Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Exports In the United States For information about Exports in the context of international trade, click here...
2. Trade Controls In the United States For information about Trade Controls in the context of international trade, click here...
3. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
4. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
5. Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
6. Tariff Schedule Tariff Schedule and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Schedule: A comprehensive list of the goods, which a country imports, and the import duties applicable to each [...]...
7. Supply Controls In the United States For information about Supply controls in the context of international trade, click here...
8. Extensions of Credit In the United States For information about Extensions of credit in the context of international trade, click here...
9. Treasury Department Controls In the United States For information about Treasury Department controls in the context of international trade, click here...
10. Sovereign The supreme political power that, within its own defined geographical boundaries, is accountable to no authority higher than its own.......
11. Technical Data Information that can be transferred to overseas users only in accordance with export control regulations. The Office of Export Administration regulations (Part 379) define technical data as: Information of any kind that can be used, or adopted for use, in the design, production, manufacture, [...]...
12. Coverage Coverage and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Coverage: The extent of applicability of a trade action, agreement, or policy....
13. Specific Limitations on Trade Specific Limitations on Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Specific Limitations on Trade: Measures that limit imports or exports of a product during a specified [...]...
14. Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
15. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
16. Functioning of the GATT System Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Functioning of the GATT System (FOGS): Designation for a negotiating group in the Uruguay Round [...]...
17. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
18. Unfair Trade Practices Unfair Trade Practices and the Laws of International Trade Executive review of unfair trade practices: Background Unfair Trade and Import Competition Regulation Procedure: Initiation of investigation The investigation Monitoring Recent developments The escape clause: [...]...
19. Upstream Subsidization Upstream Subsidization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Upstream Subsidization: An "indirect export subsidy," whereby a producer benefiting from a government [...]...
20. Mixed Credits Mixed Credits and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Mixed Credits: Exceptionally liberal financing terms for an export sale. Ostensibly provided for foreign aid purposes, [...]...
21. Quadrilateral Quadrilateral ("Quad") and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Quadrilateral ("Quad"): In GATT parlance, a meeting involving senior trade officials or [...]...
22. Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
23. Green Box Green Box and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Box: A term used in the context of GA TT negotiations on agriculture and on export subsidiesto refer to a category of [...]...
24. Entities Entities and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Entities: In the context of the GATT Government Procurement Code, refers to government departments or ministries and their [...]...
25. Marking Rules Packaging, Labeling, and Marking Regulations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Packaging, Labeling, and Marking Regulations: National requirements that importers must [...]...
26. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
27. Performance Requirements Performance Requirements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Performance Requirements: Government-imposed rules or conditions requiring foreign investors to serve [...]...
28. Reversal of Enforcement Policy In the United States For information about Reversal of enforcement policy in the context of international trade, click here...
29. Trade-Related Investment Measures Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade-Related Investment Measures (TRIMs): Designation for a Uruguay Round "' [...]...
30. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
31. Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System Process and Production Methods (PPMs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Process and Production Methods (PPMs): In the context of environmental trade measures, refers to [...]...
32. Multilateral Trade Negotiations Negotiations among many nations acting in concert for the purpose of reducing trade barriers. Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). in 1947, the mos......
33. Procedural Protectionism Procedural Protectionism and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Procedural Protectionism: Abusive administration of import control procedures allowed under GATT (especially [...]...
34. Banking Institutions In the United States For information about Banking institutions in the context of international trade, click here...
35. Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries: [...]...
36. Import Restrictions Import Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Restrictions: Measures to limit or control the volume of imports by means of tariffs ornontariff barriers [...]...
37. Direct Taxes Direct Taxes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Direct Taxes: Taxes on all forms of income including wages, profits, interest, rents, and royalties, or on the ownership of [...]...
38. Service Supply License A validated export license issued by the U.S. government to a U.S. or foreign firm authorizing the export of spare and replacement parts to controlled purchasers abroad who originally purchased American equipment under license.......
39. Standstill Standstill and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standstill: A commitment undertaken at the outset of a GATT negotiation to refrain .from legislating or implementing new [...]...
40. Green Round Green Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Round: A term referring to a proposed new GATT Round of multilateral negotiations that would address environmental [...]...
41. Arms In the United States For information about Arms in the context of international trade, click here International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Resources See Also Use Of Force Arms Control Disarmament Nonproliferation Resources See Also [...]...
42. De Facto Membership De Facto Member of GATT and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of De Facto Member of GATT: A former dependency of a GATT member that since attaining independence has applied the [...]...
43. Caribbean Basin Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI): A non-reciprocal preferential arrangement established by the United [...]...
44. Structural Impediments Initiative Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): A series of bilateral negotiations begun in 1989 by the [...]...
45. Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Less-Developed Countries (LDCs): An alternative term for developing countries. [...]...
46. Forum Shopping Forum Shopping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Forum Shopping: Refers to the ability of countries to take advantage of differing procedures fordispute settlement under [...]...
47. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
48. Multilateral Trade Organization Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO): A proposed organization that would subsume the GAIT,the General Agreement on [...]...
49. Enterprise Enterprise for the Americas Initiative and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Enterprise for the Americas Initiative: A program launched in 1990 as a vehicle for defining a [...]...
50. Rebalancing Rebalancing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rebalancing: A term used in GATT agriculture negotiations, referring to the ability to shift import protection from one [...]...
51. State Trading Enterprises State Trading Enterprises and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of State Trading Enterprises: Entities established by governments to import, export, or produce certain products. [...]...
52. Plurilateral Plurilateral and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Plurilateral: In GATT parlance, refers to a consultation or negotiating session involving more than two countries [...]...
53. Annecy Round Annecy Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Annecy Round: The second GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in...
54. Most-favored-nation A privilege granted to a nation to have customs duties levied upon its products at the lowest rate offered to any other nation. Customarily, the extension of most favored nation status is reciprocal. See tariff (Customs).......
55. Framework Initiative Framework Initiative and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Framework Initiative: (Also known as the New Economic Partnership). An initiative launched by the United States in [...]...
56. Rollback Rollback and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rollback: A commitment to phase out all trade restrictions or policies that distort trade or bring them into conformity with [...]...
57. Trade Policy Review Mechanism Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM): A process of examination in the GATT Council to provide [...]...
58. Working Party Working Party and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Working Party: An ad hoc subgroup established by the GATT Council to address a specific trade policy issue, such as a [...]...
59. Export In the United States For information about Export in the context of international trade, click here Export in International Trade Meaning of Export, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): To ship an item away from a country for sale to another country. [...]...
60. Export Control Act An act of Congress passed in 1949 requiring that all commercial exports from the United States be licensed. Authority was granted to the president to devise specific regulations to control exports; this authority has been delegated to the Secretary of Commerce. The regulations subsequently [...]...
61. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
62. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
63. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
64. Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
65. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
66. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
67. Export Compliance Export Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Enforcement: Compliance and investigations Export Administration System Penalties Effects of cooperation with the government Examples of enforcement actions Judicial review Some guidelines for export compliance [...]...
68. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
69. Export Control Compliance Export Control Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Management corporate policy statement Export Control Internal Compliance Programs Delegation of authority Product classification Screening denied/restricted parties Weapons proliferation screening Country [...]...
70. Export Control Laws Export Control Laws and the Laws of International Trade Worldwide export control laws Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Countries covered Extraterritorial application Entity-based sanctions Other export statutes Due diligence under other export statutes [...]...
71. Export Violations Export Violations and the Laws of International Trade Export violations; evidence of violations Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Post-closing discovery of an export violation If an export violation is discovered Ongoing violations Cessation of illegal activity [...]...
72. Export Credits Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees: A subgroup of the OECD Trade .Committee,comprising all OECD [...]...
73. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
74. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
75. Export Platforms Export Platforms and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Platforms: Refers to countries such as Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Korea that established incentive programs [...]...
76. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
77. Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
78. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
79. Export Guarantees Export Guarantees and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Guarantees: Assurances by an exporter's government that financing provided by a private lender will be [...]...
80. Export Credits Arrangement Export Credits Arrangement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Credits Arrangement: Formal title is the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export [...]...
81. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
82. Export Restrictions Export Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restrictions: While usage varies, this term is often used to denote quantitative limits or charges on exports [...]...
83. Export Requirements Export Performance Requirements and International Trade Resources See Also performance requirements...
84. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
85. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
86. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
87. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
88. Export Compliance Programs In the United States For information about Export Compliance programs in the context of international trade, click here...
89. Export Control Enforcement In the United States For information about Export Control Enforcement in the context of international trade, click here...
90. Export Control Regulations In the United States For information about Export Control Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
91. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
92. Export Customs Clearance In the United States For information about Export Customs Clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
93. Export Documentation In the United States For information about Export Documentation in the context of international trade, click here...
94. Export Due Diligence In the United States For information about Export due diligence in the context of international trade, click here...
95. Export Laws In the United States For information about Export laws in the context of international trade, click here...
96. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
97. Export Procedures In the United States For information about Export Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
98. Export Regulations In the United States For information about Export Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
99. Export Sanctions In the United States For information about Export Sanctions in the context of international trade, click here...
100. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
101. Export Trading In the United States For information about Export Trading in the context of international trade, click here...
102. Export Control Classification Numbers In the United States For information about Export Control Classification Numbers in the context of international trade, click here...
103. Export-lmport Bank of the United States Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank): A public corporation created by executive order of the [...]...
104. Export Bar A bar of pure gold, used principally in settling balances between central banks or other official financial institutions.......
105. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
106. Export Control Statement A notation required to be entered upon the shipping documents of virtually all commercial exports leaving the United States. A statement for certain licensed commodities, for example, reads: "These commodities licensed by the United States for ultimate destination (name of country). Diversion c......
107. Export Diversification Summary of Export Diversification The movement of a nation away from the export of a single or limited number of products as the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Export diversification programs are usually the priority objectives of small or underdeveloped nations, [...]...
108. Export Jobber A company that purchases and exports merchandise only against a firm order from abroad. Typically the jobber does not take physical possession of the goods.......
109. Export Merchant A firm that purchases goods from various domestic manufacturers, ships them abroad, and markets through other middlemen or their own organization. The export merchant tends to specialize in a given product category.......
110. Export Privileges The opportunity afforded by the U.S. government to engage in export transactions. The Export Control Act and its successor Export Administration Act have provided that all exports are under authority of license (including the general license requiring no prior approval); hence, exporting is a privil......
111. Export Tariff A tax or duty levied by a governmental authority upon the exportation of a product. Such taxes upon exports have been abolished by all major trading nations but are still retained by some developing nations, particularly on exports of mineral or agricultural commodities, as a source of state revenu......
112. Export Trading Company Act A 1982 act of Congress designed to promote American exports by modifying the application of antitrust laws and reducing restrictions on export financing on certain export transactions. The legislation is divided into four parts. Title I directs the Department of Commerce to encourage the formation o......
113. Export Unemployment A conscious program to relieve domestic unemployment or economic stagnation through the stimulation of export sales. The term is used generally in relation to improper export promotion vehicles such as dumping (read this and......
114. Export Broker Export Broker in International Trade Meaning of Export Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm that brings together buyers and sellers for a fee but does not take part in actual sales transactions....
115. Export Business Plan Export Business Plan in International Trade Meaning of Export Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purpose of an export business plan is to prepare companies, specially middle and small to enter the international market place or to better [...]...
116. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
117. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
118. Export Declaration Export Declaration in International Trade Meaning of Export Declaration, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document declaring designated goods to be shipped out of the country. This document should be completed by the exporter and filed with [...]...
119. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
120. Export Incentives Export Incentives in International Trade Meaning of Export Incentives, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Assistance provided by governments to enable or assist their suppliers in securing foreign markets. Incentives take may forms. Some, such as assisting [...]...