Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Transfer of Population Hierarchical Display of Transfer of population Social Questions > Migration > Migration > Forced migration Transfer of population Concept of Transfer of population See the dictionary definition of Transfer of population. Characteristics of Transfer of population [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] [...]...
2. Halogen Hierarchical Display of Halogen Industry > Chemistry > Chemical element Concept of Halogen See the dictionary definition of Halogen. Characteristics of Halogen [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Halogen Spanish: Halógeno French: Halogène German: Halogen Italian: Alogeno [...]...
3. Counterfeiting Introduction to Counterfeiting Counterfeiting, criminal offense of making an imitation of an article with intent to defraud others into accepting it as the genuine item. The term counterfeit is used most frequently to denote imitations of coined money or of the paper currency of a government [...]...
4. Euro Embracing mainstream international law, this section on euro explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Euro and Europe There is an entry on euro in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Euro" in the work [...]...
5. Dfc Currency Basket Scheme A mechanism of the World Bank and related agencies whereby loans to development finance companies (DFCs) would be made in a basket of currencies so as to mitigate the effects of exchange rate fluctuations. From 1980, the World Bank has made certain development loans in a mixture of U.S. dollars (usu......
6. Sulphur Hierarchical Display of Sulphur Energy > Coal and mining industries > Mining product > Non-metallic oreIndustry > Chemistry > Chemical element Concept of Sulphur See the dictionary definition of Sulphur. Characteristics of Sulphur [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Sulphur [...]...
7. Mediterranean Third Countries Hierarchical Display of Mediterranean third countries Geography > Economic geographyInternational Relations > Cooperation policy > Cooperation policy > Third countryEconomics > Regions and regional policy > European Region > Mediterranean region (EU)International Relations > [...]...
8. Preliminary Issue Hierarchical Display of Preliminary issue Law > Justice > Judicial proceedings > Special procedureLaw > Justice > Legal action > Appeal to the Court (EU) > Preliminary ruling procedure Preliminary issue Concept of Preliminary issue See the dictionary definition of Preliminary issue. [...]...
9. Traditional Fishing Hierarchical Display of Traditional fishing Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Fisheries > Fishing industryProduction, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations > Technology > Choice of technology > Traditional technology Traditional fishing Concept of Traditional [...]...
10. Reserve Currency Summary of Reserve Currency The currency of a major trading national, widely accepted in international transactions and regarded as stable, that is held by the central banks or monetary authorities of other nations as a form of collateral for their own currency. The use of reserve [...]...
11. Housing Allocation Hierarchical Display of Housing allocation Social Questions > Construction and town planning > Housing policy Housing allocation Concept of Housing allocation See the dictionary definition of Housing allocation. Characteristics of Housing allocation [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources [...]...
12. Photographic Industry Hierarchical Display of Photographic industry Industry > Miscellaneous industries > Miscellaneous industriesEducation And Communications > Information and information processing > Information > ReprographyIndustry > Mechanical engineering > Precision engineering > Optical [...]...
13. Economic and Monetary Union Economic and Monetary Union and the European Union Resources See Also EMU...
14. European Currency Unit (ECU) European Currency Unit (ECU) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of European Currency Unit (ECU): A unit of value based on a "currency basket" comprising specific amounts of the [...]...
15. International Currency Trends in International Political Economy: International CurrencyIntroduction to International CurrencyExplosive growth in the exchange of foreign currencies in international markets has also transformed the global political economy (see foreign exchange). Advanced telecommunicatio......
16. Facsimile Hierarchical Display of Facsimile Education And Communications > Communications > Communications systems > TelecommunicationsEducation And Communications > Documentation > DocumentEducation And Communications > Information and information processing > Information > Reprography Concept [...]...
17. Excess Foreign Currencies Foreign currency, derived from the sale of U.S. agricultural commodities under P.L. 480, in excess of current U.S. requirements. Periodically, the U.S. Treasury reviews the foreign currency position of the U.S. government. Upon finding that holdings of any given currency exceed requirements for that......
18. National Election Hierarchical Display of National election Politics > Electoral procedure and voting > Election National election Concept of National election See the dictionary definition of National election. Characteristics of National election [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of National [...]...
19. European System of Central Banks European System of Central Banks and the European Union Resources See Also ESCB...
20. Animal Plague Hierarchical Display of Animal plague Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural activity > Animal health > Animal disease Animal plague Concept of Animal plague See the dictionary definition of Animal plague. Characteristics of Animal plague [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources [...]...
21. Currency Area Optimum Currency Area and Europe There is an entry on optimum currency area in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Optimum Currency Area" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
22. WFC Concept of WFC See the dictionary definition of WFC. Characteristics of WFC [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of WFC Spanish: CMA French: CMA German: WFC Italian: WFC Portuguese: CMA Polish: WFC Thesaurus of WFC See also ACP countries Niger Benin Dominica Surinam Equatorial [...]...
23. Currencies SDRs and International Trade Economy Green Currencies and Europe There is an entry on green currencies in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Green Currencies" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
24. Equilibrium Relative Price Of Currencies Synonymous with rate of exchange, i.e., the price, in terms of one national currency, at which another currency can be purchased under market conditions.......
25. Foreign Currency Foreign Currency in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The currency of any foreign country which is authorized medium of circulation and the basis for record keeping in that country. Foreign currency is [...]...
26. Par Value The nominal value assigned to a currency by its issuing authority. Normally, this value is expressed as a quantity of gold, or another currency convertible into gold. When the market value of a currency, expressed in terms of other convertible currencies, deviates significantly from its par [...]...
27. UN Trusteeship Council Hierarchical Display of UN Trusteeship Council International Organisations > United Nations > UNO Concept of UN Trusteeship Council See the dictionary definition of UN Trusteeship Council. Characteristics of UN Trusteeship Council [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of UN [...]...
28. Rights of Minorities Hierarchical Display of Rights of minorities Law > Rights and freedoms > Anti-discriminatory measure > Protection of minoritiesEuropean Union > EU institutions and European civil service > EU office or agency > European Union Agency for Fundamental RightsPolitics > Political framework [...]...
29. Eurobond Summary of Eurobond A bond or similar debt instrument issued by a government or a firm, denominated in the currency of the country of issue and paying interest in that currency but sold abroad.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Eurobond and Europe There is an entry on eurobond in [...]...
30. Beer Hierarchical Display of Beer Agri-Foodstuffs > Beverages and sugar > Beverage > Alcoholic beverage Concept of Beer See the dictionary definition of Beer. Characteristics of Beer [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Beer Spanish: Cerveza French: Bière German: Bier Italian: Birra [...]...
31. EAEC Hierarchical Display of EAEC European Union > European construction > European CommunitiesEuropean Union > European Union law > European treaties > EAEC TreatyEuropean Union > EU finance > EU financing > EU financial instrument > Community loan > Euratom loan Concept of EAEC See the [...]...
32. Euro-Sdr Synthetic special drawing rights (read this and related legal terms for further details), created for use in commercial transactions. Official SDRs are international reserve assets created by the International Monetary F......
33. Eurodollar Eurodollar and Europe There is an entry on eurodollar in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Eurodollar" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)...
34. Monetary Agreement Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to monetary agreement in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
35. Artificial Currency Unit An international standard of value created by a multilateral agreement. An artificial currency unit (ACU) is not a currency in the conventional sense in that it cannot be used to settle private transactions. An ACU is given a value in terms of a basket of various national currencies in fixed or vari......
36. Monetary Policy Monetary Policy (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Monetary Policy means: the complex of actions aiming to regulate the money supply in a country. By changing banking interest rate, or acting on open securities' market, a government either enlarges or diminishes inflow of [...]...
37. Gold Standard Summary of Gold Standard A system under which a nation's currency is freely convertible into gold. The quantity of gold per unit of currency is fixed by law. Most major trading nations, however, abandoned the gold standard because of the constraints it imposes upon liquidity, although [...]...
38. Bretton Woods Agreement The product of an international conference on monetary and economic affairs held at the end of World War II, from which resulted the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank; the term is used most commonly in reference to a program for world monetary affairs that emerged from the conference an......
39. Irradiated Fuel Hierarchical Display of Irradiated fuel Energy > Electrical and nuclear industries > Nuclear energy > Nuclear fuel Irradiated fuel Concept of Irradiated fuel See the dictionary definition of Irradiated fuel. Characteristics of Irradiated fuel [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of [...]...
40. Petrodollar Dollars remitted to oil-producing countries in settlement of petroleum purchase accounts. As a practical matter, purchases of petroleum from members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries are usually settled in U.S. dollars because of the immense volumes of currency required for these ......
41. Key Currency The currency of a major trading nation widely accepted in settlement of international accounts. At present, eight currencies are regarded as key currencies and are known as the Big Eight ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal [...]...
42. Central Rate Each currency affiliated with the EUROPEAN monetary system (read this and related legal terms for further details) is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The central rate is the range within wh......
43. Vice-President of the EP Hierarchical Display of Vice-President of the EP European Union > EU institutions and European civil service > EU institution > European Parliament > Bureau of the EPPolitics > Parliament > Composition of parliament > Bureau of parliament > Deputy Speaker of Parliament Concept of [...]...
44. Regions of Portugal Hierarchical Display of Regions of Portugal European Union > European construction > EU relations > European Union > European construction > EU relations > EU Member State > Portugal Concept of Regions of Portugal See the dictionary definition of Regions of Portugal. Characteristics of [...]...
45. Directly-elected Chamber Hierarchical Display of Directly-elected chamber Politics > Parliament > Composition of parliament > Parliamentary chamber > Bicameral systemPolitics > Parliament > Composition of parliament > Electoral system > Universal suffrage Directly-elected chamber Concept of Directly-elected [...]...
46. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
47. Special Drawing Rights Summary of Special Drawing Rights An artificial currency unit created by the international monetary Fund (read this and related legal terms for further details), or IMF, to argument international reserves. The expansion of world trade following World War II necessitated an expansion in [...]...
48. Trace Element Hierarchical Display of Trace element Agri-Foodstuffs > Food technology > Food additiveIndustry > Iron, steel and other metal industries > MetalsIndustry > Chemistry > Chemical elementAgri-Foodstuffs > Foodstuff > Processed food product > Food supplement Trace element Concept of [...]...
49. ECU Ecu Summary of Ecu The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) ECU and International Trade Economy ECU (European Currency Unit) and Europe There is an entry on ecu (european currency unit) in the European legal encyclopedia. ECU and the [...]...
50. Safety Standard Hierarchical Display of Safety standard Production, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations > Technical regulations > Standardisation > StandardTrade > Consumption > Consumer > Consumer protection > Product safetyIndustry > Chemistry > Special chemicals > [...]...
51. Recycled Product Hierarchical Display of Recycled product Industry > Industrial structures and policy > Industrial production > Industrial productProduction, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations > Technology > Recycling technology Recycled product Concept of Recycled product See [...]...
52. Numeraire System A multinational currency stabilization arrangement wherein participating national currencies are assigned a central rate, or value, in terms of a given unit of account; this rate is based upon a basket of all the participating currencies, weighted according to defined criteria. A margin would be fix......
53. EU Loan Hierarchical Display of EU loan European Union > EU finance > EU financing > EU financial instrumentEconomics > Economic policy > Economic support > EU aidFinance > Monetary relations > European Monetary System EU loan Concept of EU loan See the dictionary definition of EU loan. [...]...
54. Company Member Hierarchical Display of Company member Business And Competition > Business organisation > Company structureBusiness And Competition > Legal form of organisations > Organisation > Firm governed by commercial law > Partnership Company member Concept of Company member See the dictionary [...]...
55. Type of Business Hierarchical Display of Type of business Business And Competition > Business classificationIndustry > Industrial structures and policy > Industrial structuresBusiness And Competition > Business organisation > Company structureEconomics > Economic analysis > Economic analysis > [...]...
56. Price of Farm Land Hierarchical Display of Price of farm land Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Farming systems > Agricultural real estateAgriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Cultivation of agricultural land > Land useLaw > Civil law > Ownership > Land and buildingsSocial Questions > [...]...
57. International Liquidity Resources See Also Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
58. Preferential Agreement Hierarchical Display of Preferential agreement Trade > Trade policy > Common commercial policyTrade > Tariff policy > Tariff policy > Tariff preference Preferential agreement Concept of Preferential agreement See the dictionary definition of Preferential agreement. Characteristics of [...]...
59. EP Committee Hierarchical Display of EP Committee European Union > EU institutions and European civil service > EU institution > European ParliamentPolitics > Parliament > Composition of parliament > Parliamentary committee Concept of EP Committee See the dictionary definition of EP Committee. [...]...
60. European Monetary System Summary of European Monetary System A mechanism established by the European Communities to mitigate exchange rate fluctuations among the members and establish a zone of "monetary stability in Europe."The EMS is, in part, a fulfillment of the 1970 Werner Report (read this and [...]...
61. Monetary Relations Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to monetary relations in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
62. Economic Relations Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to economic relations in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
63. Rural Habitat Hierarchical Display of Rural habitat Social Questions > Construction and town planning > HabitatEconomics > Regions and regional policy > Economic region > Rural regionSocial Questions > Demography and population > Geographical distribution of the population > Rural [...]...
64. Monetary Union Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
65. Paper Money Hierarchical Display of Paper money Finance > Monetary economics > Money market > MoneyTransport > Organisation of transport > Organisation of transport > Cash-in-transit Paper money Concept of Paper money See the dictionary definition of Paper money. Characteristics of Paper money [rtbs [...]...
66. Performing Arts Hierarchical Display of Performing arts Social Questions > Culture and religion > Arts Performing arts Concept of Performing arts See the dictionary definition of Performing arts. Characteristics of Performing arts [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Performing arts Spanish: [...]...
67. Independence of the Disabled Hierarchical Display of Independence of the disabled Social Questions > Social affairs > Social policy > Disabled person Independence of the disabled Concept of Independence of the disabled See the dictionary definition of Independence of the disabled. Characteristics of Independence of [...]...
68. Convertibility Summary of Convertibility The ability of a currency to be exchanged for other currencies in settlement of current account transactions. Currencies are convertible in varying degrees, although the ability of nonresidents freely to purchase and sell a given currency, without governmental [...]...
69. European Monetary Cooperation Fund The successor to the European payments Union (read this and related legal terms for further details), the EMCF was established by the European Monetary Agreement of 1958 as a vehicle to enhance monetary cooperation among......
70. Judicial Cooperation in Civil Matters in the EU Hierarchical Display of Judicial cooperation in civil matters in the EU European Union > European construction > EU relations > European Union > Area of freedom, security and justiceEuropean Union > European construction > EU relations > Deepening of the European Union > EU activity > EU [...]...
71. Eurco A commercial version of the European Currency Unit (read this and related legal terms for further details). In order to stimulate interest in the European currency unit (ECU), in 1973 the European Investment Bank introdu......
72. Product Quality Hierarchical Display of Product quality Trade > Consumption > Consumer > Consumer protectionTrade > Marketing > Marketing > Designation of originLaw > Civil law > Civil law > Liability > Producer's liabilityBusiness And Competition > Business organisation > Business policy > [...]...
73. Bureau of Parliament Hierarchical Display of Bureau of parliament Politics > Parliament > Composition of parliamentEuropean Union > EU institutions and European civil service > EU institution > European Parliament > Bureau of the EP Bureau of parliament Concept of Bureau of parliament See the dictionary [...]...
74. Services Company Hierarchical Display of Services company Business And Competition > Business classification > Branch of activityIndustry > Miscellaneous industries > Miscellaneous industries > Service industryEconomics > Economic structure > Economic sector > Tertiary sectorTrade > Consumption > [...]...
75. Revaluation Revaluation in International Trade Meaning of Revaluation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The increase of the value (restoration) of a nation's currency (that had once been devalued) in terms of the currency of another nation....
76. Agricultural Region Hierarchical Display of Agricultural region Economics > Regions and regional policy > Economic region > Rural regionAgriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural policy > Agricultural policy > Regional farm policy > Less-favoured agricultural areaAgriculture, Forestry And [...]...
77. National Currency National Currency in the E-Commerce Law Fiat Currency (a.k.a. “real currency,” “real money,” or “national currency”), is the coin and paper money of a country that is designated as its legal tender; circulates; and is customarily used and accepted as a medium of exchange in the issuing [...]...
78. Eurocurrency Summary of Eurocurrency Funds held on deposit outside their country of issue, e.g., Italian lira on deposit in Great Britain.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Eurocurrency and Europe There is an entry on eurocurrency in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further [...]...
79. Convergence Criteria Convergence Criteria and Europe There is an entry on convergence criteria in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Convergence Criteria" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney [...]...
80. New Educational Methods Hierarchical Display of New educational methods Education And Communications > Education > Teaching methodEducation And Communications > Teaching > Level of education > Higher education > University > Open university New educational methods Concept of New educational methods See the [...]...
81. European Payments Union Summary of European Payments Union An intra-European mechanism for the periodic settlement of trade balances. The EPU was established July 1, 1950, among the members of the Organization for European Economic Cooperation (read this and related legal terms for further details) (OEEC) to [...]...
82. Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
83. Teaching Method Hierarchical Display of Teaching method Education And Communications > Teaching > Level of education > Employment And Working Conditions > Employment > Vocational training > Continuing vocational training > Learning technique Teaching method Concept of Teaching method See the dictionary [...]...
84. Cultivation under Plastic Hierarchical Display of Cultivation under plastic Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Cultivation of agricultural land > Cultivation systemAgriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural activity > Crop production > Market gardening Cultivation under plastic Concept of Cultivation [...]...
85. Devaluation Summary of Devaluation The official reduction of the value of a nation's money in relation to a standard (usually gold), special drawing rights, or the U.S. dollar. Inasmuch as all currencies are ultimately valued in terms of some standard, devaluation results in the conscious increase [...]...
86. Honey Hierarchical Display of Honey Agri-Foodstuffs > Animal product > Animal productAgriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Agricultural activity > Livestock farming > Apiculture Concept of Honey See the dictionary definition of Honey. Characteristics of Honey [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources [...]...
87. Borrowing Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
88. EC Conformity Marking Hierarchical Display of EC conformity marking Production, Technology And Research > Technology and technical regulations > Technical regulations > Standardisation EC conformity marking Concept of EC conformity marking See the dictionary definition of EC conformity marking. Characteristics [...]...
89. Groat Hierarchical Display of Groat Agri-Foodstuffs > Foodstuff > Processed food product > Cereal product Concept of Groat See the dictionary definition of Groat. Characteristics of Groat [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Groat Spanish: Grañón French: Gruau German: Grobgrieß [...]...
90. Phosphorus Hierarchical Display of Phosphorus Industry > Chemistry > Chemical element Concept of Phosphorus See the dictionary definition of Phosphorus. Characteristics of Phosphorus [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Phosphorus Spanish: Fósforo French: Phosphore German: Phosphor [...]...
91. Closed Virtual Currency Contents Closed Virtual Currency Closed Virtual Currency in the E-Commerce Law Non-convertible (or closed) virtual currency is specific toa particular ... Read more...
92. Preliminary Ruling Procedure Hierarchical Display of Preliminary ruling procedure Law > Justice > Legal action > Appeal to the Court (EU) Preliminary ruling procedure Concept of Preliminary ruling procedure See the dictionary definition of Preliminary ruling procedure. Characteristics of Preliminary ruling procedure [...]...
93. Balance of Payments Deficit Concept of Balance of Payments Deficit An introductory definition of Balance of Payments Deficit is provided here: a state spends more than it receives from other countries Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
94. Per Capita Consumption Hierarchical Display of Per capita consumption Trade > Consumption > Consumption Per capita consumption Concept of Per capita consumption See the dictionary definition of Per capita consumption. Characteristics of Per capita consumption [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of Per [...]...
95. Arusha Convention Hierarchical Display of Arusha Convention European Union > European construction > EU relations > Agreement (EU) > Association agreement (EU) > ACP-EU ConventionEuropean Union > European construction > EU relations > Agreement (EU) > Tariff policy > Free-trade area Concept of Arusha [...]...
96. European Currency Unit Summary of European Currency Unit The European Monetary System is considered here.(Main Author: William J. Miller) European Currency Unit and the European Union Resources See Also ECU...
97. Medium-sized Holding Hierarchical Display of Medium-sized holding Agriculture, Forestry And Fisheries > Farming systems > Agricultural holding > Area of holding Medium-sized holding Concept of Medium-sized holding See the dictionary definition of Medium-sized holding. Characteristics of Medium-sized holding [...]...
98. INTERNATIONAL MONETARY SYSTEM Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance International Public Finance...
99. Convertible Currency Convertible Currency in International Trade Meaning of Convertible Currency, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A currency of a nation that may be exchanged for that of another nation without restrictions. Countries with convertible currencies typically [...]...
100. Space Vehicle Hierarchical Display of Space vehicle Transport > Air and space transport > Space transportProduction, Technology And Research > Research and intellectual property > Space policy > Space research > Space station Space vehicle Concept of Space vehicle See the dictionary definition of Space [...]...
101. Open Method of Coordination Hierarchical Display of Open method of coordination European Union > European Union law > EU legal systemSocial Questions > Social affairs > Social policy > European social policyLaw > Sources and branches of the law > Source of law > Self-regulation Open method of coordination Concept [...]...
102. Soft Currency A national currency that, because of exchange controls, is not freely convertible into gold or other currencies. Such controls are usually manifest in officially set rates of exchange that do not reflect the price of the soft currency, were it permitted to trade freely.......
103. Distribution of Wealth Hierarchical Display of Distribution of wealth Economics > National accounts > Income > Distribution of income Distribution of wealth Concept of Distribution of wealth See the dictionary definition of Distribution of wealth. Characteristics of Distribution of wealth [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] [...]...
104. Disaster Area Hierarchical Display of Disaster area Environment > Deterioration of the environment > Degradation of the environmentFinance > Insurance > Insurance > Insurance contract > Insurance claimEuropean Union > EU finance > EU financing > EU financial instrument > Fund (EU) > European Union [...]...
105. Migration Control Hierarchical Display of Migration control Social Questions > Migration > Migration > Migration policyLaw > International law > Private international law > Rights of aliens > Admission of aliens Migration control Concept of Migration control See the dictionary definition of Migration [...]...
106. Incompatibility Hierarchical Display of Incompatibility European Union > European construction > EU relations > Member of Parliament Concept of Incompatibility See the dictionary definition of Incompatibility. Characteristics of Incompatibility [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources Translation of [...]...
107. Dirty Float Also known as managed float, the process whereby national monetary authorities intercede in the foreign exchange markets to prevent significant fluctuations in the values of their own or other currencies. The process is accomplished by selling reserves of currencies rising in value, or the [...]...
108. Deflation Summary of Deflation A decline in the general level of prices, attributable to excessive savings or other factors that have reduced consumption relative to the supply of goods available. Very often, deflation is reflected during the decline phase of the business cycle. There has been no [...]...
109. Approval of Tariffs Hierarchical Display of Approval of tariffs Transport > Transport policy > Transport price > Transportation tariff Approval of tariffs Concept of Approval of tariffs See the dictionary definition of Approval of tariffs. Characteristics of Approval of tariffs [rtbs name="xxx-xxx"] Resources [...]...
110. European Integration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on european integration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "european integration" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
111. Economic Integration Summary of Economic Integration The process of unifying two or more national economies through conscious coordination of trade, fiscal, and monetary activities. Economic integration is normally preceded by the reduction or abolition of tariffs, quotas, and similar constraints upon trade [...]...
112. Exchange Rate Mechanism Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and Europe There is an entry on exchange rate mechanism (erm) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
113. Divergence Threshold Within the euro Pean Monetary System (read this and related legal terms for further details), each participating currency is assigned a value in terms of the European currency unit (ECU). The participating currency is pe......
114. Euro-X Euro-x and Europe There is an entry on euro-x in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Euro-x" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)...
115. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
116. Yuzhen Tsentralen (Bulgaria) Hierarchical Display of Yuzhen tsentralen (Bulgaria) Geography > Regions of EU Member States > Regions of Bulgaria Yuzhen tsentralen (Bulgaria) Concept of Yuzhen tsentralen (Bulgaria) See the dictionary definition of Yuzhen tsentralen (Bulgaria). Characteristics of Yuzhen tsentralen [...]...
117. Economic Cooperation Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to economic cooperation in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
118. Durum Wheat Hierarchical Display of Durum wheat Agri-Foodstuffs > Plant product > Cereals > WheatAgri-Foodstuffs > Foodstuff > Processed food product > Cereal product > Meal Durum wheat Concept of Durum wheat See the dictionary definition of Durum wheat. Characteristics of Durum wheat [rtbs [...]...
119. Political Asylum Hierarchical Display of Political asylum Law > International law > Private international law > Rights of aliens > Admission of aliensPolitics > Politics and public safety > Public safety > Political violence > Political refugeeSocial Questions > Migration > Migration > Migration policy [...]...
120. Deputy Speaker of Parliament Hierarchical Display of Deputy Speaker of Parliament Politics > Parliament > Composition of parliament > Bureau of parliamentEuropean Union > EU institutions and European civil service > EU institution > European Parliament > Bureau of the EP > Vice-President of the EP Concept of Deputy [...]...