Search results for: “european works council”
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League of Nations Failure
League of Nations Failure Even before its first meeting, the League of Nations suffered what some historians have characterized as a death blow: the U.S. rejection of the Treaty of Versailles and with it, the League of Nations. A variety of factors led to the U.S. Senate’s rejection of the treaty, among them Woodrow Wilson’s…
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International Organization for Migration
International Organization for Migration (IOM) Introduction Established in 1951, the International Organization for Migration is the leading intergovernmental organization in the field of migration. With 157 member states, an additional 10 states holding observer status, and offices in over […]
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Defensible Space
Defensible Space The term “defensible space” was coined by Oscar Newman (1973a) in his book “Defensible Space.” About the book, Reynald and Elffers, in their article “The future of Newman’s defensible space theory: Linking defensible space and the routine activities of place”, published in the European Journal of Criminology (6(1), 25-46), wrote (page 29): “For…
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Community Corrections
Community Corrections Probation is a court-ordered period of correctional supervision in the community and is generally used as an alternative to incarceration. Parole is a period of conditional supervised release in the community following a prison term. In Europe, probation is often used as the default term for community corrections. Community sanctions and measures These…
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Lgbt Persons
United States Initiatives to Protect the Human Rights of LGBT Persons in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): As Secretary Clinton announced in her speech above, on December 6, 2011, President Obama […]
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International Refugee Law
International Refugee Law International law: the refugee See International law and refugee conventions: States parties 1. International Instruments Basic instruments 1946 Constitution of the International Refugee Organization Extracts 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Extracts 1950 Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of…
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International Refugee Law
International Refugee Law International law: the refugee See International law and refugee conventions: States parties 1. International Instruments Basic instruments 1946 Constitution of the International Refugee Organization Extracts 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights Extracts 1950 Statute of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of…
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Basilian Monks
Basilian Monks Basilian Monks, those who follow the rule of Basil the Great. The chief importance of the monastic rule and institute of St Basil lies in the fact that to this day his reconstruction of the monastic life is the basis of the monasticism of the Greek and Slavonic Churches, though the monks do…
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Capitulations
Capitulations History Capitulations (from Lat. caput, or its Low-Latin diminutive capitulum, as indicating the form in which these acts were set down in “chapters”; the Gr. equivalent cephaleosis, kephalaiosis, is occasionally used in works of the 17th century), treaties granted by a state and conferring the privilege of extra-territorial jurisdiction within its boundaries on the…
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History of International Law
Ancient History The need for some principles and rules of conduct between independent states arises whenever such states enter into mutual relations. Rules governing the treatment of foreign traders, travelers, and ambassadors, as well as the conclusion and observance of treaties, […]
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Cyberthreats
Cyberthreats Introduction The Evolution of Cyberthreats Dependency, Interconnectivity, and New Vulnerabilities Boundlessness, Anonymity, and Technological Progress The Vagueness of Cyberintrusions and Unclear Responsibilities The Problem of Attribution and Sovereignty in Cyberspace Understanding Cyberthreats Technical Background Computerization and Interconnectivity The Role of Hard- and Software Oligarchy Flaws Institutional Background The Evolution of the Internet A Short…
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Anti-Corruption
Anti-Corruption Introduction By Anne Peters The 172 ratifications of the UN Convention against Corruption (UNCAC), which was adopted in 2003, shows that States around the world are – at least verbally – committed to the international fight against corruption… In the 1990s, the United States achieved adoption of a treaty to criminalize foreign bribery, namely…
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Space Law Documents
Space Law Documents Basic National Documents in relation with Space Law Laws and Policies ARGENTINA-DOCUMENTS National Decree No. 125/95: Establishment of the National Registry of Objects Launched into Outer Space, Buenos Aires, July 19, 1995 National Decree No. 995/91: Creation of the National Commission on Space Activities, Buenos Aires, May 28, 1991 AUSTRALIA-DOCUMENTS Australia Space…
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Heresy
Note: see also heresy in the European legal Encyclopedia. Heresy, the English equivalent of the Greek word ??????? which is used in the Septuagint for “free choice,” in later classical literature for a philosophical school or sect as “chosen” by those who belong […]