Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Intemperance Intemperance Intemperance in 1889 The following information about Intemperance is from the Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the ... Read more...
2. Covenant Introduction to Covenant Covenant menas, in law, a promise, usually under seal, that a certain act shall be performed or shall not be performed, or a solemn declaration under seal that certain facts are true. Covenants are used most often in deeds. An express covenant is an express declaration [...]...
3. International human rights law Part 49 Contents International human rights law Part 49617LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW618LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW619LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW620LAW JOURNAL ... Read more...
4. Human rights : a reference handbook Human rights : a reference handbook Nina Redman and Lucille Whalen ContentsTable of contents of this bookConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ... Read more...
5. Human Rights Committee Part 7 Contents Human Rights Committee Part 778LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW79LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW80LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW81LAW JOURNAL / ... Read more...
6. List of International Human Rights Treaties ContentsList of International Human Rights TreatiesResourcesSee Also List of International Human Rights Treaties There are nine core international human rights ... Read more...
7. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 1 Contents International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 11LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW2LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW3LAW JOURNAL ... Read more...
8. International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 2 Contents International Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights Part 212LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW13LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW14LAW JOURNAL ... Read more...
9. Dueling Dueling Dueling in 1889 The following information about Dueling is from the Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the ... Read more...
10. Civil Liberties The Legal History of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in United States Law This section provides an overview of Civil Rights and Civil Liberties in United States Law Embracing mainstream international law, this section on civil liberties explores the context, history and effect of the area of [...]...
11. Human Rights Committee Part 5 Contents Human Rights Committee Part 542LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW43LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW44LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW45LAW JOURNAL / ... Read more...
12. European Company European Company and Europe There is an entry on european company in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Company" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile [...]...
13. Congress Congress in 1889 The following information about Congress is from the Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy, and the Political History of the United States by the Best American and European Writers. Attention should be here called to the congress of Berlin, held July 13, 1878. [...]...
14. Human Rights Committee Part 1 Contents Human Rights Committee Part 11LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW2LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW3LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEWConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and ... Read more...
15. Monopoly Profits An excess profit achieved by the monopolist as a result of monopolistic behavior. The effect is to make the marginal cost of production higher than necessary, thereby disrupting the allocation of resources through market forces.......
16. International Bill of Human Rights Definition of International Bill of Human Rights Within the context of international human rights, the following is a brief meaning of international bill of human rights: The combination of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR), the International Covenant on Civil and Political [...]...
17. Military Bounties Military BountiesBounties have been widely used to encourage enlistment in the armed forces. In the U.S., this practice stems from colonial days, when grants of land and money were made in return for military service. After the American Revolution, Congress continued the practice of grantin......
18. Human rights international conventions ContentsHuman rights international conventionsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Human rights international conventions Protocol ... Read more...
19. Usury A rate of interest in excess of that permitted by law. Usury may negate repayment of the excessive interest, or even the principal. In many jurisdictions usury statutes do not apply to corporate borrowings. ......
20. Convention on the Rights of the Child Part 2 Contents Convention on the Rights of the Child Part 221LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW22LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW23LAW JOURNAL / ... Read more...
21. Human Rights Committee Part 6 Contents Human Rights Committee Part 658LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW59LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW60LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW61LAW JOURNAL / ... Read more...
22. Civil Rights And Civil Liberties History Civil Rights and Civil Liberties HistoryThe concept that human beings have inalienable rights and liberties that cannot justly be violated by others or by the state is linked to the history of democracy. It was first expressed by the philosophers of ancient Greece. Socrates, for example, ch......
23. International Security Part 13 Contents International Security Part 13174LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW175LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW176LAW JOURNAL / LAW REVIEW177LAW JOURNAL / LAW ... Read more...
24. Elite Concept of Elite Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy Resources See Also Social Integration Social Exclusion Community integration Social integration Racial integration Social Engagement [...]...
25. Political Development Resources See Also Nation Province Sovereignty Rule of Law Public International Law State Territory...
26. Cyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United States ContentsCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and the Political History of the United StatesCyclopaedia of Political Science, Political Economy and ... Read more...
27. Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political Parties Political Parties: Organization and Structure of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties Organization and Structure of Political PartiesPolitical parties mediate the relationship between citizens and their government. In democracies with competitive party systems, polit......
28. Permanent Secretariat of the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
29. Political Machines ContentsPolitical MachinesPolitical Machines DefinitionHistorical IntroductionMachine OrganizationThe County CommitteeWards and PrecinctsParty LoyalistDecline of the Machine Political Machines Political Machines Definition Political ... Read more...
30. Integration ContentsIntegrationIntegration DefinitionOpportunitiesSee Also Integration Integration Definition Integration may be defined as the incorporation of disparate ethnic or religious elements of ... Read more...
31. Political Risk An economic risk assumed by foreign creditors that political or military conditions in a debtor's country may preclude settlement of the obligation when due.......
32. Political Constitution Political Constitution Constitution, in politics, fundamental system of law, written or unwritten, of a sovereign state, established or accepted as a guide for governing the state. A constitution fixes the limits and defines the relations of the legislative, judicial, and executive powers o......
33. Political Economy International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Introduction to International Political Economy: The Study of International Political Economy Liberalism and Mercantilism Advocates of liberal policies in international economics support [...]...
34. Political Behavior Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political BehaviorIntroduction to Political BehaviorPolitical behavior involves the study of how people involve themselves in political processes and respond to political activity. The field emphasizes the study of voting behavior, wh......
35. Political Campaign Introduction to Political CampaignPolitical Campaign, organized effort by a political party or candidate for public office to attract the support of voters in an election. Political campaigns play an important role in the education and mobilization of citizens in most democracies.In......
36. Political Decentralization Decentralization (government) Political DecentralizationIntroduction to Political DecentralizationGovernment is decentralized in the political sense when the power to determine policies is shared between central and local agencies, and local powers are substantial in both number an......
37. Political Offense Introduction to Political OffensePolitical Offense, in criminal law, act declared by a state to involve a threat to its safety or existence, as treason or sedition, or declared to constitute an interference with the organization and processes of government, as bribery of public officials. S......
38. Political Parties Introduction to Political PartiesPolitical Parties, organizations that mobilize voters on behalf of a common set of interests, concerns, and goals. In many nations, parties play a crucial role in the democratic process. They formulate political and policy agendas, select candidates, conduct......
39. Political Propaganda Propaganda Political PropagandaIntroduction to Political PropagandaPropaganda for distinctly political ends is as old as history. The Bible, for example, relates that the Assyrian king Sennacherib attempted to terrify the Kingdom of Judah into surrendering by the use of threatening......
40. Political Science Introduction to Political Science Political Science, the systematic study of and reflection upon politics. Politics usually describes the processes by which people and institutions exercise and resist power. Political processes are used to formulate policies, influence individuals and [...]...
41. Political Scientists Political Science: What Political Scientists DoIntroduction to Political ScientistsMost professional political scientists work in colleges and universities where they teach, conduct research, and write articles and books related to their specific research interests. Political scien......
42. Political Subdivision Introduction to Political SubdivisionPolitical Subdivision, unit of government designed to carry out public functions within a specific territory." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
43. Political Theory Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Political Theory Introduction to Political Theory Political theory involves the study of philosophical thought about politics from ancient Greece to the present; the interpretation and development of concepts such as freedom, democracy, human [...]...
44. Political Crimes The Legal History of Political CrimesThis section provides an overview of Political Crimes ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Political Crimes in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
45. Political Strike Political strike in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Political strike provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: A process halfway between conciliation and arbitration , in mediation a neutral third party assists the disputing parties in reaching a settlement to an industrial dispute by [...]...
46. Political Party Political Broadcast in Election Law A message recorded by the parties and/or transmitted live on TV, radio or online. The duration and frequency of the broadcasts are usually regulated by law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
47. Political Environment Political Environment in Election Law Various conditions and components of a political scene in a given country at a given time, together with its actors: members of the government, political parties, the opposition, those who are represented and those who are not, etc. The term is often used [...]...
48. Political Party Political Party in Election Law Organisation of people who share the same opinions, principles and aspirations regarding how society should be managed and who wish to implement these by obtaining power. Concept of Political Party Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the [...]...
49. Political Reform Political Reform in Election Law Set of measures applied to review laws governing the political environment and political action and, by extension, reform the political institutions which are based upon these laws. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
50. Political Rights International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (iccpr) in Election Law The ICCPR builds on the right to political participation by further detailing the requirements associated with elections that are a key part of this right. Article 25 of the ICCPR has been referred to as 'the [...]...
51. Political Culture Concept of Political Culture Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media...
52. Political Ideology Concept of Political Ideology Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
53. Political Participation Concept of Political Participation Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying Resources See Also Electoral System Electoral College Voting...
54. Political Powers Powers of Congress in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Powers of Congress may be found, under the Powers of Congress subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the American legal encyclopedia....
55. Political Socialization Concept of Political Socialization Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Ideology Public Opinion Media...
56. Political Markets Literature Review on (Contracting) Political Markets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Rizalino B. Cruz offers the following summary about the topic of (Contracting) Political Markets: This entry provides an overview of political markets as a framework for [...]...
57. Political Expenditures Citizens United v Federal Election Commission Case (US) In relation to the citizens united v federal election commission case (United States) and constitutional law, Robert A Sedler[1] made the following observation: In Citizens United v Federal Election Commission (558 US 310, 2010), the [...]...
58. Political Movements Related Fields Related topics include: Political Movement Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Movement Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Grassroots Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Socialism Find this subject in this World legal [...]...
59. Political Systems Related Fields Related topics include: Political System Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Politics Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Government Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Political System Politics Government...
60. Political Question Act of State and Political Question Doctrines In relation to the international law practice and act of state and political question doctrines in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Foreign Relations About this subject:Bernstein v. Kerry Note: there is [...]...
61. Political Independence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political independence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political independence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
62. Political Offence Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political offence explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political offence" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
63. Political Union Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political union explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered [...]...
64. Political Committee Political Committee and Europe There is an entry on political committee in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political Committee" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach [...]...
65. Political Law Finalité(s) Politique(s) and Europe There is an entry on finalité(s) politique(s) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Finalité(s) Politique(s)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", [...]...
66. Political Groups Political Groups and Europe There is an entry on political groups in the European legal encyclopedia. Political groups and the European Union Resources See Also Transnational parties European political parties Party groups Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Political [...]...
67. Political Assessment Description of Political Assessment In this reference work, political assessment is a sort of the Legal History category. Resources See Also Legal History...
68. Political Geography Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to political geography in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
69. Political Cooperation Meaning of European Political Co-operation (EPC) Here is a very short concept of european political co-operation (epc) in the European Union framework: The predecessor to the Common Foreign and Security Policy, EPC never progressed beyond rhetoric. Resources Notas y References See Also...
70. Political Philosophy Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Shareholder Wealth Maximization As Means To An End, Robert P. Bartlett, Iii, Aug 2016 The Death Penalty In Traditional China, Chin Kim, Theodore R. Leblang, Jul 2016 The Cultural Limits Of Legal Tolerance, Benjamin Berger, [...]...
71. Political Doctrine Resources See Also Political Doctrine Economic Doctrine Fundamental Right Doctrine...
72. Political Power Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
73. Political System Resources See Also Government Government Contract Local Government Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
74. Political Conflict Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
75. Political Education Resources See Also Political Movement Social Movement Grassroots Socialism...
76. Political Aspect Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
77. Political Leadership Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
78. Political Opposition Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
79. Political Scientist Resources See Also Parliamentary Law Political Law Political Constitution Political Science Politics...
80. Political Behaviour Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
81. Political Movement Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
82. Political Problem Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention...
83. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
84. Horizontal Integration Summary of Horizontal Integration Also known as horizontal expansion, the expansion of a firm through the acquisition of additional production capacity in its primary field. For example, a shipping company may expand horizontally by acquiring other vessels on the same trade route.(Main [...]...
85. Vertical Integration Summary of Vertical Integration Also known as vertical expansion, the incorporation into a business or economy of earlier or subsequent stages in the channel of production. For example, a chemical producer may undertake (backward) vertical integration by producing its own petroleum as raw [...]...
86. International Integration Trends in International Political Economy: International IntegrationIntroduction to International IntegrationThe growth of international integration has been equally dramatic, with the most important developments occurring in Europe. The European Union (EU), formed in the 1950s, st......
87. Political Parties Future Political Parties: The Future of Political Parties:Introduction to Political Parties FutureThough most pronounced in the United States, the decline of traditional parties is an international phenomenon. Some analysts believe political parties will one day cease to exist, and that t......
88. Political Parties History Political Parties: History of Political Parties: Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Parties HistoryThe origins of political parties are closely associated with the development of the modern state and representative democracy in Western Europe and the United States. Pa......
89. Political Science Challenges Political Science: Recent Trends Challenges to the DisciplineIntroduction to Political Science ChallengesMarxists challenged conventional political science through most of the 20th century, charging that the discipline overlooked oppressive political relationships in the capitalist......
90. Political Science Fields Political Science: Fields in Political Science:Introduction to Political Science FieldsPolitical science is organized into several fields, each representing a major subject area of teaching and research in colleges and universities. These fields include comparative politics, Americ......
91. Political Science History Political Science: History of the Discipline Origins and DevelopmentIntroduction to Political Science HistoryThe systematic study of politics dates to ancient times. The oldest legal and administrative code that survives in its entirety is the Code of Hammurabi, inscribed on a pill......
92. Political and Security Committee Political and Security Committee (PSC) and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Political and Security Committee (PSC) provided by the European Union Commission: Replacing the Political Committee, the Political and Security Committee (PSC) follows international developments in the [...]...
93. Political Question Doctrine In the United States For information about Political question doctrine in the context of international trade, click here Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and Political Question Doctrines in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and [...]...
94. Political Action Committee Concept of Political Action Committee Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Concept of Political Action Committee Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Voting Campaigns [...]...
95. Social Integration Related Fields Related topics include: Social Integration Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social Exclusion Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Community integration Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Social integration Find this subject in [...]...
96. Political Rights of Prisoners Suspension of the Political Rights of Prisoners In relation to the suspension of the political rights of prisoners and constitutional law, Pablo Marshall[1] made the following observation: The suspension of political rights refers to the temporary loss of rights to political participation [...]...
97. European Integration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european integration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "european integration" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
98. Political Or Peacebuilding Missions Political or Peacebuilding Missions Embracing mainstream international law, this section on political or peacebuilding missions explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "political or peacebuilding missions" in [...]...
99. Integration Theory Integration Theory and Europe There is an entry on integration theory in the European legal encyclopedia. Integration theory and the European Union Resources See Also Functionalism' Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Integration Theory" in the work "A Concise [...]...
100. Regional Integration Regional Integration and Preferential Trade This section provides an overview of regional integration and preferential trade within the legal context of Most-Favoured Nation Treatment (MFN) in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services [...]...
101. Differentiated Integration Differentiated integration and the European Union Resources See Also Variable geometry...
102. Industrial Integration Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
103. SOCIAL INTEGRATION SOCIAL INTEGRATION Referring primarily to how the parts of a society operate as a whole, the notion of integration has ... Read more...
104. Latin American Integration Association Latin American Integration Association Outline LAFTA was a regional organization between the Latin American countries. It was established pursuant to the Montevideo Treaty in 1960. Its members included Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela and [...]...
105. Latin American Integration Association Introduction to Latin American Integration Association (LAIA)Latin American Integration Association (LAIA), organization aimed at promoting harmonious and balanced economic development in Latin America with the goal of establishing a common market. The organization is officially known in Sp......
106. Central American Bank for Economic Integration Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
107. Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History ContentsThe Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political HistoryBibliographic DetailsPrinceton Encyclopedia of American Political History ReviewReview From BooklistSee Also The Princeton Encyclopedia ... Read more...
108. Political Obligation ContentsPolitical ObligationPapers and BooksResourcesSee Also Political Obligation In relation to Legal Authority and Obligation, see also the entries about Legal ... Read more...
109. Political History ContentsPolitical HistoryIntroductionBIBLIOGRAPHYResourcesNotes Political History Introduction From the beginning of recorded history, one aspect of the political world that has become ... Read more...
110. Political Pluralism ContentsPolitical PluralismPluralism in PoliticsTOWARD CORPORATISM?PluralismResourcesNotesSee Also Political Pluralism Pluralism in Politics On the basis of some decades of experience, one ... Read more...
111. Political Corruption ContentsPolitical CorruptionDefinitionResourcesNotesNotesSee AlsoFurther Reading Political Corruption Definition Passas [1] wrote that political corruption comprises “public officials acting in the best ... Read more...
112. Political Affairs Political Affairs The Department of Political Affairs (DPA) of the UN DPA is engaged in various types of rule of ... Read more...
113. Ban on Political Parties In relation to the ban on political parties and constitutional law, Justin O Frosini and Sara Pennicino[1] made the following observation: A 'ban of political parties' is one of the ways constitutions have regulated political parties after the Second World War. In these cases, the [...]...
114. Convention on the Political Rights of Women   Article I Women shall be entitled to vote in all elections on equal terms with men without any discrimination. Article II Women shall be eligible for election to all publicly elected bodies, established by national law, on equal terms with men, without any discrimination. Article III [...]...
115. Worldwide Political Science Abstracts Worldwide Political Science Abstracts. Index details: Ann Arbor, MI: ProQuest, 1975-. Monthly. Coverage: 1975 to present Provides over 436,000 citations ... Read more...
116. International Political Economy Introduction to International Political EconomyInternational Political Economy, field of study that deals with the interaction of politics and economics among the world's nations. The most important of these interactions concerns foreign trade. Students of international political econom......
117. Global Political Economy Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political EconomyThe study of international political economy developed rapidly as an academic discipline in the 1980s and 1990s. Scholars in this subject area generally adopt the theoretical perspectives of either ......
118. International Political Economy Theories Introduction to International Political Economy The Study of International Political Economy MarxismThe ideas of 19th-century German philosopher Karl Marx offer a third political approach toward understanding economic behavior and policies. Marxism focuses on the inequality of relationship......
119. International Political Economy Issues Introduction to International Political Economy Future DirectionsSince the end of the Cold War, liberalism has generally prevailed over mercantilism and Marxism in academic and policy debates regarding the international political economy. The global expansion in international trade, busines......
120. International Political Economy Trends Trends in International Political EconomyIntroduction to International Political Economy TrendsSince the end of World War II, the pace of international economic transactions has risen steadily. At the same time, different regions of the world have experienced dramatically uneven pa......