Budgeting
Literature Review on Budgeting: Incrementalism
In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Carol W. Lewis offers the following summary about the topic of Incrementalism in Budgeting: Incrementalism is an approach to decision making in general and to budgeting in particular. It is used in descriptive and explanatory variants and may refer to the decision-making process or outputs from the process. This perspective relies upon established roles, decision rules, and shared expectations; it broadly divides budgeting into the base and relatively small changes or marginal adjustments; decision making is characterized by a process of successive limited comparison, and politics is the dominant explanatory variable.
Literature Review on Budgeting: Participatory Budgeting
In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Aimee L. Franklin offers the following summary about the topic of Participatory Budgeting: Participatory budgeting (PB) is a form of direct governance where delegates are selected to make project-based decisions that determine how government funds are spent. The popularity of PB has steadily increased since its introduction in Porto Alegre, Brazil in the 1990s. Substantial variation exists within and across countries in the degree to which it is used, the scope of the decision and level of participation, and the process adopted. Some governments have institutionalized PB, while others have adapted it for one-time decisions. There are several challenges to implementation to be considered: developing participant capacity, encouraging staff support, and assuring representative participation. Despite these issues, PB has the potential to lead to significant positive outcomes related to reallocation of resources, transparency, responsiveness, citizen empowerment, accountability, and trust.
Literature Review on Budgeting: Program Budgeting
In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Katherine G. Willoughby offers the following summary about the topic of Budgeting: Program Budgeting: Program budgeting injects the traditional, incremental process of the allocation of public funds with systematic analysis of the costs of government activities and narrative explanation about these activities. Ideally, program budgeting should be incorporated with other budget approaches to better inform budgetary decision makers and stakeholders about the costs of doing the government's business and the trade-offs of traveling down various paths. Clear and seamless implementation of program budgeting is difficult, however. The planning and analytical foci of this method of budgeting coupled with inherent complexity of application conflict with the politics of the process as practiced. These components of program budgeting, even if well done, also do not line up well with the requirements of effective managerial control that are necessary in the crisis-driven environment that is ubiquitous in modern governments.
Resources
See Also
- International Economic Law
- Economy
- Foreign Direct Investment
- Economic Law
Resources
Notes and References
- Entry about Budgeting: Program Budgeting in the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (2015, Routledge, Oxford, United Kingdom)
See Also
Further Reading
- Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (2018, Springer International Publishing, Germany)
Resources
Notes and References
- Entry about Budgeting: Participatory Budgeting in the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (2015, Routledge, Oxford, United Kingdom)
See Also
Further Reading
- Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (2018, Springer International Publishing, Germany)
Resources
Notes and References
- Entry about Budgeting: Incrementalism in the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy (2015, Routledge, Oxford, United Kingdom)
See Also
Further Reading
- Global Encyclopedia of Public Administration, Public Policy, and Governance (2018, Springer International Publishing, Germany)
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