Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Lombard Loans Short-term loans in Britain and some European countries secured by bonds or corporate securities; the rate of such loans is slightly higher than the commercial loan rate.......
2. Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
3. Managing Director Managing Director in International Trade Meaning of Managing Director, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A managing director is someone who is responsible for the daily operations of a company, organization, or corporate division. In some countries, the [...]...
4. Limited Liability Company Gmbh (Gesellschaft Mit Beschränker Haftung) in Company Law Meaning of Gmbh (Gesellschaft Mit Beschränker Haftung), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In German speaking countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland) a designation for a private limited [...]...
5. Multicurrency Clause Multicurrency Clause in International Trade Meaning of Multicurrency Clause, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A clause in a loan agreement stating that more than one currency may be used in paying or redeeming the loan....
6. Affiliate Company Definition of Affiliate Company in International Trade The following is a concept of Affiliate Company in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Company that is less than 50% owned by a parent company; the parents acts as [...]...
7. Infotrade Infotrade in International Trade Meaning of Infotrade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): International trade database that provides access to 1.000 international trade best websites classified by subjects and countries. Some of the subjects covered are: [...]...
8. Born Global Born Global in International Trade Meaning of Born Global, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Born global is a type of company that from the beginning of its activities pursues a vision of becoming global and globalizes rapidly without any preceding long [...]...
9. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
10. Participation Loan A financing scheme in which two or more banks "participate" in a loan. On large loans, a syndicate of banks may be orchestrated by a major bank, which serves as the lead Manager (read this legal term for further details). Other banks contri......
11. CFS CFS Charge in International Trade Meaning of Cfs Charge, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The charge assessed for services performed at the origin or destination for loading or unloading of cargo into/from containers at a CFS Container Freight Station....
12. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
13. Kompass Kompass in International Trade Meaning of Kompass, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Kompass is the leading online global business directory with nearly 4 million registered businesses in 60 countries. The search can be done by country, product or company [...]...
14. Normal Valu Normal Valu in International Trade Meaning of Normal Valu, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A customs term meaning the price at which merchandise is sold or offered for sale in principal markets of the country from which it is exported. In some countries [...]...
15. Default Default in International Trade Meaning of Default, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In international trade, default is failure to meet the legal obligations (or conditions) of a loan. A national sovereign default is the failure or refusal of a government [...]...
16. Liner Shipping Liner Shipping in International Trade Meaning of Liner Shipping, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Services provided by a steamship company or shipping line, under which cargo vessels operate according to a fixed schedule and publicly advertised freight rates....
17. International Development Association International Development Association Outline The IDA is one of the two affiliates of the World Bank. It came into existence in 1962 under the Articles of Agreement of the International Development Association of 1960. Its main function is to provide loans on more favourable and flexible terms [...]...
18. Fhex Fhex in International Trade Meaning of Fhex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Fridays and Holidays are Excluded in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
19. Fhinc Fhinc in International Trade Meaning of Fhinc, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Fridays and Holidays are Included in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
20. Shex Shex in International Trade Meaning of Shex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Sundays and holidays are excluded in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
21. Shicn Shicn in International Trade Meaning of Shicn, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Sundays and holidays are included in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
22. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
23. Vocc Vocc in International Trade Meaning of Vocc, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Vessel operating common carrier is a company that operates its own vessels. See also NVOCC....
24. Due Diligence Due Diligence in International Trade Meaning of Due Diligence, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Investigative research to independently establish the background of a potential partner. Matters investigated typically include financial statements, legal [...]...
25. Globaltrade Globaltrade in International Trade Meaning of Globaltrade, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Online business directory of export services providers and market analysis. It is a private website, sponsored by different agencies of foreign trade promotion. [...]...
26. Offshoring Offshoring in International Trade Meaning of Offshoring, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Offshoring occurs, when a company moves all or some of its activities to another country. When the costs of running a company are cheaper in another country, the [...]...
27. Parent Company Parent Company in International Trade Meaning of Parent Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A parent company, sometimes called a holding company, is a corporation that has subsidiaries which are wholly or partially-owned separate businesses [...]...
28. Drayage Drayage in International Trade Meaning of Drayage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Charge made for local hauling by dray or truck. Also called cartage....
29. Ex Cellar Ex Cellar in International Trade Meaning of Ex Cellar, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non standard trade term used in the trade of wines and liquors. It must be replaced by EXW Ex Works. Practical Guide to Incoterms....
30. Gauger Gauger in International Trade Meaning of Gauger, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or company that measures, gauges or otherwise inspected by approved commercial gauger for classification-verification purposes. See surveyor....
31. Prima Facie Prima Facie in International Trade Meaning of Prima Facie, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Latin term frequently encountered in foreign trade that means "on first appearance." When a steamship company issues a clean bill of lading, it [...]...
32. Developed Countries Summary of Developed Countries A generalized grouping of the industrialized nations. Customarily, the term is applied to those nations that are members of the organization for economic cooperation And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details) plus the [...]...
33. Haulage Haulage in International Trade Meaning of Haulage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The local transport goods. Also the charges made for hauling freight on carts, drays or trucks. Also called cartage or drayage....
34. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
35. Smes Smes in International Trade Meaning of Smes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The acronym for small and medium size enterprises. While the definition varies, SMEs are generally considered to be companies that have no more than one-their capital held by a [...]...
36. Subcontractor Subcontractor in International Trade Meaning of Subcontractor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual, business, or company a supplier contracts to deliver or carry out any part of the supplier's contract obligations....
37. Subrogation Spanish Translation of subrogation This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to subrogation and / or a definition of this topic: Subrogación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Subrogation in International Trade Meaning of Subrogation, [...]...
38. Ex Factory Ex Factory in International Trade Meaning of Ex Factory, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non standard trade term that must be replaced by EXW Ex Works. Practical Guide to Incoterms....
39. Consolidator Consolidator in International Trade Meaning of Consolidator, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company that provides consolidation services. Freight forwarders perform the functions of a consolidator. See consolidation....
40. Deviation Clause Deviation Clause in International Trade Meaning of Deviation Clause, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An insurance term meaning that coverage will apply even if the vessel or voyage or interested parties unintentionally stated incorrectly or if actual [...]...
41. Go-between Go-between in International Trade Meaning of Go-between, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An intermediary employee by foreign firms for the purpose of gaining contacts, language ability, or knowledge of local business practices. A go-between can be [...]...
42. Insurance Broker Insurance Broker in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm who represents buyers of insurance and deals with insurance companies or their agents in arranging for insurance coverage for the [...]...
43. Trade Finance Trade Finance in International Trade Meaning of Trade Finance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This is the way in which an exporter requires an importer to prepay for goods ship. The importer wants to reduce risks by asking the exporter to document that [...]...
44. Eur-lex Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eur-lex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Portal that offers most European Union legal texts. EUR-Lex goal is bringing together the whole body of EU texts for [...]...
45. Logistics Platform Logistics Platform in International Trade Meaning of Logistics Platform, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The space located strategically in the territory to act as complementary and central element with the different ways of transportation. These [...]...
46. Equity Joint Venture Equity Joint Venture (EJV) in International Trade Meaning of Equity Joint Venture (EJV), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of joint venture in which two or more parties set up a separate legal company to act as the vehicle for carrying out the [...]...
47. Hard Money Hard Money (currency) in International Trade Meaning of Hard Money (currency), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Currency of a nation having stability in the country and abroad. Refers to currency that is accepted internationally and freely convertible. [...]...
48. Quality Control Quality Control in International Trade Meaning of Quality Control, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The process of making sure that goods and services are produced and maintained to agreed quality standards. Resources See Also Business Company [...]...
49. Trade Documents Trade Documents in International Trade Meaning of Trade Documents, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Paper documents (or electronic files) used in international trade that prove that certain events have taken place. For convenience, the documents commonly [...]...
50. Without Reserve Without Reserve in International Trade Meaning of Without Reserve, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term indicating that an agent or representative is empowered to make definite decisions and adjustments without the approval of the principal [...]...
51. Interline The act of passing cargo from one carrier to another to continue the transit; this term is common among motor carriers and railroads and, to a lesser degree, among airlines. The analogous term among ocean carriers is transship.......
52. Sogo Shosha A Japanese general trading company. Customarily, the term is used in connection with the largest of such companies. According to the Trade Business Statistics report for 1981 issued by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, there are over 8,500 trading companies operating in [...]...
53. Bottom Line Bottom Line in International Trade Meaning of Bottom Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The last line in a financial statement indicating the profit of a company. In a contract, the line upon which a party signs....
54. Global Trade Alert Global Trade Alert in International Trade Meaning of Global Trade Alert, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Website that offers information about international trade barriers or state measures that are likely to affect international trade. It identifies the [...]...
55. Running Days Running Days in International Trade Meaning of Running Days, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vessel chartering term meaning days that run consecutively after each other....
56. Payment Spanish Translation of payment and benefitsThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to payment or benefits and / or a definition of this topic: Prestación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
57. Cash With Order Cash With Order (CWO) in International Trade Meaning of Cash With Order (CWO), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A payment term whereby the buyer remits the money at the time the order is placed. Under this term, the buyer is actually extending credit to [...]...
58. Confidentiality Agreement Confidentiality Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Confidentiality Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of contract used to protect sensitive technical or commercial information from disclosure to others. Such agreement is often [...]...
59. Duns Number Duns Number in International Trade Meaning of Duns Number, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An international numbering system provided by the American company Duns & Bradstreet for identifying companies....
60. Payment in Advance Payment in Advance in International Trade Meaning of Payment in Advance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A payment term whereby the buyer remits the amount of money at the time the order is placed. Under this term the buyer is actually extending credit [...]...
61. Steamship Line Steamship Line in International Trade Meaning of Steamship Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company usually having the following departments: vessel operations, container operations, tariff department, bookings, outbound rates, inward rates, and [...]...
62. War Risk War Risk in International Trade Meaning of War Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A peril that is normally excluded by a capture and seizure clause even in all risk clauses or London Institute of Underwriters Clause A. Insurance coverage is usually [...]...
63. About Definition of About in International Trade The following is a concept of About in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit term meaning plus or minus 10% of whatever immediately follows. The terms approximately [...]...
64. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
65. Insurance Premium Insurance Premium in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Premium, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The amount paid to an insurance company for coverage under an insurance policy....
66. Vostro Account Funds denominated in local currency that a foreign bank holds in a local bank. ......
67. Contract Term Definition of As is in International Trade The following is a concept of As is in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract term by which the buyer of goods takes them in the condition they are in without any warranties [...]...
68. Days After Sight (D/S) Days After Sight in International Trade Meaning of Days After Sight, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Payment term often used in conjunction with bank drafts and documentary credit....
69. Director CEO in Business Meaning of CEO, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the highest-ranking manager in a corporation. He or she is in charge of growth, financial operations, and goal setting for an organization. This [...]...
70. European Option European Option in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of European Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A foreign exchange type of contract containing a provision to the [...]...
71. Brazilian Loans Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on brazilian loans case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "brazilian loans case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
72. Norwegian Loans Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on norwegian loans case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "norwegian loans case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
73. Serbian Loans Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on serbian loans case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "serbian loans case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law [...]...
74. Loan Documentation Loan Documentation in relation with Commercial Lending This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Loan Documentation covered in connexion with Commercial Lending and banking / lending Institutions....
75. Farm Loans Farm Loans in relation with Farm Loans This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Farm Loans covered in connexion with Farm Loans and banking / lending Institutions....
76. Global Quota See Quota.......
77. Basel Convention Basel Convention in International Trade Meaning of Basel Convention, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A multilateral environmental agreement dealing with hazardous waste. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on basel convention explores [...]...
78. Courtage Courtage in International Trade Meaning of Courtage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): French term for brokerage or brokerage fee....
79. Free Carrier (FCA) Free Carrier in International Trade Meaning of FCA (Free Carrier), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Incoterms FCA the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when he has handed over the goods, cleared for export, into the charge of the carrier [...]...
80. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
81. International Agreement International Agreement in International Trade Meaning of International Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A broad term for legally binding arrangements covered by international law between or among countries. Such arrangements are variously [...]...
82. Offer Summary of Offer In vessel charter transactions, synonymous with Firm Offer (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Best and Final Offer (BFO) in International Trade Meaning of Best and Final Offer (bfo), according to the [...]...
83. Vanning Synonymous with stowing or loading a trailer or container.......
84. Contract Manufacturing Contract Manufacturing in International Trade Meaning of Contract Manufacturing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Contract manufacturing in international markets is used in situations when one company arranges for another company in a different country to [...]...
85. Dimensional Weight Dimensional Weight in International Trade Meaning of Dimensional Weight, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An airfreight term used to describe the results of computing the chargeable weight from the cubic measurement of a shipment. Also called dim weight....
86. Husbanding Husbanding in International Trade Meaning of Husbanding, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A general term used for managing the affairs of a ship while in port, including such tasks as customs formalities, fueling, supplies, repairs and any requirements of [...]...
87. Limited Liability Limited Liability in International Trade Meaning of Limited Liability, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation whereby the liability of a party within the company is limited to some extent. There are many forms of limited liability companies. For [...]...
88. Without Prejudice Spanish Translation of without prejudiceThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to without prejudice and / or a definition of this topic: Reserva de Derechos (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
89. At Sight Definition of At Sight (as) in International Trade The following is a concept of At Sight (as) in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Term indicating that whatever action it pertains to must be undertaken immediately. This [...]...
90. Movement Certificate Eur 1 Movement Certificate in International Trade Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eur 1 Movement Certificate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Goods transport certificate and proof of [...]...
91. World Bank Group World Bank Group in International Trade Meaning of World Bank Group, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Bank Group is a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to improving living standards in developing countries through facilitation and [...]...
92. Cartage The transfer of merchandise locally, e.g., from a pier to a nearby warehouse; also, the charge for cartage services.......
93. Lift Lift-on/lift-off in International Trade Meaning of Lift-on/lift-off (LO/LO), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Method by which cargo is loaded onto and discharged from an ocean vessel, which in this case is by the use of a crane....
94. Hinterland Logistics Hinterland Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Hinterland Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The hinterland is the land or district behind a coast or the shoreline of a river. Specifically in logistics, the word is applied to the inland [...]...
95. Inbound Logistics Inbound Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Inbound Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The activities concerned with receiving, storing and distributing the inputs to the product or service. These includes materials, handling, stock [...]...
96. Outbound Logistics Outbound Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Outbound Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The collection, storage and distribution of the product to customers. For tangible products this would involve warehousing, material handling, [...]...
97. Piggyback Logistics Piggyback Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The transportation of truck trailers and containers on specially equipped railroad flat-cars....
98. Reverse Logistics Reverse Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Reverse Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Activities associated with a product/service after the point of sale. The ultimate goal of reverse logistics is to optimize or make more efficient [...]...
99. Third-party Logistics Third-party Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Third-party Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Most of exporters and importers employ outside logistics expertise that are experts in their industry and should therefore concentrate only in [...]...
100. International Trade Logistics In the United States For information about International Trade Logistics in the context of international trade, click here...
101. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
102. Longshoreman A person employed in the loading and unloading of a vessel and the handling of cargo in and about the harbor area. The term longshoreman is often confused with stevedore; the latter is a firm contracted by the vessel to provide loading and unloading services, and employing longshoremen. ......
103. Logistic Services Contract Logistic Services Contract in International Trade Meaning of Logistic Services Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The logistics contract regulates relations between the companies that provide these services – known as logistics operators [...]...
104. London Court of International Arbitration London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA) in International Trade Meaning of London Court of International Arbitration (LCIA), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The LCIA is one of the world's leading international institutions for commercial [...]...
105. Long Date Forward Long Date Forward in International Trade Meaning of Long Date Forward, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A forward exchange contract whose maturity exceeds one year. See also forward exchange contract....
106. Losing Face Losing Face in International Trade Meaning of Losing Face, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An essential element of Chinese business culture is reputation (called Mianzi) which the Chinese have within their personal relationships (Guanxi). Actions that [...]...
107. Low Context Cultures Low Context Cultures in International Trade Meaning of Low Context Cultures, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of culture in which managers and executives relay on spoken and written language for meaning. Senders of messages encode their messages, [...]...
108. Locarno Agreement establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs Locarno Agreement establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs Title of the Treaty Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for ... Read more...
109. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade ContentsLondon Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International TradeConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
110. London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade 2 Contents London Guidelines for the Exchange of Information on Chemicals in International Trade ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s ... Read more...
111. Lord Mansfield One of the most renowned jurists in English legal history. When he was recently appointed Chief Justice of the King's Bench, Lord Mansfield decided as the second and final instance in the case Luke v. Lyde (1759) 2 Burr 882, a good case relating to the Lex Mercatoria . Some other cases were: [...]...
112. Louisa Twining ContentsLouisa TwiningPoor Law GuardianSee AlsoConclusionNotesReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Louisa Twining Louisa Twining (1820-1912), ... Read more...
113. List of Commercial and International Trade Law e-Journals ContentsList of Commercial and International trade law e-JournalsSee AlsoConclusionNotesReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries List ... Read more...
114. Local and Municipal Law Contents$City Content:Municipal LawOrdinance CodificationSecondary SourcesLocal and Municipal Law in Comparative LawSee AlsoReferences and Further Reading $City Content: $City Charter $City ... Read more...
115. Lobbying Lobbying Definition Lobbying may be defined as the practice of attempting to influence legislation. Characteristics Lobbying is performed by agents, called lobbyists, of a particular interested group, known as the lobby. The lobbyist may request votes either for or against pending [...]...
116. Cargo Summary of Cargo Merchandise in the process of being transported; not to be confused with freight, which, in maritime usage, is the sum earned by a carrier for transporting goods. General cargo consists of various commodities comprising the property of many shippers or consignees; special [...]...
117. Freight Summary of Freight The earnings that a carrier derives from the carriage of merchandise. Freight should not be confused with cargo, which is the merchandise itself. Also, the term freight is used to represent payment made by a charterer to the vessel's owner for use of a ship under a [...]...
118. Landbridge A method of transporting goods partially by land and partially by water as a substitute for all-water movements. Originated in the mid 1960s as a means of moving European-Far East cargoes across the United States during the interruption of Suez Canal service, the concept of land- bridge has [...]...
119. Letter of Indemnity A document issued by a shipper of merchandise to a steamship line as an inducement for the carrier to issue a clean bill of Lading (read this and related legal terms for further details) where it might not otherwise do s......
120. Liner Terms A provision in some ship charter contracts in which the vessel pays loading or discharging costs, or both.......