Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Less-Developed Countries (LDCs): An alternative term for developing countries. [...]...
2. Track Track I and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Track I: Designation for consolidated negotiating activities in the final phase of the Uruguay Roundconcerning market access in goods....
3. Tariff Rates Column 2 Rates and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Column 2 Rates: US tariff rates assessed on imports from countries not receiving most- favored-nationtreatment. Most [...]...
4. Trade Negotiations Committee Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Trade Negotiations Committee (TNC): The steering group established at the outset of the GA 1TUruguay Round (Sec. I) to [...]...
5. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
6. Green Box Green Box and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Box: A term used in the context of GA TT negotiations on agriculture and on export subsidiesto refer to a category of [...]...
7. State Trading Nations State Trading Nations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of State Trading Nations: Countries that rely on government entities instead of private corporations to conduct their [...]...
8. Industrialized Countries Industrial Countries or Industrialized Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Industrial Countries or Industrialized Countries: (Also known as developed countries) A [...]...
9. Green Round Green Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Green Round: A term referring to a proposed new GATT Round of multilateral negotiations that would address environmental [...]...
10. Sherpa Sherpa and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Sherpa: An official of sub-cabinet rank from each of the major industrial countries responsible for coordinating his or her [...]...
11. Threshold Value Threshold Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Threshold Value: The monetary value of contracts above which government entities are covered by the Government [...]...
12. Multilateral Trade Organization Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Multilateral Trade Organization (MTO): A proposed organization that would subsume the GAIT,the General Agreement on [...]...
13. Mixed Credits Mixed Credits and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Mixed Credits: Exceptionally liberal financing terms for an export sale. Ostensibly provided for foreign aid purposes, [...]...
14. Nonviolation Complaints Nonviolation Complaints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nonviolation Complaints: In GATT dispute settlement negotiations, refers to provisions allowing the Contracting [...]...
15. Forum Shopping Forum Shopping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Forum Shopping: Refers to the ability of countries to take advantage of differing procedures fordispute settlement under [...]...
16. Grandfather Clause Grandfather Clause and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Grandfather Clause: A provision in the GATT and other trade agreements permitting signatories to retain domestic [...]...
17. Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries: [...]...
18. Protocol of Accession Protocol of Accession and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Accession: A legal document that recognizes the rights and obligations agreed to as a consequence of a [...]...
19. South-South Trade South-South Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of South-South Trade: In the parlance of the 1970s and 1980s, refers to trade among developing countries ("the [...]...
20. Treatment Special and Differential Treatment (S&D) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Special and Differential Treatment (S&D): Preferential treatment given to industrial countries [...]...
21. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
22. Market Access Negotiations Market Access Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Market Access Negotiations: In the context of the Uruguay Round as well as bilateral trade negotiations, [...]...
23. Rollback Rollback and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Rollback: A commitment to phase out all trade restrictions or policies that distort trade or bring them into conformity with [...]...
24. Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
25. Negotiations Item-by-Item Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Item-by-Item Negotiations: A method of tariff negotiations in which the expected trade effects of each [...]...
26. Surveillance Body Surveillance Body and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Surveillance Body: A body created at the outset of the Uruguay Round to monitor participating countries' trade [...]...
27. Tropical Products Tropical Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tropical Products: Agricultural and other products of export interest to countries in tropical regions of Latin [...]...
28. Delegations Seven-Plus-Seven and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Seven-Plus-Seven: An informal meeting of GATT delegations from industrial and developing countries (originally seven of [...]...
29. Semiconductor Agreement Semiconductor Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Semiconductor Agreement: A bilateral agreement concluded in 1986 between the United States and Japan to open the [...]...
30. Specific Limitations on Trade Specific Limitations on Trade and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Specific Limitations on Trade: Measures that limit imports or exports of a product during a specified [...]...
31. Trade War Introduction to Trade War Trade War, economic tug-of-war between nations in which each side tries to limit the other's exports while flooding the other's market with its own goods." (1) Resources Notes and References Information about "http://lawi......
32. De Facto Membership De Facto Member of GATT and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of De Facto Member of GATT: A former dependency of a GATT member that since attaining independence has applied the [...]...
33. Trade Bloc Trade Bloc and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Trade Bloc: A general term referring to regional arrangements among countries that have established formal mechanisms for [...]...
34. Sensitive Products Sensitive Products and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Sensitive Products: Goods produced by a domestic industry employing large numbers of workers, for which the costs of [...]...
35. Authors' Rights Authors' Rights and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Authors' Rights: A term used primarily in Latin American countries to refer to copyrights....
36. Global Quotas Global Quotas and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Global Quotas: Explicit limits set by a country on the overall value or quantity of goods, which may be imported from or [...]...
37. Annecy Round Annecy Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Annecy Round: The second GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in...
38. Punta Del Este Declaration Punta del Este Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Punta del Este Declaration: A declaration adopted by trade ministers of GATT member countries in September [...]...
39. Structural Impediments Initiative Structural Impediments Initiative (SII) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Structural Impediments Initiative (SII): A series of bilateral negotiations begun in 1989 by the [...]...
40. Computed Value Computed Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Computed Value: (Not to be confused with constructed value.) An alternative method permitted by the Customs Valuation [...]...
41. Customs Value Customs Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Value: A method of valuing imported goods which excludes shipping costs from the final price....
42. Framework Agreement Framework Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Framework Agreement: A package of agreements negotiated during the Tokyo Round, dealing with (a) differential and [...]...
43. Assimilation Assimilation and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Assimilation: A term referring to national treatment in the protection of industrial property. SeeParis Convention....
44. Marks of Origin Marks of Origin and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Marks of Origin: Physical markings indicating where an article was produced, as required by most countries' customs [...]...
45. Protocol of Provisional Application Protocol of Provisional Application and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Provisional Application: The legal device that enabled the original Contracting Parties [...]...
46. Standstill Standstill and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standstill: A commitment undertaken at the outset of a GATT negotiation to refrain .from legislating or implementing new [...]...
47. Working Party Working Party and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Working Party: An ad hoc subgroup established by the GATT Council to address a specific trade policy issue, such as a [...]...
48. Customs Harmonization Customs Harmonization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Harmonization: Intemational efforts to increase the uniformity of customs procedures such as valuation, [...]...
49. Counterfeit Code Counterfeit Code and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Counterfeit Code: A draft agreement, initiated in the closing stages of the Tokyo Round but never concluded, which [...]...
50. Upstream Subsidization Upstream Subsidization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Upstream Subsidization: An "indirect export subsidy," whereby a producer benefiting from a government [...]...
51. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
52. Free Trade Agreement Free Trade Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Free Trade Agreement: An agreement between two or more countries establishing a free trade area (FTA)....
53. Torquay Round Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
54. Reverse Preferences Reverse Preferences and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Reverse Preferences: Tariff advantages once offered by LDCs to imports from certain industrial countries that have [...]...
55. Direct Taxes Direct Taxes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Direct Taxes: Taxes on all forms of income including wages, profits, interest, rents, and royalties, or on the ownership of [...]...
56. Auto Pact Auto Pact and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Auto Pact: (Formally known as the Automotive Products Trade Agreement.) A bilateral agreement signed in 1965 between the [...]...
57. Demarche Demarche and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Demarche: A formal diplomatic communication of a country's position on an issue, presented to an official representative of [...]...
58. Substantial Supplier Substantial Supplier and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Substantial Supplier: An exporting country accounting for at least 10 percent of a country's imports of a given [...]...
59. Administrative Review Administrative Review and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Administrative Review: In unfair trade cases, a mechanism for parties to a case to appeal a ruling on [...]...
60. Uruguay Round Uruguay Round and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Uruguay Round: The eighth GAIT Round, launched in 1986 with 105 countries participating, and extended in December 1990 [...]...
61. Dual Pricing The sale of an identical product at different prices in different markets.......
62. Call Call and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Call: A request by an importing country for consultations with an exporting country concerning products whose shipments during a [...]...
63. Non-Paper Non-Paper Non-Paper and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Non-Paper: In GATT parlance, a proposed agreement or negotiating text circulated informally among delegations for [...]...
64. Modifications Modifications and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Modifications: Alteration or withdrawal of trade concessions previously made within GATT. Contracting Parties are [...]...
65. Non-application Non-application and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Non-application: In the context of Uruguay Round discussions of a proposed Multilateral Trade Organization, refers to a [...]...
66. Cross-Retaliation Cross-Retaliation and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Cross-Retaliation: Retaliation in one sector of trade, such as agriculture, to counter unfair actions or violations of [...]...
67. Anticircumvention Duty Anticircumvention Duty and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Anticircumvention Duty: A term used by the European Community for penalty charges imposed on the output of [...]...
68. Performance Requirements Performance Requirements and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Performance Requirements: Government-imposed rules or conditions requiring foreign investors to serve [...]...
69. Import Sensitivity Import Sensitivity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Sensitivity: The vulnerability of a domestic industry to injury from foreign competition. See also sensitive [...]...
70. Special Purpose Entities Contents Special Purpose Entities Definition of Special Purpose Entities Special Purpose Entities (“SPEs” ) are legal entities created -according with ... Read more...
71. Jurisdiction Over Foreign Entities Jurisdiction Over Foreign Entities in us Courts in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): As discussed in in this legal Encyclopedia, the U.S. Supreme Court heard two cases in tandem in 2010 concerning [...]...
72. Types of Business Entities Different Types of Business Entities Find out, in this world legal encyclopedia, additional information relating to Different Types of Business Entities ....
73. What Kinds of Entities Can be Legal Right-holders? Main source: Campbell, Kenneth, “Legal Rights”, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2011 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = ... Read more...
74. Enterprise Enterprise for the Americas Initiative and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Enterprise for the Americas Initiative: A program launched in 1990 as a vehicle for defining a [...]...
75. Enabling Clause Enabling Clause and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Enabling Clause: Pan of the 1979 Framework Agreement providing a legal basis in GATT for industrial countries to grant [...]...
76. Environmental Dumping Environmental Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Environmental Dumping: Refers to an unfair trade practice whereby an exporter achieves a cost advantage over its [...]...
77. Environmental Trade Measures Environmental Trade Measures and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Environmental Trade Measures: Trade measures applied by importing or exporting countries in conjunction [...]...
78. East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
79. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
80. Embargo Summary of Embargo A suspension of trade between nations, usually for political reasons. The term embargo is also applied to a governmental edict prohibiting entry or departure from the nation's ports of vessels flying the flag of a particular country. In those cases where ports are closed [...]...
81. Escape Clause A provision common to most international trade agreements under which an adhering nation is permitted to withdraw trade concessions under prescribed conditions, normally in those cases where such concessions are found to result in material injury to the domestic economy. Most major trading [...]...
82. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
83. Exonerated Cargo Otherwise dutiable merchandise permitted duty-free entry into certain countries in furtherance of a defined governmental policy. Usually such imports are raw materials or unfinished articles not locally available but deemed essential to local industry. The exonerations are, effectively, [...]...
84. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
85. Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
86. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
87. Export Credits Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees: A subgroup of the OECD Trade .Committee,comprising all OECD [...]...
88. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
89. Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
90. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
91. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
92. Economic Summit Economic Summit and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Economic Summit: Although the term can be used more generally, its most prominent use is in referring to the annual [...]...
93. Economic Order New International Economic Order (NIEO) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of New International Economic Order (NIEO): An agenda for discussions between industrial and [...]...
94. Export Guarantees Export Guarantees and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Guarantees: Assurances by an exporter's government that financing provided by a private lender will be [...]...
95. East Bloc Countries Former East Bloc Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Former East Bloc Countries: Countries that comprised the now-defunct East Bloc (i.e., those "dominated [...]...
96. Export Credits Arrangement Export Credits Arrangement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Credits Arrangement: Formal title is the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export [...]...
97. Europe Central and East European Countries (CEECs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Central and East European Countries (CEECs): Includes Albania, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, [...]...
98. Eco-packaging Eco-packaging and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Eco-packaging: Refers to national regulations and programs to encourage recycling or reuse of product packaging and [...]...
99. Exhaustion Exhaustion and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exhaustion: Refers to the doctrine that protection of intellectual property rights (IPR) is "exhausted" or confined [...]...
100. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
101. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
102. Export Restrictions Export Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restrictions: While usage varies, this term is often used to denote quantitative limits or charges on exports [...]...
103. Free Trade Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See [...]...
104. ACP Countries Acp Countries Summary of Acp Countries An acronym for African- Caribbean-Pacific countries. The term originated in conjunction with the LOME CONVENTIONS (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) [...]...
105. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
106. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
107. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
108. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Flora and Fauna Known commonly by the acronym CITES, a multilateral agreement to suppress international trade in endangered species of wildlife and plants. The convention was signed at Washington in 1973; in 1984, sixty-nine nations were signatories. Adherents to the convention pledge to interdict the [...]...
109. Discrimination Summary of Discrimination Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject [...]...
110. Dutiable Status A determination made by customs authorities, in accordance with the laws of the importing nation, as to whether a given imported article is subject to duty, and if so, at what rate. The dutiable status is determined by classifying the merchandise, i.e., determining into which category the [...]...
111. Free List A listing of all commodities on which no customs duties are imposed.......
112. Government Procurement Code A multinational agreement among trading nations, concluded at Geneva in April 1979, opening government purchasing contracts to competitive bids from firms in other signatory nations. The code was adopted by the United States as Title III of the Trade Agreements Act of 1979 and provides that, [...]...
113. Graduation Summary of Graduation The act of recognition by the world community that formerly less developed Countries (read this and related legal terms for further details) have undergone sufficient economic development to be regarded as "developed"or industrialized nations. The recognition [...]...
114. Havana Charter Detais can be found in General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade).......
115. International Commodity Organization An organization of the producing nations of a particular commodity. The principal motive for the organization is to foster price collaboration among the producers; the organization may establish buffer stocks to prevent wide swings in the market price of the commodity. The principal [...]...
116. Kennedy Round A series of international trade discussions commencing in Geneva in May 1964, under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). The discussions were prompted by ......
117. Market Access Summary of Market Access The degree of participation in the domestic market that a nation allows to foreign suppliers. Tariffs, quotas, and similar protective devices are devices imposed to limit market access. (Main Author: William J. Miller) Market Access and National Treatment in the [...]...
118. Most-favored-nation A privilege granted to a nation to have customs duties levied upon its products at the lowest rate offered to any other nation. Customarily, the extension of most favored nation status is reciprocal. See tariff (Customs).......
119. Multilateral Trade Negotiations Negotiations among many nations acting in concert for the purpose of reducing trade barriers. Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). in 1947, the mos......
120. Nondumping Certificate A seller's certification, either in the form of a separate document or as a notation upon the invoice, that the merchandise described is being sold at a price no lower than that applicable to like sales in the country of origin. The purpose of the certification is to allay concerns of [...]...