Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
2. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
3. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
4. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
5. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
6. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
7. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
8. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
9. Export-lmport Bank of the United States Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank): A public corporation created by executive order of the [...]...
10. Export Regulations In the United States For information about Export Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
11. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
12. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
13. Extensions of Credit In the United States For information about Extensions of credit in the context of international trade, click here...
14. Export Customs Clearance In the United States For information about Export Customs Clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
15. Export Trading In the United States For information about Export Trading in the context of international trade, click here...
16. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
17. Export Procedures In the United States For information about Export Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
18. Export Control Regulations In the United States For information about Export Control Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
19. Export Control Enforcement In the United States For information about Export Control Enforcement in the context of international trade, click here...
20. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
21. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
22. Export Laws In the United States For information about Export laws in the context of international trade, click here...
23. Reversal of Enforcement Policy In the United States For information about Reversal of enforcement policy in the context of international trade, click here...
24. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
25. Deemed Export In the United States For information about Deemed Export in the context of international trade, click here...
26. Export Compliance Export Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Enforcement: Compliance and investigations Export Administration System Penalties Effects of cooperation with the government Examples of enforcement actions Judicial review Some guidelines for export compliance [...]...
27. Banking Institutions In the United States For information about Banking institutions in the context of international trade, click here...
28. Export Control Compliance Export Control Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Management corporate policy statement Export Control Internal Compliance Programs Delegation of authority Product classification Screening denied/restricted parties Weapons proliferation screening Country [...]...
29. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
30. Epidemiology Epidemiology (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Epidemiology means: _pidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Social epidemiology has [...]...
31. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
32. Bank Export Services In the United States For information about Bank Export Services in the context of international trade, click here...
33. Export Control Restrictions United States Executive Order 13224 Designations In relation to the international law practice and Executive Order 13224 Designations in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Sanctions, Export Controls, International Restrictions About this subject: Imposition, [...]...
34. Software Export Controls In the United States For information about Software export controls in the context of international trade, click here...
35. Export Statutes In the United States For information about Export statutes in the context of international trade, click here...
36. Nonproliferation Export Controls In the United States For information about Nonproliferation export controls in the context of international trade, click here...
37. Export Unemployment A conscious program to relieve domestic unemployment or economic stagnation through the stimulation of export sales. The term is used generally in relation to improper export promotion vehicles such as dumping (read this and......
38. Exports In the United States For information about Exports in the context of international trade, click here...
39. Defense Policy Advisory Committee on Trade Defense Policy Advisory Committee on Trade (DPACT) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Defense Policy Advisory Committee on Trade (DPACT): A policy-Ievel committee that funds part of the [...]...
40. National Export Initiative In the United States For information about National Export Initiative in the context of international trade, click here...
41. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
42. Corporate Policy In the United States For information about Corporate Policy in the context of international trade, click here...
43. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
44. Managing Director Managing Director in International Trade Meaning of Managing Director, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A managing director is someone who is responsible for the daily operations of a company, organization, or corporate division. In some countries, the [...]...
45. Right to Health This section provides an overview of right to health within the legal context of International Economic Law and Human Rights in international economic law (Cross-Cutting Challenges). Resources Further Reading Tania Voon, "Right to Health," Elgar Encyclopedia of International [...]...
46. Export Diversification Summary of Export Diversification The movement of a nation away from the export of a single or limited number of products as the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Export diversification programs are usually the priority objectives of small or underdeveloped nations, [...]...
47. Trade Controls In the United States For information about Trade Controls in the context of international trade, click here...
48. Export Subsidies Export Subsidies in International Trade Meaning of Export Subsidies, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Government payments, economic inducements or their financially quantifiable benefits provided to domestic producers or exporters contingent on the export [...]...
49. International Export Sanctions Sanctions Under Executive Order 13382 In relation to the international law practice and Sanctions Under Executive Order 13382 in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Sanctions, Export Controls, International Restrictions About this subject: Imposition, [...]...
50. Economic Sanctions UN Sanctions against Iran Note: for more information, click here. United Nations Sanctions against Iran by Title, Description and Date: UN Security Council Resolution 1696: Resolution expressing the Security Council's concern about the direction of Iran's nuclear program. (July 31, [...]...
51. Regulations In the United States For information about Regulations in the context of international trade, click here 69 Federal Register 16873-01 Explained in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) References See Also Administrative Law (in international or comparative law) Rules (in [...]...
52. Director CEO in Business Meaning of CEO, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the highest-ranking manager in a corporation. He or she is in charge of growth, financial operations, and goal setting for an organization. This [...]...
53. Voluntary Export Restraints Summary of Voluntary Export Restraints Synonymous with Orderly Marketing Agreement (q.v. See Bilateral Restraints Agreement.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, [...]...
54. Information Exports In the United States For information about Information exports in the context of international trade, click here...
55. Executive Agreement Concept of Executive Agreement An introductory definition of Executive Agreement is provided here: A formal agreement between the President of the United States and a foreign country, which has the effect of law. An executive agreement differs from a treaty in that the President must submit a [...]...
56. Executive Certificate Embracing mainstream international law, this section on executive certificate explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "executive certificate" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
57. Administration The Legal History of Public Law of Administration This section provides an overview of Public Law of Administration Law Can Exist Without Official Administration Lassa Oppenheim, in the book entitled The Future of International Law, about Law Can Exist Without Official Administration, [...]...
58. Social Rights In relation to the social rights and constitutional law, David Landau[1] made the following observation: Social rights are the rights of people to achieve their basic human needs. In domestic constitutional orders, common social rights include the right to healthcare (right to health), [...]...
59. Deemed Exports In the United States For information about Deemed exports in the context of international trade, click here...
60. Export Volume Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
61. Unfair Trade Practices Unfair Trade Practices and the Laws of International Trade Executive review of unfair trade practices: Background Unfair Trade and Import Competition Regulation Procedure: Initiation of investigation The investigation Monitoring Recent developments The escape clause: [...]...
62. Acquisitions In the United States For information about Acquisitions in the context of international trade, click here Tax Issues in Mergers and Acquisitions Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Acquisitions Intellectual Property and Competition Law Resources See Also Library Law Library Legal [...]...
63. Services Policy Advisory Committee Services Policy Advisory Committee (SPAC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Services Policy Advisory Committee (SPAC): A policy-level committee that forms part of the private sector advisory [...]...
64. Enterprise Enterprise for the Americas Initiative and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Enterprise for the Americas Initiative: A program launched in 1990 as a vehicle for defining a [...]...
65. Defense Export Control In the United States For information about Defense Export Control in the context of international trade, click here...
66. Bank Export Services Act A 1982 act of Congress that amends Federal banking laws to permit banks to acquire equity, up to 100 percent, in Export Trading Companies. The act forms Title II of the Export Trading Company Act. See export TRADING COMPANY ACT.......
67. Export Credits Arrangement Export Credits Arrangement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Credits Arrangement: Formal title is the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export [...]...
68. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
69. Defense In the United States For information about Defense in the context of international trade, click here Overlap with export administration regulations in some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Resources See Also Defense Resources See Also Further Reading Information about [...]...
70. International Trafic in Arms In the United States For information about International Trafic in Arms in the context of international trade, click here...
71. Competition Law Anti-Dumping and Competition Law and the World Trade Organization Anti-Dumping and Competition Law in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues. Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of Competition Law in a Global Context Contents of this subject matter [...]...
72. Health Services This section provides an overview of health services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare [...]...
73. Council of Baltic Sea States Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Council of Baltic Sea States (CBSS): A regional cooperation organization including Denmark, the EC Commission, Estonia, [...]...
74. Trade Policy Review Mechanism Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Policy Review Mechanism (TPRM): A process of examination in the GATT Council to provide [...]...
75. Licence Licence/licensure in Aging Law Concept of Licence/licensure in the context of Community Health Care and Services for Older Persons, published by the World Health Organization (WHO):A permission granted to an individual or organization by a competent authority, usually public, to engage [...]...
76. Development Assistance Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services means: ODA directed to basic social services, which include basic education (primary education, early childhood [...]...
77. Public Morals This section provides an overview of public morals within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Robert Howse, "Public Morals," [...]...
78. Education Expenditure Public Education Expenditure (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Public Education Expenditure means: includes both capital expenditures (spending on construction, renovation, major repairs and purchases of heavy equipment or vehicles) and current expenditures....
79. Expenditure Controls Literature Review on Budgeting: Line-Item and Object-of-Expenditure Controls In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Suzanne Leland offers the following summary about the topic of Line-Item and Object-of-Expenditure Controls in Budgeting: A line-item budget is a [...]...
80. Educational Expenditure Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
81. Tax Expenditure Concept of Tax Expenditure Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Economy Public Policy...
82. Classification of Expenditure Classification of expenditure and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Classification of expenditure provided by the European Union Commission: This refers to the distinction made between Union expenditure of which the underlying principle and the amount are legally determined [...]...
83. Health Expenditure Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) means: the sum of public and private expenditure (in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars), divided by the mid-year population. Health expenditure includes [...]...
84. Health Expenditure, Private Private Health Expenditure (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Private Health Expenditure means: direct household (out of pocket) spending, private insurance, spending by nonprofit institutions serving households and direct service payments by private corporations. Together with [...]...
85. Human Expenditure Human Expenditure Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Expenditure Ratio means: the percentage of national income devoted to human priority concerns....
86. Public Health Expenditure Public Health Expenditure (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Public Health Expenditure means: current and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental [...]...
87. Compulsory Expenditure Compulsory Expenditure and Europe There is an entry on compulsory expenditure in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Compulsory Expenditure" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by [...]...
88. Military Expenditure Resources See Also Defense...
89. Training Expenditure Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
90. Household Expenditure Resources See Also Income Distribution Bankruptcy Inequality...
91. Public Expenditure Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
92. Social Expenditure Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
93. Private Health Expenditure Resources See Also United Nations Human Development Health...
94. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
95. Exclusive Economic Zone Background By Tatjana Rosen Historical Background The expressions “patrimonial sea”, “economic zone” or “exclusive economic zone” were first used in the early 1970s in regional meetings and organizations in Latin America, the Caribbean, Asia and [...]...
96. Exclusive Economic Zone 2 Contents Exclusive Economic Zone   Article 61 Conservation of the living resources 1. The coastal State shall determine the allowable ... Read more...
97. Exclusive Economic Zone 3 Contents Exclusive Economic Zone   Article 65 Marine mammals Nothing in this Part restricts the right of a coastal State ... Read more...
98. Expropriation Expropriation Definition Expropriation is the forced assumption of ownership of private property by a government, often without fair compensation. Nationalization is expropriation by a national government. Meanings For information on: * history of expropriation, see Nationalization * [...]...
99. Exception Ratings An additional or special freight rate, above the general commodity rates, applied to commodities which require special handling, such as items of extraordinary dimensions or weight, live animals, or dangerous articles.......
100. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
101. Exchequer The British ministry of finance.......
102. Excise Tax Taxes, also commonly known as internal revenue taxes, imposed by the United States on certain classes of manufactures and services and on the performance of some transactions. Unlike customs duties, which are applied to imports only, excise taxes are applied equally to imports and domestic [...]...
103. Exclusive Dealing Agreements An agreement by which the manufacturer or supplier of a product permits a second party to act as sole distributor of the product within a specified geographic area.......
104. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
105. Exemption System A system to avoid double taxation of income whereby the domiciliary country exempts corporate income taxation, income earned and taxed abroad, up to the amount of tax paid in the country that was the source of income.......
106. Exemption With Progression For more details on Double Taxation, click here.......
107. Explosions Clause A provision in a marine insurance policy establishing coverage for losses to cargo caused by explosion, except where the explosion is the result of acts of war, strikes, rioting, or civil unrest.......
108. Export Bar A bar of pure gold, used principally in settling balances between central banks or other official financial institutions.......
109. Export Mailing List Service An export promotion service of the U.S. Department of Commerce. See Foreign Traders Index.......
110. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
111. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
112. Export Tariff A tax or duty levied by a governmental authority upon the exportation of a product. Such taxes upon exports have been abolished by all major trading nations but are still retained by some developing nations, particularly on exports of mineral or agricultural commodities, as a source of state revenu......
113. Export Trading Company Act A 1982 act of Congress designed to promote American exports by modifying the application of antitrust laws and reducing restrictions on export financing on certain export transactions. The legislation is divided into four parts. Title I directs the Department of Commerce to encourage the formation o......
114. Extradition in Federal Countries Contents Extradition in Federal Countries “The political structure of countries, such as the federal structure of the United States, can ... Read more...
115. Executive Branch Introduction to Executive BranchExecutive Branch, the branch of the United States government devoted to administering and enforcing the country's laws. The country's laws are written by the legislative branch (Congress), approved by the president of the United States, and subject to......
116. Executor Introduction to ExecutorExecutor, in law, a person or financial institution, such as a trust company or bank, designated by a person (called a testator) in a last will and testament to carry out that person's expressed wishes with respect to the disposal of any assets (called the estate......
117. Exemption Introduction to ExemptionExemption, freedom from an obligation, liability, or duty to which others are subject. Exemptions are granted either in the interest of fairness, to pay allegiance to an interest or concept by granting it a position of priority, or as a regulatory device designed to......
118. Extortion Criminal Law: Crimes Against Property ExtortionIntroduction to ExtortionExtortion (or blackmail) differs from robbery in that the threats, stated or implied, that cause the victim to give money or property to the offender are not threats of immediate violence but rather threats of ......
119. Extradition Introduction to Extradition Extradition, in law, surrender by one sovereign power to another of a fugitive from justice. Between nations, the right of one power to demand of another the extradition of a fugitive accused of crime, and the duty of the country in which the fugitive has found [...]...
120. Extraterritoriality Introduction to Extraterritoriality Extraterritoriality, also exterritoriality, in law, systems whereby the jurisdiction and laws of one sovereign nation extend over the territory of another, under a treaty granting such rights. In general, extraterritorial jurisdiction is most frequently [...]...