Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. National Accounts National Accounts (in the Human Development Area) In this context, National Accounts means: is a system table in the form of accounts, which characterize the process of production, distribution and end use of the gross domestic product (GDP), as a rule, for the year. System of National [...]...
2. Current Account Purchases The value of intermediate products in the national production process. An intermediate product is a manufacturing input that has not been converted into a finished product; for example, steel is an intermediate product in the manufacture of an automobile. The value of current account purchases is im......
3. Disposable Income Gross National Disposable Income (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Disposable Income means: derived from gross national income by adding current transfers from the rest of the world minus current transfers to the rest of the world (including net value of [...]...
4. Value Added Value Added (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Value Added means: is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
5. Gross National Product Summary of Gross National Product The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services attributable to a national economy during a given period, usually one year. The final sum includes all goods and services produced within the economy, plus income earned overseas [...]...
6. Gross Domestic Purchases An item within the National Income and Product Account Tables that represents the gross national product less exports plus imports.......
7. Gross Private Domestic Investment The aggregate value, expressed in monetary terms, of private expenditures, for capital goods (e.g.. physical plant, equipment) adjusted by the inventory investment (the sum of the increase or decrease of merchandise in inventory during a given time period, usually one year). ......
8. Section 931 Corporation It was a corporation operating in various U.S. possessions that, under certain circumstances, might accrue significant tax benefits. So named for Section 931 of the Internal Revenue Code, a firm might be exempt from Federal income tax on U.S. possessions income (so long as the dividends were not dis......
9. Stagnation A lack of growth in a national economy, usually measured in terms of per capita real gross national product.......
10. Articles Of Mixed Status Merchandise manufactured within a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) of components of more than one status. The status of merchandise is the product of several factors. An item in ......
11. Economic Growth Futureless Economic Growth (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Futureless Economic Growth means: Futureless growth that is accompanied by a waste of economic and natural resources needed to sustain life for future generations. Ruthless Economic Growth (in the Human Development [...]...
12. Underdevelopment Summary of Underdevelopment A condition in which a nation's per capita real income is significantly below that enjoyed in the industrialized world, and where national income is inadequate to provide the investment capital essential to expand the economy. In addition, most underdeveloped [...]...
13. Velocity Of Money The speed at which a currency unit circulates within an economy. If money turns over at an increasing rate, this velocity indicates a speedup in the economy; conversely, a declining velocity may indicate a slowdown. The overall velocity of money is the product of two components. (1) Transaction velo......
14. Adjusted Net Savings Adjusted Net Savings (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adjusted Net Savings means: rate of savings in an economy after taking into account investments in human capital, depletion of natural recourses and damage caused by pollution, expressed as a percentage of gross national [...]...
15. Economic Nationalism A conscious, articulated national drive toward economic self-sufficiency. Economic nationalism is comparable to Autarchy (read this and related legal terms for further details) but does not mandate the economic isolation......
16. Income Differentiation Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Decile Ratios of Income Differentiation means: ratio between the minimum income 10% of the wealthiest and highest-income families the most low income or people....
17. National Income Related Fields Related topics include: National Income Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. National Accounts Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Expenditure Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Gross National Income Find this subject in this World [...]...
18. National Economic Council National Economic Council (NEC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of National Economic Council (NEC): The NEC was established at the outset of the Clinton Administration to coordinate US [...]...
19. National Accounting Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
20. National Budget Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
21. National Line Synonymous with national FLAG CARRIER (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
22. Propensity To Import The relationship between income and the value of imports, expressed in monetary terms. Generally, the relationship is expressed in terms of the average propensity to import (imports as a percentage of national income) and the marginal propensity to import (changes in the average propensity to import......
23. Human Expenditure Human Expenditure Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Expenditure Ratio means: the percentage of national income devoted to human priority concerns....
24. Income Income or Consumption, Shares of Income (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Income or Consumption, Shares of Income means: the shares of consumption accruing to subgroups of population indicated by deciles or quintiles, based on national household surveys covering various years. [...]...
25. Income Poverty Line, Population Below Population Below Income Poverty Line (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Below Income Poverty Line means: percentage of the population living below the specified poverty line (PPP $1.25 a day and the national poverty line). The national poverty line is the poverty [...]...
26. Energy Use Gdp Per Unit of Energy Use (in the Human Development Area) In this context Gdp Per Unit of Energy Use means: the ratio of GDP (in 2000 PPP US$) to commercial energy use, measured in kilograms of oil equivalent. This indicator provides a measure of energy efficiency by showing comparable and [...]...
27. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
28. Sustainable Growth A rate of national economic growth, as measured in per capita real growth, national product, or per capita real income, that can be expected to continue over many years.......
29. Fiscal Policy Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) [...]...
30. Agency For International Development A component of the united states international DEVELOPMENT COOPERATION AGENCY (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
31. Earned Income Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated means: derived on the basis of the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, [...]...
32. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
33. Standard of Living Standard of Living (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Standard of Living means: integrated index of socio-economic development, measured by aggregate data such as real per capita income, poverty rate, access to health care, the uneven growth of incomes, standards of education, [...]...
34. East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
35. Market Disruption A condition in which foreign imports of a given product increase in quantity so rapidly as to cause, or threaten to cause, material injury to a competing domestic industry. A finding of market disruption before the International Trade Commission may result in retaliatory actions against the [...]...
36. United States Value A basis for assessing duties predicated upon the wholesale price of the imported product (or a like domestic product if the value of the imported product cannot be ascertained), less normal markups, transportation costs, insurance, and duties. This method of valuation has been supplanted by the cust......
37. Newly Industrializing Country A nation in transition between developing and developed status. Characteristic of such a change are the development of an industrial base and an increasing portion of gross national product derived from industrial, rather than agricultural, production. Mexico, Taiwan, and Brazil are examples of nati......
38. Entry Price Under the common agriculture POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community, the price at which certain imported agricultural products enter EEC commerce. If the entry p......
39. Enrolment Enrolment Rate, Net (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Enrolment Rate, Net means: the number of pupils of the theoretical school-age group for a given level of education level who are enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age Gross [...]...
40. Manufactured Or Processed In deter mining drawback (read this and related legal terms for further details) eligibility, an article must have been manufactured or processed in the United States; a simple change is not enough to permit recovery in......
41. National Security The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI and the World Trade Organization The National Security Provision—GATT Article XXI in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. This section provides an overview of national security within the legal context [...]...
42. Export Unemployment A conscious program to relieve domestic unemployment or economic stagnation through the stimulation of export sales. The term is used generally in relation to improper export promotion vehicles such as dumping (read this and......
43. Section 204 A provision of the Agricultural Act of 1956 authorizing the president to negotiate bilateral agreements to limit exports to the United States of "any agricultural commodity or product manufactured therefrom or textiles or textile products." The president is also empowered to take steps to ......
44. Poverty The Legal History of Poverty This section provides an overview of Poverty Human Poverty Index For Selected High-incomeoecd Countries (hpi-2) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Poverty Index For Selected High-incomeoecd Countries (hpi-2) means: _ composite index measuring [...]...
45. Gross Charter Also known as gross terms, a vessel charter arrangement whereby all expenses, to include loading, unloading, pilotage (read this and related legal terms for further details), et cetera, are for the account of the vessel.......
46. Gross Register Ton Synonymous with Gross Ton (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
47. Gross Weight The total weight of a package, i.e., the contents plus all packaging.......
48. Gross Ton A unit of measurement in determining the size of a ship. In this case, the ton is a unit of cubic measure approximately equal to one hundred cubic feet. Gross tonnage, therefore, is derived by determining the entire internal cubic footage of the ship, including all enclosed spaces, and dividing by o......
49. Gross Terms Synonymous with Gross Charter (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
50. Gross National Income Gross National Income (gni) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Income (gni) means: comprises the market value of all products and services generated regardless of where the output is produced in given period (i.e., its gross domestic product, plus net receipts of [...]...
51. Differentiated Product A product sold in a modified form in different countries with the object of accommodating perceived variations in taste or responding to differing local requirements.......
52. Net National Product Summary of Net National Product The sum total, expressed in monetary terms, of all goods and services produced in a country during a given period (usually one year), less the value of capital consumed (depreciation).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Gross [...]...
53. Primary Product Any agricultural, forest, or fishery product or any mineral sold in its original form, including such processing as may be required to make the product suitable for sale in international commerce.......
54. Product Structure A technique of international marketing employed by some manufacturing firms. The firm is organized into product groups responsible for all marketing, profit and loss, and production of the product worldwide. Each product group reports directly to corporate headquarters, which provides financial, leg......
55. Standardized Product A product marketed worldwide without substantial variation in the product's composition or appearance. Product standardization helps in achieving significant economies of scale. See differentiated product.......
56. Product Line Cycle The concept that a product undergoes three stages of development: (1) new product (a firm introduces a new product or significant differentiated product and for a period of time enjoys a virtual monopoly), (2) growth product (the product is imitated and produced by several firms; nonprice competitio......
57. Gross Line The face value of all insurance policies that an insurer has in force at any point in time, irrespective of any reinsurance.......
58. Domestic Commercial Law Legal IssuesInternational commercial law is not exactly a sub-branch of international law, because it includes three components: international treaties, customs, and domestic law which is accepted by the parties concerned. The inclusion of domestic commercial law distinguishes international......
59. Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Gross Income) [...]...
60. Gross Sales Gross Sales in International Trade Meaning of Gross Sales, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The total amount received or receivable for goods sold, before any allowances for returned goods or sales discounts....
61. Gross Tonnage Gross Tonnage in International Trade Meaning of Gross Tonnage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The capacity of a vessel (no cargo) expressed in vessel tons. It is determined by dividing by 100 the contents, in cubic feet, of the vessel closed-in spaces. [...]...
62. Gross Alimony Resources See Also Alimony...
63. Gross Earnings Resources See Also Gross income...
64. Gross Estate Resources See Also Adjusted gross estate...
65. Gross Lease Resources See Also Lease...
66. Gross Neglect of Duty Resources See Also Desertion Non-support...
67. Gross Negligence Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention Resources See Also Negligence...
68. Gross Revenue Resources See Also Gross income...
69. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
70. Clean Product Carrier A tank vessel that transports only refined petroleum products, such as gasoline or kerosene, as contrasted with a ship which carries crude petroleum.......
71. Domestic Law Legal Issues Domestic Law as a source of International Commercial Law Domestic law, in the context of export and import control and foreign investment, is an important and difficult source of international commercial law. The difficulty arises from the fact that validity and enforcement of a [...]...
72. Gross Resources See Also As to gross Adventure Average Fault Weight...
73. Domestic Corporation A corporation operating in the jurisdiction in which it was formed; hence, a New York corporation is a domestic corporation in New York, but a foreign corporation everywhere else.......
74. Gross Profit Resources See Also Gross income...
75. Gross Receipts Resources See Also Gross income...
76. Gross Receipts Tax Resources See Also Gross income tax...
77. Nonprivileged Domestic Status The condition of merchandise of U.S. origin entered into a foreign trade zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged domestic STATUS (...
78. Privileged Domestic Status A condition that may be accorded to merchandise of U.S. origin, or to imported merchandise upon which duties have been paid, that is entered into a foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details...
79. Domestic International Sales Corporation Commonly known by the acronym DISC, a U.S.-chartered corporation, qualified with the Internal Revenue Service, that derives virtually all of its income from export sales and export-related activities. A properly qualified DISC was permitted to defer indefinitely tax on a portion of its income. The D......
80. 1958 Convention: Relationship with domestic law and other treaties (Article VII) Contents 1958 Convention: Relationship with domestic law and other Treaties (Article VII)   Article VII(1) of the New York Convention ... Read more...
81. Product Classification In the United States For information about Product classification in the context of international trade, click here...
82. Product Valuation In the United States For information about Product valuation in the context of international trade, click here...
83. Product Liability Product Liability Explained References See Also Tort (in international or comparative law) Product Liability (in international or comparative law) References See Also Tort Product Liability Resources See Also Tort Product Liability...
84. Consumer Product Resources See Also Consumer goods...
85. Product Labelling Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
86. Manufactured Product Resources See Also Industrial Production Industrial Property Regulation...
87. Industrial Product Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
88. Tort and Product Liability Tort and Product Liability: Summary In this entry, Tort and Product Liability covers: Elements of a Tort Unintentional Torts (Negligence) Special and Limited Duties Joint and Several Liability Defenses Punitive Damages Contingency Fee System Product Liability Mass Torts...
89. Attorney's Work Product Resources See Also Work product rule...
90. Domestic Subsidy An economic grant provided by a governmental authority to a domestic manufacturer, grower, or producer to increase industrial activity or stimulate output of desired products. Economic incentives may come in the form of direct payments, tax relief, low-interest financing, wage subsidies, or in [...]...
91. Adjusted Gross Income Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Adjusted Gross Income) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, [...]...
92. Domestic Violence Domestic or Intimate Partner Violence Domestic Violence, Sexual Behaviour and the Law Literature Review on Domestic Violence In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Janine M. Zweig and Lauren Bennett Cattaneo provide the following summary about the topic of [...]...
93. Domestic Observer Domestic Observer in Election Law Citizen or, in some countries, a resident who monitors the election process in his or her own country. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
94. Domestic Court Domestic Court (or Tribunal) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on domestic court (or tribunal) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "domestic court (or tribunal)" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
95. Domestic Jurisdiction Embracing mainstream international law, this section on domestic jurisdiction explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "domestic jurisdiction" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
96. Integrating Domestic Integrating Domestic in International Economic Law In international economic law, integrating domestic includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Multi-Level Governance and Public Goods The Role of Vertically Shared Principles The Role of Lawyers, [...]...
97. Domestic Regulation Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) This section provides an overview of domestic regulation (behind the borders) within the legal context of Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas). Domestic Regulation (Behind the Borders) in [...]...
98. Domestic Courts The Role of the Domestic Courts in International Economic Law In international economic law, the role of the domestic courts includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Direct Effect of International Agreements Fork-in-the-Road Provisions...
99. Implementing Domestic Law This section provides an overview of implementing domestic law within the legal context of Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Amelia Porges, "Implementing Domestic Law," Elgar Encyclopedia of International Economic [...]...
100. Domestic Policies Balancing a Diversity of Interests This section provides an overview of balancing a diversity of interests within the legal context of Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Jonathan Gass, "Balancing a Diversity of [...]...
101. Domestic Animal Description of Domestic Animal Resources See Also Domitae Naturae Mansuetae Naturae Animals...
102. Assignment in Gross Description of Assignment in Gross Resources See Also Antl-Assignment-In-Gross Rule Trademarks...
103. Alimony in Gross Description of Alimony in Gross Resources See Also Divorce...
104. Domestic Work Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to domestic work in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
105. Domestic Worker Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to domestic worker in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
106. Adjusted Gross Estate Resources See Also Administration expense Gross estate Marital deduction...
107. Domestic Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
108. Domestic Offshore Trade Areas subject to the jurisdiction of the United States, outside the contiguous forty-eight states, over which economic regulation of ocean shipping is exercised by the Federal Maritime Commission. Apart from movements by water involving these noncontiguous areas (Hawaii, Puerto Rico, Guam, et cetera......
109. Domestic Content Requirement Domestic Content Requirement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Domestic Content Requirement: A requirement that foreign firms selling a particular product must use goods [...]...
110. Steiner and Gross V. Polish State Steiner and Gross v. Polish State Embracing mainstream international law, this section on steiner and gross v. polish state explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "steiner and gross v. polish state" in the [...]...
111. Domestic Protecting Policies Domestic Protecting Policies Development This section provides an overview of Domestic Protecting Policies Development within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). [...]...
112. Domestic Policy Space Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in International Economic Law In international economic law, recognised policies protecting domestic policy space includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Public Morals Environmental Protection [...]...
113. Anti-assignment-in-gross Rule Description of Anti-assignment-in-gross Rule In this reference work, anti-assignment-in-gross rule is a sort of the Trademarks category. Resources See Also Assignment In Gross Under Assignment Trademarks Trademarks...
114. MPEPIL: Relationship between international and domestic law Contents MPEPIL: Relationship between international and domestic law   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles ... Read more...
115. Anti-Trust Rules in Domestic Jurisdiction This section provides an overview of anti-trust rules in domestic jurisdiction within the legal context of Competition Law and Policy in international economic law (Main Regulatory Areas)....
116. Domestic Regulation Relating to Services Rules on Domestic Regulation Relating to Services This section provides an overview of rules on domestic regulation relating to services within the legal context of Impact of Domestic Regulation on Trade in Goods, Services and on Investment in international economic law, with coverage of [...]...
117. Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space This section provides an overview of specific exemptions in trade law protecting domestic policy space within the legal context of Specific Exemptions in Trade Law Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, [...]...
118. Product International Product Life Cycle (IPLC) in International Trade Meaning of International Product Life Cycle (IPLC), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This marketing describes the diffusion process of an innovation across national boundaries. Typically, [...]...
119. Product Cycle Product Cycle and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Product Cycle: The evolution of a production process from innovation through obsolescence, constituting a fundamental dynamic element in [...]...
120. Direct Product Resources See Also Further Reading Information about Direct Product in the Encyclopedia of World Trade: from Ancient Times to the Present (Cynthia Clark Northrup) ...