Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Insurance Broker Insurance Broker in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm who represents buyers of insurance and deals with insurance companies or their agents in arranging for insurance coverage for the [...]...
2. Patent Insurance Spanish Translation of patent insuranceThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to patent insurance and / or a definition of this topic: Seguro de Patentes (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
3. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
4. Antitrust Summary of Antitrust Legislation or public policies opposed to the monopolization or domination of a particular product or industry by one firm or a group of firms acting in concert. The object of antitrust laws is to preserve market competition. In the United States violation of the [...]...
5. Bordereau Bordereau in International Trade Meaning of Bordereau, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A method of reporting shipments to an insurance company under an open insurance policy. An insurance form similar to a declaration, which provides for insurance [...]...
6. Reinsurance An arrangement in which an insurance underwriter contractually spreads its policy risks with other underwriters, sharing the premium with them. For example, an underwriter may issue a policy for fifty million dollars to cover the loss of a ship; being unwilling to assume the full risk of loss, [...]...
7. Insurance Premium Insurance Premium in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Premium, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The amount paid to an insurance company for coverage under an insurance policy....
8. Laissez-faire Laissez Faire Summary of Laissez Faire A doctrine that government should refrain from any form of trade regulation, leaving productivity and distribution of wealth purely to market forces and individual industry. The concept arose around the beginning of the eighteenth century in France, [...]...
9. Usury A rate of interest in excess of that permitted by law. Usury may negate repayment of the excessive interest, or even the principal. In many jurisdictions usury statutes do not apply to corporate borrowings. ......
10. Public Administration Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Public Administration Introduction to Public Administration Political scientists interested in public administration study government organizations and their relation to other parts of government. Political scientists investigate how these [...]...
11. Export-lmport Bank of the United States Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank): A public corporation created by executive order of the [...]...
12. Marine Cargo Insurance Marine Cargo Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Marine Cargo Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance covering loss of, or damage to, goods at sea. Marine insurance typically compensates the owner of merchandise for losses in excess [...]...
13. Cabotage Summary of Cabotage Literally, coastwise navigation, generally used to denote the proscription of foreign flag vessels in a nation's coastwise trade. Since an act of Congress in 1817 (2 Stat. 351), the coastwise trade of the United States has been reserved exclusively to American [...]...
14. Positivism The Legal History of Positivism in United States Law This section provides an overview of Positivism in United States Law Literature Review on (Public Administration Theory) Logical Positivism and Public Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] [...]...
15. Cover Note Cover Note in International Trade Meaning of Cover Note, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Document issued by insurance company or insurance brokers instead of insurance policies or insurance certificates, which serves as proof of usual insurance [...]...
16. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
17. Commercial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable to pay for merchandise imported under open account terms. Commercial risk is contrasted with political risks, which arise from governmental actions and are unrelated to the financial condition or credit-wor- thiness of the [...]...
18. Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States Contents Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political ... Read more...
19. Currency Risk The economic risk assumed by a lender or seller who is to be paid in units of a foreign currency that, when translated at some future date into his own currency, he will have sustained a loss (in terms of his own currency) because the foreign currency has depreciated in value prior to settlement of ......
20. Transfer Risk The economic risk assumed by a creditor that the government of a foreign debtor will be unable or unwilling to make payment of the obligation in the agreed currency.......
21. Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political Parties Political Parties: Organization and Structure of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political PartiesPolitical parties mediate the relationship between citizens and their government. In democracies with competitive party systems, polit......
22. Interest Rate Risk The risk borne by the holder of fixed rate securities that interest rates will rise above those paid by his holdings, thereby depriving him of interest that might otherwise have been earned.......
23. Political Question Doctrine In the United States For information about Political question doctrine in the context of international trade, click here Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and Political Question Doctrines in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and [...]...
24. Financial Risk The risk borne by an exporter that his foreign customer may be unable or unwilling to pay for the merchandise purchased; the financial risk relates purely to commercial considerations and not to such "political" risks as expropriation or inconvertibility of currency.......
25. Party at Risk Party at Risk in International Trade Meaning of Party at Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Between the seller and the buyer, that party who has the most to lose in the event of damage or loss to a shipment, such as: Unpaid sellers, especially if the [...]...
26. Merger Control Risk In the United States For information about Merger Control Risk in the context of international trade, click here...
27. Primary Assumption of the Risk Description of Primary Assumption of the Risk Resources See Also Negligence...
28. Political Machines Contents Political Machines Political Machines Definition Political Machines, local political party organization capable of mobilizing or “manufacturing”large numbers of votes ... Read more...
29. Political Constitution Political Constitution Constitution, in politics, fundamental system of law, written or unwritten, of a sovereign state, established or accepted as a guide for governing the state. A constitution fixes the limits and defines the relations of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers o......
30. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
31. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
32. Political Campaign Introduction to Political CampaignPolitical Campaign, organized effort by a political party or candidate for public office to attract the support of voters in an election. Political campaigns play an important role in the education and mobilization of citizens in most democracies.In......
33. Political Decentralization Decentralization (government) Political DecentralizationIntroduction to Political DecentralizationGovernment is decentralized in the political sense when the power to determine policies is shared between central and local agencies, and local powers are substantial in both number an......
34. Political Offense Introduction to Political OffensePolitical Offense, in criminal law, act declared by a state to involve a threat to its safety or existence, as treason or sedition, or declared to constitute an interference with the organization and processes of government, as bribery of public officials. S......
35. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
36. Political Propaganda Propaganda Political PropagandaIntroduction to Political PropagandaPropaganda for distinctly political ends is as old as history. The Bible, for example, relates that the Assyrian king Sennacherib attempted to terrify the Kingdom of Judah into surrendering by the use of threatening......
37. Political Science Introduction to Political Science Political Science, the systematic study of and reflection upon politics. Politics usually describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power. Political processes are used to formulate policies, influence individuals and [...]...
38. Political Scientists Political Science: What Political Scientists DoIntroduction to Political ScientistsMost professional political scientists work in colleges and universities where they teach, conduct research, and write articles and books related to their specific research interests. Political scien......
39. Political Subdivision Introduction to Political SubdivisionPolitical Subdivision, unit of government designed to carry out public functions within a specific territory." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
40. Political Theory Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political Theory Introduction to Political Theory Political theory involves the study of philosophical thought about politics from ancient Greece to the present; the interpretation and development of concepts such as freedom, democracy, human [...]...
41. Political Crimes The Legal History of Political CrimesThis section provides an overview of Political Crimes ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Political Crimes in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
42. Political Strike Political strike in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Political strike provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A process halfway between conciliation and arbitration , in mediation a neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a settlement to an industrial dispute by [...]...
43. Political Party Political Broadcast in Election Law A message recorded by the parties and/or transmitted live on TV, radio or online. The duration and frequency of the broadcasts are usually regulated by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
44. Political Environment Political Environment in Election Law Various conditions and components of a political scene in a given country at a given time, together with its actors: members of the government, political parties, the opposition, those who are represented and those who are not, etc. The term is often used [...]...
45. Political Party Political Party in Election Law Organisation of people who share the same opinions, principles and aspirations regarding how society should be managed and who wish to implement these by obtaining power. Concept of Political Party Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the [...]...
46. Political Reform Political Reform in Election Law Set of measures applied to review laws governing the political environment and political action and, by extension, reform the political institutions which are based upon these laws. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
47. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
48. Political Culture Concept of Political Culture Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media...
49. Political Ideology Concept of Political Ideology Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
50. Political Participation Concept of Political Participation Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying Resources See Also Electoral System Electoral College Voting...
51. Political Powers Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Powers of Congress may be found, under the Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
52. Political Socialization Concept of Political Socialization Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media...
53. Political Markets Literature Review on (Contracting) Political Markets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Rizalino B. Cruz offers the following summary about the topic of (Contracting) Political Markets: This entry provides an overview of political markets as a framework for [...]...
54. Political Expenditures Citizens United v Federal Election Commission Case (US) In relation to the citizens united v federal election commission case (United States) and constitutional law, Robert A Sedler[1] made the following observation: In Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (558 US 310, 2010), the [...]...
55. Political Movements Related Fields Related topics include: Political Movement Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Movement Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Grassroots Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Socialism Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
56. Political Systems Related Fields Related topics include: Political System Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Politics Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Government Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Political System Politics Government...
57. Political Question Act of State and Political Question Doctrines In relation to the international law practice and act of state and political question doctrines in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Foreign Relations About this subject:Bernstein v. Kerry Note: there is [...]...
58. Political Independence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political independence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political independence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
59. Political Offence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political offence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political offence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
60. Political Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered [...]...
61. Political Committee Political Committee and Europe There is an entry on political committee in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political Committee" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach [...]...
62. Political Law Finalité(s) Politique(s) and Europe There is an entry on finalité(s) politique(s) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Finalité(s) Politique(s)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", [...]...
63. Political Groups Political Groups and Europe There is an entry on political groups in the European legal encyclopedia. Political groups and the European Union Resources See Also Transnational parties European political parties Party groups Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political [...]...
64. Political Assessment Description of Political Assessment In this reference work, political assessment is a sort of the Legal History category. Resources See Also Legal History...
65. Political Geography Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to political geography in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
66. Political Cooperation Meaning of European Political Co-operation (EPC) Here is a very short concept of european political co-operation (epc) in the European Union framework: The predecessor to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, EPC never progressed beyond rhetoric. Resources Notas y References See Also...
67. Political Philosophy Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Shareholder Wealth Maximization As Means To An End, Robert P. Bartlett, Iii, Aug 2016 The Death Penalty In Traditional China, Chin Kim, Theodore R. Leblang, Jul 2016 The Cultural Limits Of Legal Tolerance, Benjamin Berger, [...]...
68. Political Doctrine Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
69. Political Power Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
70. Political System Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
71. Political Development Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
72. Political Integration Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
73. Political Conflict Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
74. Political Education Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
75. Political Aspect Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
76. Political Leadership Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
77. Political Opposition Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
78. Political Scientist Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
79. Political Behaviour Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
80. Political Movement Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
81. Political Problem Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
82. Political Parties Future Political Parties: The Future of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties FutureThough most pronounced in the United States, the decline of traditional parties is an international phenomenon. Some analysts believe political parties will one day cease to exist, and that t......
83. Political Parties History Political Parties: History of Political Parties: Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Parties HistoryThe origins of political parties are closely associated with the development of the modern state and representative democracy in Western Europe and the United States. Pa......
84. Political Science Challenges Political Science: Recent Trends Challenges to the DisciplineIntroduction to Political Science ChallengesMarxists challenged conventional political science through most of the 20th century, charging that the discipline overlooked oppressive political relationships in the capitalist......
85. Political Science Fields Political Science: Fields in Political Science:Introduction to Political Science FieldsPolitical science is organized into several fields, each representing a major subject area of teaching and research in colleges and universities. These fields include comparative politics, Americ......
86. Political Science History Political Science: History of the Discipline Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Science HistoryThe systematic study of politics dates to ancient times. The oldest legal and administrative code that survives in its entirety is the Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a pill......
87. Political and Security Committee Political and Security Committee (PSC) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Political and Security Committee (PSC) provided by the European Union Commission: Replacing the Political Committee, the Political and Security Committee (PSC) follows international developments in the [...]...
88. Political Action Committee Concept of Political Action Committee Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Concept of Political Action Committee Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns [...]...
89. Political Rights of Prisoners Suspension of the Political Rights of Prisoners In relation to the suspension of the political rights of prisoners and constitutional law, Pablo Marshall[1] made the following observation: The suspension of political rights refers to the temporary loss of rights to political participation [...]...
90. Political Or Peacebuilding Missions Political or Peacebuilding Missions Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political or peacebuilding missions explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political or peacebuilding missions" in [...]...
91. Portfolio Investment A minority interest in a foreign venture from which income is derived in the form of dividends; normally such an interest does not convey any significant control over the management or operations of the foreign firm.......
92. Risk The Legal History of Risk (Gharar) in Islamic LawThis section provides an overview of Risk (Gharar) in Islamic Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Risk (Gharar) in Islamic Law in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal [...]...
93. War Risk War Risk in International Trade Meaning of War Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A peril that is normally excluded by a capture and seizure clause even in all risk clauses or London Institute of Underwriters Clause A. Insurance coverage is usually [...]...
94. Risk Management Summary of Risk Management The application of management techniques to identify, quantify, and respond to threats of loss or damage to a firm's assets. Such threats may arise from random events such as fire, explosion, theft, and acts of nature, or from the conscious efforts of external [...]...
95. Risk Retention Also known as self-insurance, a conscious decision to retain an identified economic risk rather than purchase insurance. This decision is made after comparing the cost of insurance with the likelihood, frequency, and severity of a possible loss. Normally, the money saved by not purchasing insurance ......
96. Accessory Risk Spanish Translation of accessory risk and extended coverageThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to accessory risk or extended coverage and / or a definition of this topic: Riesgo Accesorio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
97. Decrease of Risk Spanish Translation of decrease of riskThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to decrease of risk and / or a definition of this topic: Reducción del Riesgo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
98. Credit Risk Contents Credit Risk Credit Risk and Collateralization Credit risk is the danger that a firm will not receive an amount ... Read more...
99. Country Risk Country Risk in International Trade Meaning of Country Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of non-payment caused by such buyer-country related problems as political instability, war, arbitrary government action and exchange [...]...
100. Exchange Risk Exchange Risk in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of receiving less or paying more money because a receivable or a payable is denominated in a foreign currency. Countries with shortages of [...]...
101. Market Risk Market Risk in International Trade Meaning of Market Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility that results at the time a product is delivered may differ from expectations held at a time it was ordered. For instance, the market price may have [...]...
102. Sovereign Risk Sovereign Risk in International Trade Meaning of Sovereign Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The risk to a lendor that the government of a sovereign state may default on its financial obligations....
103. War Risk Insurance War Risk Insurance in International Trade Meaning of War Risk Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance coverage against war risks as outlined in detail in some dozen rather than specific paragraphs of an insurance policy. The policy [...]...
104. Risk Assessment Fuzzy Logic Approach in Risk Assessment, the Law and other Social Sciences Risk is the likelihood of occurrence of any event that may obstruct the ability of organizations to achieve their strategic, financial and operational goals. It is of profound importance for the business management to [...]...
105. Assumption of the Risk Description of Assumption of the Risk In this reference work, assumption of the risk is a sort of the Torts category. Resources See Also Negligence Torts...
106. At-risk Rules Description of At-risk Rules Resources See Also Internal Revenue...
107. Attachment of Risk Description of Attachment of Risk Resources See Also Sales...
108. Obvious Risk Resources See Also Assumption of risk...
109. Assumed Risk Resources See Also Assumption of risk...
110. At-risk Amount Resources See Also At-risk rules...
111. Assigned Risk Resources See Also Financial responsibility acts...
112. Assumption of Risk Resources See Also Volenti non fit injuria...
113. Coface Country Risk Coface Country Risk in International Trade Meaning of Coface Country Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Country risk classification provided by the French company COFACE (Compagnie Française d'Assurance pour le Commerce Extérieur), [...]...
114. Credit Risk Insurance Credit Risk Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Credit Risk Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Insurance designed to cover risks of nonpayment for delivered goods....
115. Terrorism Risk Insurance Attachment Under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act: Martinez v Cuba in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On August 26, 2011, the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of Florida granted the [...]...
116. Terrorism Risk Insurance Legislation Attachment Under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act: Martinez v. Cuba In relation to the international law practice and Attachment Under the Terrorism Risk Insurance Act: Martinez v. Cuba in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Privileges, Immunities About this [...]...
117. War Risk Insurance Premium Claims Embracing mainstream international law, this section on war risk insurance premium claims explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "war risk insurance premium claims" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
118. Secondary Assumption of Risk Description of Secondary Assumption of Risk Resources See Also Contributory Negligence Under Negligence Negligence...
119. Actual-risk Test Description of Actual-risk Test Resources See Also Workers Compensation...
120. Political Obligation Contents Political Obligation In relation to Legal Authority and Obligation, see also the entries about Legal Authority (here), Obligations in ... Read more...