Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Caricom Caricom Caricom in International Trade Meaning of Caricom, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Caribbean Community Market (CARICOM) is an organization of 15 Caribbean nations established in 1973 whose main purposes are to promote economic integration and [...]...
2. European Community European Community (EC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Community (EC): (Previously known as the European Economic Community, or EEC; the term "European Communities" [...]...
3. WEU WEU (Western European Union) and Europe There is an entry on weu (western european union) in the European legal encyclopedia. Common Foreign and Security Policy, NATO and WEU and the European Union WEU and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations [...]...
4. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
5. Pillars of the European Union Pillars of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Pillars of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: In Community parlance people often refer to the three pillars of the EU Treaty. These three pillars, which form the basic structure of [...]...
6. EC EC and Europe There is an entry on ec in the European legal encyclopedia. EC and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also European Community Resources See [...]...
7. European Union law Part 19 Contents European Union law Part 19   250 Merger Remedies in American and European Union Competition Law edited by François ... Read more...
8. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
9. European Common Commercial Policy Article 133 (ex-Article 113) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Article 133 (ex-Article 113) provided by the European Union Commission: Article 133 of the EC Treaty allows the European Union to negotiate, conclude and implement trade agreements with other countries of the [...]...
10. EEC Embracing mainstream international law, this section on eec explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. EEC and Europe There is an entry on eec in the European legal encyclopedia. EEC and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization [...]...
11. Single Market Summary of Single Market A component feature of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Single Market and Europe There is an entry on single market in the European [...]...
12. Central African Customs and Economic Union Central African Customs And Economic Union Central African Customs and Economic Union Outline The Central African Customs and Economic Union (CACEU or UDEAC: Union Douanier et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale) The union came into existence in 1966 pursuant to a treaty signed in 1964 by [...]...
13. Single European Act Single European Act and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also SEA...
14. European Monetary Union Meaning of European Monetary Union Here is a very short concept of european monetary union in the European Union framework: It is a common mistake that EMU means European monetary union. In fact the initials stand for Economic and Monetary Union, a more far-reaching goal. Resources Notas y [...]...
15. European Laws Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) The Function Of The International Court Of Justice In The World Community, Sir Francis Vallat, Apr 2016 The Proper Reach Of Territorial Jurisdiction: A Case Study Of Divergent Attitudes, Philippe Schreiber, Apr 2016 The [...]...
16. European Union law Part 17 Contents European Union law Part 17   227 DUAL LEGAL BASES IN EC ENVIRONMENTAL LAW REVISITED: NOTE ON THE JUDGMENTS ... Read more...
17. European Union law Part 25 Contents European Union law Part 25   342 IMPLEMENTING ENVIRONMENTAL LAW IN THE EUROPEAN UNION: LESSONS FROM THE BATHING WATER ... Read more...
18. European Union law Part 12 Contents European Union law Part 12   168 The Rule of law and the coherence of the judicial system of ... Read more...
19. European Union law Part 14 Contents European Union law Part 14   201 Insider Trading Regulations in the Context of the Principle of ‘ Rule ... Read more...
20. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
21. European Union law Part 30 Contents European Union law Part 30   401 Judicial Enforcement of WTO Law in the European Union Some Further Reflections ... Read more...
22. European Union law Part 29 Contents European Union law Part 29   383 ‘NEGATIVE’ AND ‘POSITIVE’ HARMONIZATION OF Labor law IN THE EUROPEAN UNION Catherine ... Read more...
23. East African Community East African Community (EAC) The East African Community, abbreviated as EAC, is a regional intergovernmental organisation with its headquarters in Arusha (Tanzania), consisting of the following member countries: Burundi BI Rwanda RW Uganda UG Kenya KE Tanzania TZ The Treaty for [...]...
24. European Union law Part 31 Contents European Union law Part 31   411 Information Law: The Commercial Exploitation of Private Sector Information in the European ... Read more...
25. Mercosur The Mercosur treaty creates something of a free trade zone among countries in the southern part of South America. The related Mercosur organization posts materials in Spanish. For information about Mercosur materials, see A Guide to MERCOSUR Legal Research: Sources and Documents. [...]...
26. Council of the European Union Council of the European Union and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Council of the European Union provided by the European Union Commission: The Council of the European Union (the "Council of Ministers" or the "Council") is the Union's main [...]...
27. Efta Efta Efta in International Trade Meaning of Efta, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The European Free Trade Association is an intergovernmental organization set up for the promotion of free trade and economic integration to the benefit of its four Member [...]...
28. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
29. Organization For European Economic Cooperation Organization For European Economic Cooperation Summary of Organization For European Economic Cooperation A post-World War II organization established to coordinate the reconstruction of Europe. The OEEC arose in response to an Anglo-French declaration in 1947 calling for European [...]...
30. European Union Law Contents of European Union Law Contents of this subject matter include: Session 1: legal competence, legislation and decision-making Session 2: Supremacy and Direct Effect and state liability in damages Session 3: Enforcement actions against Member States and Preliminary Rulings Session 4: EU [...]...
31. EAC The East African Community, abbreviated as EAC, is a regional intergovernmental organisation with its headquarters in Arusha (Tanzania), consisting of the following member countries: Burundi BI Rwanda RW Uganda UG Kenya KE Tanzania TZ The Treaty for Establishment of the East African [...]...
32. European Political Community European Political Community and Europe There is an entry on european political community in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Political Community" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
33. EURATOM Embracing mainstream international law, this section on euratom explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Euratom (European Atomic Energy Community) and Europe There is an entry on euratom (european atomic energy community) in the European legal [...]...
34. EEA See EEA disambiguation page for other meanings of EEA The European Economic Area, abbreviated as EEA, consists of the 28 Member States of the European Union (EU) and three countries of the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) (all except Switzerland, namely: Iceland, Liechtenstein and [...]...
35. European Union law Part 1 Contents European Union law Part 1   1 European Union law International and Comparative Law Quarterly Volume 60, Number 2, ... Read more...
36. European Payments Union Summary of European Payments Union An intra-European mechanism for the periodic settlement of trade balances. The EPU was established July 1, 1950, among the members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (read this and related legal terms for further details) (OEEC) to [...]...
37. ESA ESA and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also European Space Agency...
38. European Union law Part 5 Contents European Union law Part 5   45 Barriers to Financing: Is European Union Indirect Discrimination Law the Answer for ... Read more...
39. European Union law Part 23 Contents European Union law Part 23   310 Drug Marketing Exclusivity Under United States and European Union law Valerie Junod ... Read more...
40. Social Dialogue Social dialogue in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Social dialogue provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Discussion and co-operation between the social partners on matters of common interest, such as economic and social policy. Involves participation by the state where tripartism [...]...
41. Organization of African Trade Union Unity Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
42. Southern Africa Development Community Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
43. Trade Union Federation Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
44. NATO Definition of NATO Within the context of international organizations, the following is a brief meaning of nato: North Atlantic Treaty Organization or NATO is intergovernmental military alliance based on the North Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April 1949. The organization constitutes a [...]...
45. ECSC Embracing mainstream international law, this section on ecsc explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. ECSC and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional [...]...
46. Benelux Benelux Summary of Benelux An acronym for Belgium-Nether- lands-Luxembourg. Following World War II, the three nations formed a customs union with long- range objectives of establishing a single monetary and fiscal system. The localized objectives of the three Benelux countries were [...]...
47. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
48. Southern African Development Community Southern African Development Community (SADC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern African Development Community (SADC): A regional cooperation organization including Angola, Botswana, [...]...
49. European Union law Part 28 Contents European Union law Part 28   377 FREEDOM OF MOVEMENT FOR INDIGENTS: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF AMERICAN CONSTITUTIONAL LAW ... Read more...
50. Social partners in the European Union Contents Social partners in the European Union This is jargon for the two sides of industry i.e. employers and workers. ... Read more...
51. Andean Pact Andean Pact (Andean Subregional Integration Agreement) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Andean Pact (Andean Subregional Integration Agreement): A regional cooperation organization including [...]...
52. Wto Agreement in European Community Law The WTO Agreement in European Community Law: Status, Effect and Enforcement and the World Trade Organization The WTO Agreement in European Community Law: Status, Effect and Enforcement in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
53. Arab Labor Organization Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
54. European Union law Part 24 Contents European Union law Part 24   329 Enhancing the Legitimacy of the World Trade Organization: Why the United States ... Read more...
55. List of European and UK Online Journals Contents List of UK and European Legal e-Journals Aberdeen Student Law Review Advising Business Anglo-American Law Review Arbitration Arbitration Law ... Read more...
56. Central European Free Trade Agreement Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA): A regional cooperation organization and prospective free trade [...]...
57. International Trade Union Confederation Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
58. International Trade Union Organizations Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
59. Economic Community of Central African States Economic Community of Central African States or Communaute Economique des Etats de I' Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Community of Central African [...]...
60. European Common Market European Common MarketCross-reference: European Economic Community and European Union.......
61. European Internal Market Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
62. Single Standard A condition in which a nation endows a single metal as the basis of the monetary stock. This system is also known as monometallism. As a practical matter, virtually all commercial nations use gold as the standard.......
63. Single Fund Spanish Translation of single fundThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to single fund and / or a definition of this topic: Unidad de Caja (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
64. Single Currency Single Currency and Europe There is an entry on single currency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Single Currency" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
65. Single Adultery Description of Single Adultery Resources See Also Adultery Divorce...
66. Single-Column Tariff Single-Column Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Single-Column Tariff: A tariff schedule specifying only one rate of duty for each imported commodity....
67. Single-Party Communism: Features of Comunist States Single-Party RuleIn communist states, the communist party held complete and unchallenged political power. All other political parties were banned, except for minor procommunist parties in several Eastern European countries. The name of the governing pa......
68. Single Ballot Single Ballot in Election Law Unlike the multiple ballot, this is a ballot paper on which all possible choices open to the voter are printed. The voter selects one or more options, depending on the electoral system. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
69. Single Constituency System Single Constituency System in Election Law Voting system in which the entire territory of a country is considered a single district/ constituency, instead of being divided into several. A presidential election almost invariably requires a single constituency that encompasses the whole country. [...]...
70. Single-family First Mortgage Loans Single-family First Mortgage Loans in relation with Real Estate Loans This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Single-family First Mortgage Loans covered in connexion with Real Estate Loans and banking / lending Institutions....
71. Single-premium Deferred Annuity Description of Single-premium Deferred Annuity Resources See Also Annuities...
72. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
73. Central American Common Market Summary of Central American Common Market A free trade area among the nations of Central America, established in 1960 by a treaty between El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Nicaragua. The common market began operations in 1961, and Costa Rica joined the group in 1962. Honduras dropped [...]...
74. Dedicated To Single-Use Test A principle applied in customs law that the tariff item applicable to a finished product will be applied to a work- in-process item if the unfinished item is so far advanced in the process of manufacture as to be incapable of being used for any purpose other than completion into the finished article......
75. European Communities Summary of European Communities The name for the collective institution that embraces the European Economic Community, the European Atomic Energy Community, and the European Coal And Steel Community (qq.v.). Each of the three entities was established by separate convention, the earliest of [...]...
76. European Investment Bank Summary of European Investment Bank A multilateral development bank established in 1958 by the Treaty of Rome for the purpose of assisting in the balanced growth of the European economic community (read this and related legal terms for further details) (EEC). The bank grants long-term loans [...]...
77. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
78. European Court of Justice Introduction to European Court of Justice European Court of Justice, court of law of the European Union (EU), established in 1957. The court is charged with ruling on all questions brought before it concerning the founding treaties of the EU and legislation made under those treaties. Since [...]...
79. European Union Legal Materials Two sources for E.U. information stand out in my mind. First, the European Union'sEuropa, which posts (a) EU news and press releases, (b) links to EU Web sites, including the European Parliament, banks, courts and agencies and (c) the best collection of EU legal materials on [...]...
80. European Parliament Spanish Translation of European Parliament This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Parliament and / or a definition of this topic: Parlamento Europeo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Parliament and the Treaties of the [...]...
81. European Development Fund EDF and the Treaties of the European Union Description of EDF provided by the European Union Commission: The European Development Fund is the main instrument for Community aid for development cooperation in the African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries and the Overseas Countries and [...]...
82. European Economic Area European Economic Area and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Economic Area provided by the European Union Commission: Agreement Between the Community, and three Member States of the European Free Trade Area (EFTA)(not Switzerland) entered into force on 1 January 2004 [...]...
83. European Social Charter Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european social charter explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional [...]...
84. European Space Agency Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european space agency explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. European Space Agency and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
85. Western European Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on western european union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Western European Union and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
86. European Social Fund European Social Fund (ESF) and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Structural funds...
87. Treaty on European Union Maastricht Treaty and Treaty on European Union and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Treaty of Maastricht...
88. European Atomic Energy Community Summary of European Atomic Energy Community One of the three components of the European Communities, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The entity, known commonly as Euratom, was created by member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (at that time, France, Italy, Federal [...]...
89. European Coal And Steel Community European Coal And Steel Community Summary of European Coal And Steel Community One of three component entities within the European Communities, the coal and steel organization was formed following World War II to permit member states to equalize their access to iron and steel resources. The [...]...
90. European Free Trade Association Summary of European Free Trade Association A free trade area consisting of seven European countries among which tariffs and quantitative restrictions on industrial imports have been eliminated. Established in 1960 by the Stockholm Convention, EFTA originally included Austria, Denmark, [...]...
91. Arab Common Market Arab Common Market Outline The ACM came into existence in 1965, pursuant to an agreement signed in 1964 by the Arab League states. Its initial members included Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Palestine Liberation Organisation, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, United Arab Emirates, Yeme......
92. European Court of Human Rights Introduction to European Court of Human Rights European Court of Human Rights, court established in 1950 by the signatories to the European Convention on Human Rights to police oppressive activities of governments. In the aftermath of World War II (1939-1945), and in particular the atrocities [...]...
93. Court of Justice of the European Communities Court of Justice of the European Communities and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Court of Justice of the European Communities provided by the European Union Commission: The Court of Justice is composed of the same number of judges as there are Member States. At present it has [...]...
94. Southern Common Market Southern Common Market in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Southern Common Market: Mercado Common del Sur (MERCOSUR) or Mercado Comum do Sui (MERCOSUL). A common market including Argentina, [...]...
95. European Organization for Nuclear Research European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) The European Organization for Nuclear Research, abbreviated as CERN (from the French 'Conseil européen pour la Recherche Nucléaire' or European Council for Nuclear Research, as its predecessor was called), is the [...]...
96. Social Market Economy Social Market Economy and Europe There is an entry on social market economy in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Social Market Economy" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
97. Standards for Market Actors This section provides an overview of standards for market actors within the legal context of Financial Regulation in international economic law, with coverage of Monetary and Financial Regulation (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Rashid Bahar, "Standards for Market [...]...
98. European Regional Development Fund European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) and the European Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Structural funds...
99. European Trade Union Confederation Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
100. Market Market Reserve Policies and International Trade Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism Resources See Also Law of Similars...
101. Market Value Embracing mainstream international law, this section on market value explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "market value" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the [...]...
102. At the Market Resources See Also Market order...
103. Market-Inalienability Contents Market-Inalienability   Margaret Jane Radin   Things that may be given away but not sold are market-inalienable. In this ... Read more...
104. Black Market Black Market Definition Black Market is the term designating the illicit sale of commodities in violation of government rationing and price-fixing. The term originated in Europe during World War I, when the introduction of rationing in belligerent countries tempted some persons with access [...]...
105. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
106. Free Market The economic system of a nation in which market forces determine which goods and services are produced, and at what price they are offered. Free market economies do not contain substantial government controls on resource availability, price levels, or central planning of economic objectives.......
107. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
108. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
109. Bonds Market Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu......
110. European Commission Spanish Translation of European Commission This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to European Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Europea (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). European Commission and the Treaties of the [...]...
111. European Council European Council and the Treaties of the European Union Description of European Council provided by the European Union Commission: The European Council is the term used to describe the regular meetings of the Heads of State or Government of the European Union Member States. Its purpose is to [...]...
112. Market Failure Market Imperfections or Market Failure and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Imperfections or Market Failure: Often refers to two sources of departure from perfect competition, i.e., [...]...
113. Market Power Market Power and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Power: The ability of an individual firm to exert control over prices prevailing in the markets for its products or services. The highest [...]...
114. Market Performance Market Performance and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Market Performance: The principal focus of competition policy, market performance refers to the degree to which a particular industry or [...]...
115. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
116. European Neighbourhood Policy European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP) The European Neighbourhood Policy, abbreviated as ENP, was developed in 2004, with the objective of avoiding the emergence of new dividing lines between the enlarged European Union (EU) and its neighbours to the South and East Through the ENP, the EU offers [...]...
117. Internal Market Meaning of Internal market Here is a very short concept of internal market in the European Union framework: Another term for the single market; also known as the common market, although that expression has wider connotations. Resources Notas y References See Also...
118. Over-the-counter Market Resources See Also NASD NASDAQ...
119. Actual Market Value Resources See Also Market volume...
120. Cornering the Market Resources See Also Corner...