the Member States. In other words, anyone who is a national of aMember [...]...
40. Civil Matters Civil matters and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Civil matters provided by the European Union Commission: All actions and proceedings dealt with by the judiciary which fall outside the criminal law. The EU is building coordination mechanisms to facilitate the free movement [...]...
41. Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of Justice of the European Communities provided by the European Union Commission: The Court of Justice is composed of the same number of judges as there are Member States. At present it has [...]...
42. Fight Against International Organised Crime Fight against international organised crime and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Fight against international organised crime provided by the European Union Commission: The European Union has attached priority to the fight against organised crime. A plan of action approved by [...]...
43. All States Formula All States formula and the Treaties of the European Union Description of All States formula provided by the European Union Commission: The "all States formula" has been used often in multilateral agreements that seek universal participation (normally relating to disarmament, human [...]...
44. Formula The Legal History of FormulaThis section provides an overview of Formula ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Formula in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...
45. Yalta Formula Embracing mainstream international law, this section on yalta formula explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "yalta formula" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, [...]...
46. Vienna Convention Treaty: The Vienna Convention Introduction to Vienna Convention Rules of international law governing the conclusion, validity, effects, interpretation, modification, suspension, and termination of treaties were codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted in 1969......
47. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 3 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
48. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties See also: vienna convention on diplomatic relations vienna convention on the law of treaties citation statute of the international court of justice international covenant on civil and political rights vienna convention on consular relations vienna convention on the law of treaties summary un [...]...
49. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 5 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
50. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 7 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
51. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 6 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
52. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Vienna Convention ... Read more...
53. Formula Approach Formula Approach and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Formula Approach: A tariff negotiating procedure in which a general formula for calculating tariff reductions on all [...]...
54. Vienna Convention Implementation Proposed Legislation to Implement Avena and the Vienna Convention in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Proposed Legislation to Implement Avena and the Vienna Convention: In 2013, Congress continued to consider legislation that would facilitate compliance with [...]...
55. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer ContentsVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries ... Read more...
56. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 2 ContentsVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention for ... Read more...
57. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations     Article I For the purpose of the present Convention, the following expressions shall have the meanings hereunder assigned to them: (a) the "head of the mission"is the person charged by the sending State with the duty of acting in that capacity; (b) the [...]...
58. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 4 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   Article ... Read more...
59. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 5 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   Article ... Read more...
60. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 3 ContentsVienna Convention on Consular RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   Article ... Read more...
61. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   Article 12 THE EXEQUATUR 1. The head of a consular post is admitted to the exercise of his functions by an authorization from the receiving State termed an exequatur, whatever the form of this authorization. 2. A State which refuses to grant an exequatur is not obliged to give to the [...]...
62. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 4 ContentsVienna Convention on Consular RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   Article ... Read more...
63. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 6 ContentsVienna Convention on Consular RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   Article ... Read more...
64. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 8 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   Part ... Read more...
65. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 10 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   PART ... Read more...
66. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 2 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   SECTION ... Read more...
67. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 3 ContentsVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention for ... Read more...
68. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 5 ContentsVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention for ... Read more...
69. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
70. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 3 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
71. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 9 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
72. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 2 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
73. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 6 ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention ... Read more...
74. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 6 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
75. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 7 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
76. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 8 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
77. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties betweenStates and International Organizations Or betweenInternational Organizations Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vienna convention on the law of treaties between states and international organizations or between [...]...
78. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 2 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
79. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 4 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
80. Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer 4 ContentsVienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone LayerConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention for ... Read more...
81. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 6 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   Article ... Read more...
82. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 7 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   Article ... Read more...
83. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 2 ContentsVienna Convention on Consular RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   CHAPTER ... Read more...
84. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 5 ContentsVienna Convention on Consular RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   Article ... Read more...
85. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 9 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   SECTION ... Read more...
86. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 11 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   PART ... Read more...
87. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 7 ContentsVienna Convention on Consular RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Consular Relations   Article ... Read more...
88. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 3 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   SECTION ... Read more...
89. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Cases Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (paraguay v. United States) Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vienna convention on consular relations (paraguay v. united states) case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources [...]...
90. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 10 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
91. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these ... Read more...
92. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 4 ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention ... Read more...
93. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 5 ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention ... Read more...
94. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 4 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
95. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 5 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
96. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 2 ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention ... Read more...
97. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties 3 ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention ... Read more...
98. Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in Relation to International Organizations Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vienna convention on the representation of states in relation to international organizations explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "vienna convention on the [...]...
99. Congress of Vienna International Legislation Initiated by the Congress of Vienna Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about International Legislation Initiated by the Congress of Vienna, wrote in 1921: 6. A positive theory of international law was demanded by the fact that in [...]...
100. Congress of Vienna 1815 Embracing mainstream international law, this section on congress of vienna 1815 explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "vienna, congress of, 1815" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
101. Visegrad States Visegrad States and Europe There is an entry on visegrad states in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Visegrad States" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
102. Bilateral Agreement In general, any treaty, protocol, or understanding between two nations. The term has particular application in the area of commercial air transportation, where a bilateral agreement is an understanding between two countries permitting the commercial aircraft of one nation to land in and carry [...]...
103. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
104. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
105. Enlargement Summary of Enlargement The expansion of the European Communities (read this and related legal terms for further details) through the admission of new member states.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Enlargement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Enlargement [...]...
106. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
107. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
108. Intellectual Property Summary of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property is, according withWilliam J. Miller, a general term covering industrial property such as patents, trademarks, and trade names, as well as literary and artistic property, including copyrights. Consideration of the meaning of the word [...]...
109. Vredling Directive Unsuccessful proposed legislation of the European Economic Community (EEC) which would establish the right of workers to be informed of major policy decisions by corporate management. The directive was formulated in 1979 by Henk Vredling, ......
110. Asylum Asylum, protection and immunity from extradition granted by a government to a political refugee from another country. Asylum can also mean any place offering safety, shelter, and protection. An insane asylum is a treatment center for mentally ill persons, although the term is normally used in [...]...
111. Charter Charter, document conferring rights or privileges on an individual or a group of people. The term originally applied to a written conveyance of land titles, often between private parties. In this sense the word now used is deed. The term charter is used to describe a grant of land or special [...]...
112. Environment Matters of International Concern: The Environment Introduction to Environment In the late 1960s concern with the state of the world's environment emerged as an international issue. This occurred largely in response to several disastrous spills by oil tankers that brought attention to high [...]...
113. Visa Exit Visa Exit VisaIntroduction to Visa ExitSome nations require that their own citizens obtain exit visas-that is, government authorization to leave the country-before traveling or settling abroad. Exit visas are frequently required by countries in which unfavorable political, social, ......
114. Berne Convention Definition of Berne Convention In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Berne Convention : The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works: an international convention of September 1886 that sets out ground rules for protection of [...]...
115. Consumer Protection The Legal History of Consumer Protection This section provides an overview of Consumer Protection Privacy, Security and Internet Advertising in the Context of Internet Law Read, in this legal Encyclopedia, about the topic of this section, and, specially, about Introduction to Consumer [...]...
116. Accession Accession in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: Accession is a process by which a country becomes a member of an international agreement or of another state. For example, all but the original fifteen colonies in the United States were granted accession into the [...]...
117. Abbreviations Abbreviations and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Abbreviations provided by the European Union Commission: used in the Ratification Status field of the treaty summary AC = Acceptance AD = Accession AP = Approval CONF = Act of formal confirmation NOT = Notification S = Simple [...]...
118. Agreement on Textiles and Clothing Agreement on Textiles and Clothing – ATC and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agreement on Textiles and Clothing – ATC provided by the European Union Commission: The Agreement on Textiles and Clothing (ATC) is a WTO agreement, which foresees that trade in textiles [...]...
119. Agricultural Products Agricultural products and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Agricultural products provided by the European Union Commission: In the WTO agriculture negotiations, the product coverage is defined in Annex 1 of the Agreement. The definition covers not only basic agricultural [...]...
120. Association Agreement Stabilisation and association agreement and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Stabilisation and association agreement provided by the European Union Commission: A bilateral agreement, which establishes a single basis for assisting a country. Each EU candidate country has such [...]...