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1. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
2. Carousel Voting Carousel Voting in Election Law A method of vote rigging which involves multiple voting, in particular when voters are transported to different polling stations so that they can cast their votes for the same candidate or the same list more than once. Another example is voters using a ballot [...]...
3. Absentee Vote Absentee Vote or Ballot in Election Law Method by which a person may vote without going to the polling station on election day. Depending on national laws, the voter has a certain period of time during which he or she can obtain a ballot before the election. The ballot paper is filled out and [...]...
4. Voter Information Voter Information in Election Law A process of giving relevant factual information about an election process on a timely basis. This includes when, where and how voters will vote. When this is done during the preparatory stages of an election, particularly a general election, it aids [...]...
5. Voting Preference Voting in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: A ranked ballot or preferential voting system is a type of voting system in which each voter casts their vote by ranking candidates in order of preference. 'Bandwagon' Voting in Election Law Voting for [...]...
6. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
7. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
8. Protest Vote Protest Vote in Election Law A voter's choice that expresses his or her dissatisfaction or mistrust of the candidates in the race or of the election process itself. A protest vote may take the form of a blank or spoilt ballot in the ballot box, or a vote for a candidate who has no chance [...]...
9. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
10. Blank Ballot Blank Ballot in Election Law Voting paper on which a voter makes no mark, so as to not indicate a choice. Blank ballots are sometimes treated and counted as invalid, in the same way that a ballot paper marked twice is disqualified. In some countries, a blank vote can be seen as a political [...]...
11. Open Voting Open Voting in Election Law Situation whereby a voter casts his or her vote in front of everybody in the polling station, meaning the vote is no longer secret. This may happen due to a voter's own carelessness (does not fold his or her ballot paper when leaving the polling booth or simply [...]...
12. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
13. Optical Mark Recognition Optical Mark Recognition (omr) Device in Election Law A scanner that can read specific marks in a defined set of locations on a page. The computer software used by an OMR scanner is programmed to recognise the meaning of the various marks and to convert scanned images into computer-readable [...]...
14. Postal Vote Postal Vote in Election Law Process by which a voter exercises his or her right to vote from home by sending in his or her ballot by mail. It implies previous identification of the voter. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
15. Ballot Structure Ballot Structure in Election Law For a single ballot, presentation of the relevant information, including the names of candidates or parties, their numbers as the case may be, their photograph or the symbols and logos used to facilitate their identification, particularly by illiterate voters. [...]...
16. Targeting Targeting and International Trade Economy Resources See Also industrial targeting...
17. Polling Political Campaign How Campaigns are Conducted Polling Introduction to Polling Surveys of voter opinion provide the raw material of modern political campaigns. Political consultants use this information to run campaigns that closely resemble the efforts of businesses to market produc......
18. Voters Unbalanced Distribution of Voters in Election Law Situation in which certain constituencies/ districts are overpopulated while others are underpopulated. This happens when electoral boundaries are not updated to reflect demographic trends or are deliberately manipulated so as to influence [...]...
19. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
20. Ballot Box Ballot Box in Election Law Container in which voters insert their ballot after indicating their choice or, in multiple ballot systems, after choosing their preferred ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
21. Single Ballot Single Ballot in Election Law Unlike the multiple ballot, this is a ballot paper on which all possible choices open to the voter are printed. The voter selects one or more options, depending on the electoral system. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
22. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. Proxy Voting Proxy Voting or Vote by Proxy in Election Law Vote cast by a person on behalf of another, as stipulated by law, when he or she cannot exercise his or her right to vote in person. To vote by proxy, the voter must nominate a trusted person whom he or she delegates to vote on his or her behalf. [...]...
24. Valid Valid Ballot or Valid Vote in Election Law Ballot which clearly indicates the voter's intention and fulfils the requirements of electoral law and can be included in the vote count. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
25. Ballot Ballot Definition Ballot, in modern usage, a sheet of paper used in voting, usually in an electoral system that allows the voter to make choices secretly. The term may also designate the method and act of voting secretly by means of a mechanical device. Used in elections in all democratic [...]...
26. Spoilt Spoilt Ballot in Election Law A ballot which is invalid due to printing irregularities, tearing or ink stains or that is damaged in any other way, for example if the voter makes a mistake. Spoilt ballots are set aside and cannot be used in the vote. (See: Discarded ballot). Resources See Also [...]...
27. Ballot Counting Ballot Counting in Election Law Series of operations performed after voting has closed to count the number of ballots in a ballot box, compare that number to the signatures on the voter register and count the number of votes obtained by each list or candidate. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
28. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
29. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
30. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
31. Vote Ordinal Vote in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A rank ordering of votes for either candidates or parties....
32. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
33. Vote System Block Vote System in Election Law A plurality/majority system used in multi-member districts in which electors have as many votes as there are candidates to be elected. Voting is candidate centred. The candidates with the highest total number of votes win the seats. Resources See Also [...]...
34. Electronic Voting Introduction to Electronic Voting Electronic Voting, a balloting system that allows votes to be entered and recorded in an electronic form. These balloting systems are also referred to as e-voting or direct-recording electronic systems (DREs). The voter uses a direct entry device to register......
35. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
36. Nomination Introduction to Nomination Nomination, in politics, the formal selection and presentation of a candidate for an elective office. Four principal methods of nomination have been used in the U.S.: nomination by political convention, by primary election, by caucus, and by petition. Before 1800 c......
37. Card Voter Card in Election Law Document issued after voter registration, entitling a person to vote. The card usually mentions the name, date of birth, address and sometimes the polling station where the cardholder must vote. Some legislations require the person to show their voter card as well as [...]...
38. Lottery Lottery in Election Law System used for a single ballot that features a number of candidates or political parties. If alphabetic order is not chosen as the system for sorting candidates, a lottery is organised to decide in which order candidates or political parties will appear on the ballot [...]...
39. Escort Voter Escort in Election Law Person whose role is defined by electoral law and who is authorised to accompany disabled, elderly or illiterate voters and assist them in exercising their right to vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
40. Alternative Vote Majority (Alternative Vote Method) in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: This majority system is based upon, full, standard, and preferential voting. Accordingly electors are required to number all candidates in order of preference. A candidate requires an absolute [...]...
41. Military Voting Military Voting in Election Law In some countries, members of the military are allowed to vote. Given that they are often based far from their electoral constituencies, polling centres are sometimes set up inside military bases. In other cases, military personnel vote by mail or proxy. This [...]...
42. Electoral System Electoral System in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: The structures and processes necessary to hold an election including the electoral laws, system of appointment, redistribution and voting. Electoral System in Election Law The part of the electoral regulations [...]...
43. Block Party Block Vote (pbv) in Election Law A plurality/majority system using multi-member districts in which voters cast a single party-centred vote for a party of choice and do not choose between candidates. The party with the most votes will win every seat in the electoral district. Resources [...]...
44. Registration Introduction to Registration Registration, in electoral systems, method usually used to identify voters who are qualified to participate in an election. The act of registration is not, in a strict legal sense, a qualification for voting in the way that age, residence, race, literacy, and rel......
45. Constituents Direct Contact With Voters or Constituents in Election Law Any means by which a candidate or list of candidates conveys an electoral message directly to voters rather than using media, such as in face-to-face meetings. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
46. Participation Spanish Translation of participationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to participation and / or a definition of this topic: Participación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
47. List The measure of a vessel's tilt from the vertical plane, in degrees.......
48. Activities Busing Activities in Election Law Transportation by bus (or other means) of voters, organised by candidates or political parties so that people can go and cast their votes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
49. Election Types Election: Types of Election:sIntroduction to Election TypesIn most nations, political party leaders select candidates for office in a general election. The United States is one of the few nations to hold primary elections prior to the general election campaign. In these elections, ......
50. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
51. Deadline Deadline For Voter Registration in Election Law Date after which citizens may no longer register to exercise their right to vote. Voter registration occurs over a specific period, defined by electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
52. Indirect Suffrage Indirect Suffrage in Election Law Process in which voters in an election do not choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. An example of this is when voters elect their representatives in parliament who, in turn, elect the president. [...]...
53. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
54. Poll Opinion Poll (for an Election) in Election Law Scientific, quantitative sociological research, based on a representative sample of voters. It is used to determine the opinion of voters on parties and candidates, as well as to ascertain their most likely choice. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
55. Mark Mark or Tick in Election Law A sign defined by electoral law which the voter writes next to or on the name of the candidate or party of their choice on the ballot. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
56. Voting System Mixed Voting System in Election Law A system which combines elements of majoritarian and proportional representation systems. There are two kinds of mixed systems: parallel systems and Mixed Member Proportional Systems. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
57. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
58. Voting Age Voting Age in Election Law Minimum legal age that a person must reach in order to be eligible to vote. The age is usually 18 but may vary from one country to another. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
59. Compulsory Compulsory Voting in Election Law Legal measure by which citizens are obliged to vote. In certain countries, individuals who abstain from voting without good and sufficient reason can be subject to a fine. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
60. Sensitive Material Sensitive Material in Election Law All material without which polling cannot take place. This includes ballot papers, the voter list, ballot boxes, seals, stamps and indelible ink. Sensitive materials can contain information about individuals or be used for fraudulent purposes. These materials [...]...
61. How Voters Decide Election: How Voters DecideIntroduction to How Voters DecideMany Americans identify personally with and maintain a sense of loyalty to either the Democratic or Republican Party. Voters often acquire partisan identification in childhood as a result of parental influence. Issues and ......
62. Intimidation Intimidation (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law Any action that creates physical or moral pressure on voters, candidates or any other player in the electoral process to alter, modify or change his or her intention or behaviour under duress. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
63. Plurality Plurality in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A term related to the "first past the post" system of voting. The candidate who attains the highest number of votes in an election or ballot attains a plurality or "simple majority" of votes and is elected....
64. Professional Campaign Professional in Election Law Person with proven experience in planning and conducting election campaigns. He or she is specifically skilled in campaign techniques and in making them work, as well as in fundraising, developing campaign messages, working with and through the media, [...]...
65. Electoral Reform Introduction Electoral Reform, elimination of undemocratic, dishonest, and corrupt practices in the conduct of public elections. Reform is usually effected by statutory enactments that contain provisions for accomplishing one or more of the following ends: a change in the qualification [...]...
66. Electronic Voting Origins Electronic Voting Origins of Electronic VotingIntroduction to Electronic Voting OriginsElectronic voting has been used in United States elections since the mid-1970s. The first electronic voting system is believed to be the Video Voter, an electromechanical device. The incentive fo......
67. Buying Vote Buying in Election Law Illegal act involving the payment of money or the promise of benefits by a candidate to voters who, in exchange, promise to vote for him or her. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
68. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
69. Disenfranchisement Disenfranchisement in Election Law The revocation of the right of suffrage (the right to vote) of a person or group of people, or through practices that prevent a person from exercising his or her right to vote. Disfranchisement can be explicit, for example as a result of legal provisions, or [...]...
70. Electoral Quotient Electoral Quotient in Election Law Method used to calculate the number of votes necessary to obtain a seat in a proportional representation system. It can be determined at constituency level by dividing the number of valid votes cast (V) by the number of seats (S) in the constituency, or at [...]...
71. Electoral Roll Display of The Voter List or Electoral Roll in Election Law Procedure in which an election authority makes voter lists available to the public, for example in towns and villages, after the process of voter registration has been completed. The purpose is to allow citizens who registered to make [...]...
72. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
73. Voice Vote Introduction to Voice VoteVoice Vote, vote that is tallied by the vocal responses of its participants. Voice voting is accomplished either by a general count of "ayes" versus "nays" or by asking each participant one by one to announce his or her vote, a procedure that is......
74. Election Introduction to Election Election, procedure that allows members of an organization or community to choose representatives who will hold positions of authority within it. The most important elections select the leaders of local, state, and national governments. The chance to decide who will [...]...
75. District District Magnitude in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: The number of candidates to be elected from an electoral district....
76. Bicameral Parliament Bicameral Parliament or Legislature in Election Law parliament consisting of two chambers, usually called an upper house and lower house. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
77. Electorate Introduction to ElectorateElectorate, term applied to all of the eligible voters in a political democracy. If a substantial majority of the mature citizens of a community are allowed to participate in elections, and if no compulsion or restraint is involved in voting, that community is cons......
78. Tactical Tactical Voting in Election Law A vote based on political calculation, often implying that the elector votes for a party or candidate that he or she does not really support, but does so to keep out a party or candidate that he or she does not want to see elected. Resources See Also Election [...]...
79. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
80. Disqualification Spanish Translation of disqualificationThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to disqualification and / or a definition of this topic: Inhabilitación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
81. By-Law By-law in Election Law In the electoral context, secondary legislation or rules of procedure issued for the purposes of implementing the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Judicial Action Judicial Action in Election Law A judicial process initiated to address a specific legal problem. With respect to an election, legal action can be taken regarding any phase of the process, including voter registration, candidate nomination, voting operations, a dispute over results or any [...]...
83. Manifesto Election Platform or Manifesto or Programme in Election Law The principles, values and projects that one or more candidates or political party present during their campaign and commit to uphold and implement in order to secure as many votes as possible on election day. Resources See Also [...]...
84. Omission Omission in Election Law Situation in which the name of a potential voter does not appear on the voter list although the person has registered. In general this is the result of a mistake, either on the part of the electoral administration, such as a data entry error, or on the part of the [...]...
85. Election Management Executive Director of The Election Management Body (emb) in Election Law Person responsible for managing the election authority to ensure it works effectively. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
86. Equal Suffrage Equal Suffrage in Election Law Principle by which all voters have equal voting rights and do not suffer any form of discrimination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
87. Campaign Financing Campaign Financing or Finance in Election Law Financial resources needed to cover the costs of an election campaign, so that candidates may publicise their political programme. In democratic countries, campaign financing is regulated by law to ensure political independence and to provide equal [...]...
88. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
89. Upper Volta The Legal History of Upper Volta This section provides an overview of Upper Volta Resources See Also Legal System Country Jurisdiction Immigration Consulate Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Upper Volta in the Oxford [...]...
90. Upper Class Resources See Also Social Integration Social Exclusion Community integration Social integration Racial integration Social Engagement Public Participation Social participation...
91. Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber) (Ut) Note: this term is used mainly in the United Kingdom, but may be used in other jurisdictions Real Estate meaning of Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber) (Ut)In the words of the Encyclopedia of Real Estate Terms about Upper Tribunal (Lands Chamber) (Ut): The Lands Chamber of the Upper Tribunal was [...]...
92. Lower House Lower House in Election Law In a bicameral legislature, this is the chamber with the highest power in legislative matters and with regards to government. It is always elected by universal suffrage, unlike the Upper House, which is sometimes not elected by direct popular vote. Resources See [...]...
93. U.s. House of Representatives Concept of U.s. House of Representatives Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Congress...
94. Minorities in Upper Silesia Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on minorities in upper silesia case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "minorities in upper silesia case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
95. Rights of German Minorities in Upper Silesia Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on rights of german minorities in upper silesia case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "german minorities in upper silesia, rights of, case" in the [...]...
96. Case of the Access to German Minority Schools in Upper Silesia Embracing mainstream international law, this section on case of the access to german minority schools in upper silesia explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "german minority schools in upper silesia, access, [...]...
97. House-to-house House-to-house in International Trade Meaning of House-to-house, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This term generally refers to a container yard to container yard (CY/CY) shipment, in which case it may be uses merely to quote the rental rate for the [...]...
98. House Pier-to-house in International Trade Meaning of Pier-to-house, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A shipment loaded into a container at the pier or terminal, thence to the consignee's facility....
99. Acceptance House A nonbank financial institution that specializes in acceptance financing (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
100. Confirming House A commercial institution engaged in nonrecourse financing of foreign trade. The confirming house may confirm a foreign buyer's order, acting as guarantor of payment to the seller; in some cases, the confirming house may actually take title to the goods as agent for the foreign purchaser, [...]...
101. House Bill A bill of exchange drawn by a bank upon its branch or subsidiary abroad.......
102. Speaker of the House Concept of Speaker of the House Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Congress...
103. White House White House Fact Sheet In relation to the international law practice and White House Fact Sheet in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Use of Force, Arms Control, Disarmament, Nonproliferation About this subject: Use of Force Under this topic, in the [...]...
104. Custom-house Resources See Also Bureau of Customs? Customs broker Customs Service...
105. Customs House Resources See Also Custom-house Customs Service...
106. Gaming House Resources See Also Gambling place...
107. Automated Clearing House Definition of Automated Clearing House (ach) in International Trade The following is a concept of Automated Clearing House (ach) in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An electronic clearing system in which payments orders [...]...
108. Blair House Accord Blair House Accord and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Blair House Accord: A bilateral agreement between the United States and the EC Commission, concluded in November 1992 [...]...
109. House Airway Bill House Airway Bill (Hawb) in International Trade Meaning of House Airway Bill (hawb), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of lading issued by a freight forwarder for consolidated air freights shipments. In documentary letter of credit transactions [...]...
110. House Bill of Lading House Bill of Lading (House B/L) in International Trade Meaning of House Bill of Lading (house B/l), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of lading issued by a freight forwarder. Often covers a consignment of parcels from various shippers that has been [...]...
111. Brethren of Trinity House Resources See Also Elder brethren...
112. White House Fact Sheet White House Fact Sheet in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On March 7, 2011, the White House released a fact sheet regarding its detainee policy and new actions taken to close the detention facility [...]...
113. In-house Lobbyists Concept of In-house Lobbyists Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying...
114. Clearing House Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal Deposit Public Law Library Information Science Research Investigation Legal Research Study...
115. Unconstitutional Unconstitutional in Election Law In a political system where a constitution stands as the supreme law of the land, any rule of law (law, regulation or other) which does not comply with that constitution, due to the way in which it was adopted (for example, if it was not approved by the [...]...
116. Unicameral Parliament Unicameral Parliament or Legislature in Election Law Parliament that consists of one chamber or house. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
117. Universal Suffrage Universal Suffrage in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which every citizen has the right to vote in periodic and regular elections and referenda. This right must be established by law. Restrictions may apply (minimum age, mental capacity), but the right to vote [...]...
118. Unrepresented Groups Unrepresented Groups in Election Law Category of the population that can be distinguished by gender, ethnicity, age, social class, occupation, religion, disability, etc., whose interests are not represented, or are poorly represented, by their members within representative assemblies, [...]...
119. Ushahidi Ushahidi in Election Law 'Witness' in Swahili. This concept was created in the aftermath of the 2007 Kenya presidential elections. It is a web based platform to collect eyewitness reports of incidents of violence, fraud and other irregularities, offering real-time feedback to [...]...
120. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...