Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Cultural Protection conventions Contents Cultural Protection Treaties and related International Agreements Cultural Protection Treaties Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions ... Read more...
2. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
3. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
4. Cultural Property Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural property: import restrictions in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Educational and Cultural Issues About this subject:BelizeNote: there is detailed [...]...
5. Trade and Commercial Relations conventions Contents Trade and Commercial Relations international conventions Trade and Commercial Relations multilateral conventions General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) ... Read more...
6. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
7. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
8. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
9. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
10. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
11. Export Diversification Summary of Export Diversification The movement of a nation away from the export of a single or limited number of products as the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Export diversification programs are usually the priority objectives of small or underdeveloped nations, [...]...
12. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
13. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
14. Real Property Holding Company A foreign corporation (i.e., not chartered in the United States) in which a Domestic International Sales Corporation (read this and related legal terms for further details), or DISC, controls more than 50 percent of the ......
15. Biological Weapons Proliferation Sanctions Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation Sanctions in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation Sanctions: On June 21, 2013, the State Department determined that lifting sanctions on five Chinese entities, imposed on [...]...
16. Piggyback Distribution Piggyback Distribution in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Distribution, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Piggyback is a form of distribution in foreign markets in which a SME company (the "rider"), deals with a larger company (the [...]...
17. Bank Export Services Act A 1982 act of Congress that amends Federal banking laws to permit banks to acquire equity, up to 100 percent, in Export Trading Companies. The act forms Title II of the Export Trading Company Act. See export TRADING COMPANY ACT.......
18. Domestic International Sales Corporation Commonly known by the acronym DISC, a U.S.-chartered corporation, qualified with the Internal Revenue Service, that derives virtually all of its income from export sales and export-related activities. A properly qualified DISC was permitted to defer indefinitely tax on a portion of its income. The D......
19. Foreign Trade Organization A former instrumentality of the Soviet government charged with controlling the importation or exportation of specified products, or with providing trade-related functions such as shipping and insurance. Most of the sixty-plus FTOs in existence in the 1980s were subject to control of the Ministry of ......
20. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
21. Related Foreign Export Corporation According to Section 933 of the Internal Revenue Code, any foreign corporation that satisfies the definition of a foreign international sales Corporation, A Real Property Holding Company, or an Associated Foreign Corporation (qq.V.). See Domestic International Sales Corporation.......
22. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
23. Final List A listing of products upon which a unique standard of valuation was applied for duty purposes. Prior to 1958 duties were applicable on virtually all imports on the basis of foreign value or export value, whichever was higher. The foreign value was the price at which goods were freely offered for con......
24. Unrequited Transfer A transfer payment, ie., the transfer of assets from one nation to another without expectation of recompense.......
25. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
26. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
27. Trade Barriers Standards-Related Activity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standards-Related Activity: An activity undertaken in conjunction with administration or enforcement of [...]...
28. Deemed Export In the United States For information about Deemed Export in the context of international trade, click here...
29. Private Export Funding Corporation A private corporation organized in 1970 for the purpose of providing medium- to long-term financing to foreign buyers of U.S. goods and services. PEFCO is owned by commercial banks and major industrial firms. Working capital is raised by issuance of commercial paper, guaranteed by the U.S. Export-Im......
30. Performance Requirements Performance Requirements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Performance Requirements: Government-imposed rules or conditions requiring foreign investors to serve [...]...
31. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
32. Free Trade Zone Spanish Translation of free trade zoneThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to free trade zone and / or a definition of this topic: Zona de Libre Comercio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
33. Measures Commercial policy measures and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Commercial policy measures provided by the European Union Commission: Non-tariff measures established in the framework of the common commercial policy, such as - import or export surveillance or safeguard [...]...
34. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
35. Prior Or Subsequent Movement By Water A domestic freight rate established exclusively to accommodate import and export traffic. To obtain the rate, the shipper (on export movements) must declare that the goods have traveled or will travel by vessel, usually without significant interruption of transit, during the course of their journey ......
36. Donatio Mortis Causa Definition of Donatio Mortis CausaIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Donatio Mortis Causa : (Latin: a gift on account of death) An immediate gift of real or personal property made by a donor who expects to die in the near future. The gift must be made to [...]...
37. Preferential Tariff Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Tariff Policy...
38. Propensity To Import The relationship between income and the value of imports, expressed in monetary terms. Generally, the relationship is expressed in terms of the average propensity to import (imports as a percentage of national income) and the marginal propensity to import (changes in the average propensity to import......
39. Export Manager Export Manager in International Trade Meaning of Export Manager, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An export manager serves as intermediary between foreign buyers and domestic sellers. Unlike trading companies who buy the products before selling directly [...]...
40. Confirming House A commercial institution engaged in nonrecourse financing of foreign trade. The confirming house may confirm a foreign buyer's order, acting as guarantor of payment to the seller; in some cases, the confirming house may actually take title to the goods as agent for the foreign purchaser, [...]...
41. Convention for Protection of Cultural Property in Armed Conflict Embracing mainstream international law, this section on convention for protection of cultural property in armed conflict explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "cultural property, convention for protection of, in [...]...
42. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
43. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
44. Bordereau Bordereau in International Trade Meaning of Bordereau, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A method of reporting shipments to an insurance company under an open insurance policy. An insurance form similar to a declaration, which provides for insurance [...]...
45. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
46. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
47. Unfair Trade Practices Unfair Trade Practices and the Laws of International Trade Executive review of unfair trade practices: Background Unfair Trade and Import Competition Regulation Procedure: Initiation of investigation The investigation Monitoring Recent developments The escape clause: [...]...
48. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
49. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
50. Belt Line A short-line railway operating in and around a city; its function is to transfer cargo between long-haul railroads, and to and from piers to railroads for import/export movements.......
51. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
52. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
53. Ancient Coin Collectors Guild V Us Department of State Ancient Coin Collectors Guild V Us Department of State Court of Appeals Decision in Ancient Coin Collectors Guild v us Department of State in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On April 15, 2011, the [...]...
54. Export Privileges The opportunity afforded by the U.S. government to engage in export transactions. The Export Control Act and its successor Export Administration Act have provided that all exports are under authority of license (including the general license requiring no prior approval); hence, exporting is a privil......
55. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
56. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
57. Prior Sale Spanish Translation of sale «subject to prior sale»This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to sale «subject to prior sale» and / or a definition of this topic: Salvo Venta (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
58. Prior Art Prior Art in E.U. Patent System Previously used or published technology that may be referred to in a patent application or examination report. Description of Prior Art In this reference work, prior art is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents ~ Patents...
59. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
60. Prior Deposits Prior Deposits and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Prior Deposits: A requirement as a condition for importing that an importer deposit a specified sum of money --in [...]...
61. Prior Disclosure In the United States For information about Prior disclosure in the context of international trade, click here...
62. Prior Authorization Prior Authorization in Aging Law Concept of Prior Authorization in the context of Community Health Care and Services for Older Persons, published by the World Health Organization (WHO):A requirement imposed by a third party payer under many systems of utilization review in which a provider [...]...
63. Prior Consent Free, Prior and Informed Consent in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On May 12, 2011, U.S. Representative to the International Finance Corporation ("IFC") Ian Solomon delivered a statement [...]...
64. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
65. Hague Agreement Concerning The International Deposit Of Industrial Designs An international agreement that provides protection for industrial designs in all contracting states, usually by means of a single application. In the case of registrations affecting Egypt, France, German Democratic Republic, German Federal Republic, Holy See, Indonesia, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Moro......
66. Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent Procedure Contents Title of the convention Rotterdam Convention on the Prior Informed Consent ... Read more...
67. Deposit The Legal History of DepositThis section provides an overview of Deposit ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Deposit in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of [...]...
68. Legal Deposit Rationale The "wording of the 1537 "Ordonnance de Montpellier” (see below) shows that the idea of safeguarding books from being lost to posterity is already central. It is true that other aims have been suggested, more or less officially, for legal deposit, such as state control [...]...
69. Certificate of Deposit Certificate of Deposit Accounts regarding Banking Law This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Certificate of Deposit covered in connexion with financial law and banking / lending Institutions....
70. Certificates of Deposit Certificates of Deposit in relation with Certificate of Deposit Accounts This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Certificates of Deposit covered in connexion with Certificate of Deposit Accounts and banking / lending Institutions....
71. Deposit Account Description of Deposit Account In this reference work, deposit account is a sort of the Banking category. Resources See Also Banks Banking Building Loan Associations Banking...
72. Digital Legal Deposit Contents Digital Legal Deposit (E-Deposit) The Digital Legal Deposit (E-Deposit) legal regime regulate the legal deposit of collection of digital ... Read more...
73. Deposit Account Information Verification of Loan and Deposit Account Information in relation with Internal Auditing and Verification This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Verification of Loan and Deposit Account Information covered in connexion with Internal Auditing and Verification and banking / [...]...
74. Safe Deposit Boxes Safe Deposit Boxes in relation with Storage Facilities This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Safe Deposit Boxes covered in connexion with Storage Facilities and banking / lending Institutions....
75. Nuisance Prior Art Description of Nuisance Prior Art In this reference work, nuisance prior art is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents Patents...
76. Antedating of A Prior-art Reference Description of Antedating of a Prior-art Reference In this reference work, antedating of a prior-art reference is a sort of the Patents category. Resources See Also Patents Patents...
77. Import Import in International Trade Meaning of Import, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): 1. To receive goods and services from abroad. 2. An imported item. Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural [...]...
78. Import Tax Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
79. Minimum Import Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, Gate price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
80. Variable Import Levy A duty applicable to imports of certain significant agricultural commodities into the European Economic Community. The Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details). of the EEC specif......
81. Import Quota Import Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Quota: A means of restricting or controlling imports by specifying the quantity or value of a commodity, which may [...]...
82. Import Restrictions Import Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Restrictions: Measures to limit or control the volume of imports by means of tariffs ornontariff barriers [...]...
83. Import Clearance Import Clearance in International Trade Meaning of Import Clearance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The act of complying with the import regulations of an importing country. Generally, governments require some sort of import declaration. Depending on [...]...
84. Import Contract Import Contract in International Trade Meaning of Import Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The import contract is suitable when a company is buying goods from abroad by way of import in the course of a business to business transaction. The [...]...
85. Import Duty Import Duty in International Trade Meaning of Import Duty, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Any tax on items imported. See also tariff....
86. Import License Import License in International Trade Meaning of Import License, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document required and issued by some national governments authorizing the importation of goods....
87. Import Promotion Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
88. Import Restriction Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
89. Import Volume Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
90. International Import Certificate/ Delivery Verification System A control mechanism established by certain Western countries to prevent diversion of strategic commodities to communist-bloc countries. The system was devised by COCOM (read this and related legal terms for further details...
91. United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products Contents United States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products World Trade Organization, Appellate Body, 1998. Appellate Body Report WT/DS58/AB/R.[1] ... Read more...
92. Import Law In the United States For information about Import Law in the context of international trade, click here...
93. Free Prior and Informed Consent Concept of Free Prior and Informed Consent Free Prior and Informed Consent may be defined as: The UN Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples recognizes Free Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) as Indigenous Peoples' right to determine and develop priorities and strategies, or to give [...]...
94. Import Surge Import Surge and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Surge: A substantial and usually unforeseen increase in imports above recent trends for a particular product or [...]...
95. Import Surcharge Import Surcharge and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Surcharge: A temporary tax on imports over and above established tariffs, usually enacted in times of economic [...]...
96. Import Licensing Code Import Licensing Code and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing Code: Formally known as the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures. A GAIT Code negotiated [...]...
97. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
98. Import Sensitivity Import Sensitivity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Sensitivity: The vulnerability of a domestic industry to injury from foreign competition. See also sensitive [...]...
99. Import Law Harmonized System In the United States For information about Import Law Harmonized System in the context of international trade, click here...
100. Import Procedures In the United States For information about Import Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
101. Import Quotas In the United States For information about Import quotas in the context of international trade, click here...
102. Import Rulings In the United States For information about Import Rulings in the context of international trade, click here...
103. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 1 Definitions For the purpose of this ... Read more...
104. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 2 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Each Party Shall: (a) Ensure that hazardous waste ... Read more...
105. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 3 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 5 Designation of Competent Authorities, Focal Point ... Read more...
106. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 4 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 10 Intra-African Co-operation 1. The Parties to ... Read more...
107. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 5 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 14 Financial Aspects 1. The regular budget ... Read more...
108. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 6 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa   Article 17 Amendment of the Convention and of ... Read more...
109. Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
110. Cultural Property Import Restrictions Cultural Property: Import Restrictions in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In 2011, the United States took steps to protect the cultural property of Italy, Colombia, and Bolivia by extending import [...]...
111. Wto Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
112. Export-Import Bank Of The United States Commonly known as Eximbank, an independent, self-funding agency of the U.S. government created to facilitate exports of American products. Originally chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1934, Eximbank was rechartered by an act of Congress in 1945. The bank provides short-, medium......
113. Convention on the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Embracing mainstream international law, this section on convention on the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "cultural property, [...]...
114. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
115. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 3 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
116. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 4 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
117. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 5 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
118. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 2 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
119. Protectionism Protectionism Definition Protectionism may be defined as government policies that favor domestic products over imported goods. The debate between protectionism and free trade has been a continuing issue in United States politics. Meanings For information on: * systematic protectionism [...]...
120. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...