Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Exports In the United States For information about Exports in the context of international trade, click here...
2. Trade Controls In the United States For information about Trade Controls in the context of international trade, click here...
3. Supply Controls In the United States For information about Supply controls in the context of international trade, click here...
4. Extensions of Credit In the United States For information about Extensions of credit in the context of international trade, click here...
5. Treasury Department Controls In the United States For information about Treasury Department controls in the context of international trade, click here...
6. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
7. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
8. Reversal of Enforcement Policy In the United States For information about Reversal of enforcement policy in the context of international trade, click here...
9. Technical Data Information that can be transferred to overseas users only in accordance with export control regulations. The Office of Export Administration regulations (Part 379) define technical data as: Information of any kind that can be used, or adopted for use, in the design, production, manufacture, [...]...
10. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
11. Banking Institutions In the United States For information about Banking institutions in the context of international trade, click here...
12. Arms In the United States For information about Arms in the context of international trade, click here International Trafic in Arms Export Licensing, Defense Trade Controls and National Security Resources See Also Use Of Force Arms Control Disarmament Nonproliferation Resources See Also [...]...
13. Deemed Exports In the United States For information about Deemed exports in the context of international trade, click here...
14. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
15. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
16. Foreign Boycotts In the United States For information about Foreign boycotts in the context of international trade, click here...
17. Munitions Munitions and the Laws of International Trade Munitions list in Some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Registration as a munitions manufacturer Registration as munitions broker Due diligence under the international traffic in arms regulations: Munitions list [...]...
18. Countertrade A commercial arrangement in which the buyer pays for his purchases, wholly or partly, with something other than money. Very often countertrade deals include some cash, but a significant portion of the transaction is settled with commodities or services. Countertrade has been employed heavily [...]...
19. Joint Venture Summary of Joint Venture A business enterprise with more than one equity participant; for example, an agreement between a German firm and a U.S. firm to capitalize jointly a new factory in Venezuela. Many countries impose restrictions on joint ventures; these restrictions may take the form [...]...
20. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
21. Foreign Employees In the United States For information about Foreign employees in the context of international trade, click here...
22. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
23. Law Merchant A body of customary law arising from mercantile practices and usages over centuries. Many of the practices have origins in Roman, or even pre-Roman, times. During the Middle Ages merchants, courts, or guilds employed locally recognized commercial rules to resolve disputes. Significant [...]...
24. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
25. Futures Commission Merchant Under rules of the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, effective June 9,1980, the designation applicable to any person acting as an agent of foreign brokers or traders for the purpose of accepting delivery and service of communications issued to them by the commission; also any broker who has posi......
26. Export Control Statement A notation required to be entered upon the shipping documents of virtually all commercial exports leaving the United States. A statement for certain licensed commodities, for example, reads: "These commodities licensed by the United States for ultimate destination (name of country). Diversion c......
27. Export Diversification Summary of Export Diversification The movement of a nation away from the export of a single or limited number of products as the principal source of foreign exchange earnings. Export diversification programs are usually the priority objectives of small or underdeveloped nations, [...]...
28. Export Jobber A company that purchases and exports merchandise only against a firm order from abroad. Typically the jobber does not take physical possession of the goods.......
29. Export Privileges The opportunity afforded by the U.S. government to engage in export transactions. The Export Control Act and its successor Export Administration Act have provided that all exports are under authority of license (including the general license requiring no prior approval); hence, exporting is a privil......
30. Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
31. Export Unemployment A conscious program to relieve domestic unemployment or economic stagnation through the stimulation of export sales. The term is used generally in relation to improper export promotion vehicles such as dumping (read this and......
32. Export Mailing List Service An export promotion service of the U.S. Department of Commerce. See Foreign Traders Index.......
33. Merchant Marine Summary of Merchant Marine A nation's fleet of oceangoing commercial cargo and passenger vessels. In some nations these vessels may be owned and operated by instrumentalities of the government. For most of the major maritime nations, however, the vessels are privately owned and [...]...
34. Merchant's Contract In steamship usage, a Loyalty Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
35. Export Bar A bar of pure gold, used principally in settling balances between central banks or other official financial institutions.......
36. Export Control Act An act of Congress passed in 1949 requiring that all commercial exports from the United States be licensed. Authority was granted to the president to devise specific regulations to control exports; this authority has been delegated to the Secretary of Commerce. The regulations subsequently [...]...
37. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
38. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
39. Export Subsidy Summary of Export Subsidy A direct payment, tax relief, or other incentive provided by a government to encourage export sales. The use of such devices is apt to be regarded as undesirable by the importing nation and may result in the imposition of Countervailing Duties (read this legal term [...]...
40. Export Tariff A tax or duty levied by a governmental authority upon the exportation of a product. Such taxes upon exports have been abolished by all major trading nations but are still retained by some developing nations, particularly on exports of mineral or agricultural commodities, as a source of state revenu......
41. Export Trading Company Act A 1982 act of Congress designed to promote American exports by modifying the application of antitrust laws and reducing restrictions on export financing on certain export transactions. The legislation is divided into four parts. Title I directs the Department of Commerce to encourage the formation o......
42. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
43. Export Compliance Export Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Enforcement: Compliance and investigations Export Administration System Penalties Effects of cooperation with the government Examples of enforcement actions Judicial review Some guidelines for export compliance [...]...
44. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
45. Export Control Laws Export Control Laws and the Laws of International Trade Worldwide export control laws Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Countries covered Extraterritorial application Entity-based sanctions Other export statutes Due diligence under other export statutes [...]...
46. Export Violations Export Violations and the Laws of International Trade Export violations; evidence of violations Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Post-closing discovery of an export violation If an export violation is discovered Ongoing violations Cessation of illegal activity [...]...
47. Merchant Bank A bank that provides a variety of financial services to commercial entities, including investment banking, acceptance of bills of exchange, insurance portfolio management, as well as business financing. Merchant banks are a Western European institution and do not customarily accept retail banking bu......
48. Merchant's Credit Merchant's Credit in International Trade Meaning of Merchant's Credit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A letter of credit issued by the buyer himself. Contains no commitment whatever on the part of a bank. See letter of credit....
49. Merchant's Haulage Merchant's Haulage in International Trade Meaning of Merchant's Haulage, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The inland, move from or a port that has all arrangements made by the cargo interests (Exporter/seller)....
50. Commission Merchant Resources See Also Factor...
51. Merchant Fleet Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
52. Export In the United States For information about Export in the context of international trade, click here Export in International Trade Meaning of Export, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): To ship an item away from a country for sale to another country. [...]...
53. Bank Export Services Act A 1982 act of Congress that amends Federal banking laws to permit banks to acquire equity, up to 100 percent, in Export Trading Companies. The act forms Title II of the Export Trading Company Act. See export TRADING COMPANY ACT.......
54. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
55. Manufacturer's Export Agent Middle man who, on behalf of a domestic manufacturer or trading firm, promotes export sales. The MEA operates under its own name, rather than as a component of the manufacturer's marketing department.......
56. Nonrecourse Export Financing Read details of Forfaiting.......
57. Office Of Export Control A branch of the Department of Commerce charged with reviewing, approving, or denying validated export licenses.......
58. Voluntary Export Quota A quantitative restriction that a nation puts upon the export of a certain product to another country. This condition is usually in response to complaints from the importing country that its domestic industry is being injured by continuing exports of the product from its trading partner.......
59. Voluntary Export Restraints Summary of Voluntary Export Restraints Synonymous with Orderly Marketing Agreement (q.v. See Bilateral Restraints Agreement.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, [...]...
60. Export Control Compliance Export Control Compliance and the Laws of International Trade Management corporate policy statement Export Control Internal Compliance Programs Delegation of authority Product classification Screening denied/restricted parties Weapons proliferation screening Country [...]...
61. Export Credits Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Group on Export Credits and Credit Guarantees: A subgroup of the OECD Trade .Committee,comprising all OECD [...]...
62. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
63. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
64. Export Platforms Export Platforms and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Platforms: Refers to countries such as Mexico, Taiwan, Singapore, Malaysia, and South Korea that established incentive programs [...]...
65. Export Quota Export Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Quota: A specific restriction or ceiling imposed by an exporting country on the value or volume of certain exports. [...]...
66. Export Enhancement Program Export Enhancement Program (EEP) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Enhancement Program (EEP): A system of agricultural export subsidies maintained by the United [...]...
67. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
68. Export Guarantees Export Guarantees and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Guarantees: Assurances by an exporter's government that financing provided by a private lender will be [...]...
69. Export Credits Arrangement Export Credits Arrangement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Credits Arrangement: Formal title is the Arrangement on Guidelines for Officially Supported Export [...]...
70. Export Controls Export Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Controls: Regulations or restrictions applied to exports by the government of the exporting country to limit [...]...
71. Export Restrictions Export Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restrictions: While usage varies, this term is often used to denote quantitative limits or charges on exports [...]...
72. Export Requirements Export Performance Requirements and International Trade Resources See Also performance requirements...
73. Export Administration In the United States For information about Export Administration in the context of international trade, click here...
74. Export Cartels In the United States For information about Export cartels in the context of international trade, click here...
75. Export Clearance In the United States For information about Export clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
76. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
77. Export Compliance Programs In the United States For information about Export Compliance programs in the context of international trade, click here...
78. Export Control Enforcement In the United States For information about Export Control Enforcement in the context of international trade, click here...
79. Export Control Regulations In the United States For information about Export Control Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
80. Export Control System In the United States For information about Export Control System in the context of international trade, click here...
81. Export Customs Clearance In the United States For information about Export Customs Clearance in the context of international trade, click here...
82. Export Documentation In the United States For information about Export Documentation in the context of international trade, click here...
83. Export Due Diligence In the United States For information about Export due diligence in the context of international trade, click here...
84. Export Laws In the United States For information about Export laws in the context of international trade, click here...
85. Export Licenses In the United States For information about Export Licenses in the context of international trade, click here...
86. Export Procedures In the United States For information about Export Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
87. Export Regulations In the United States For information about Export Regulations in the context of international trade, click here...
88. Export Sanctions In the United States For information about Export Sanctions in the context of international trade, click here...
89. Export Trade Certificates In the United States For information about Export trade certificates in the context of international trade, click here...
90. Export Trading In the United States For information about Export Trading in the context of international trade, click here...
91. Export Broker Export Broker in International Trade Meaning of Export Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm that brings together buyers and sellers for a fee but does not take part in actual sales transactions....
92. Export Business Plan Export Business Plan in International Trade Meaning of Export Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purpose of an export business plan is to prepare companies, specially middle and small to enter the international market place or to better [...]...
93. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
94. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
95. Export Declaration Export Declaration in International Trade Meaning of Export Declaration, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document declaring designated goods to be shipped out of the country. This document should be completed by the exporter and filed with [...]...
96. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
97. Export Incentives Export Incentives in International Trade Meaning of Export Incentives, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Assistance provided by governments to enable or assist their suppliers in securing foreign markets. Incentives take may forms. Some, such as assisting [...]...
98. Export License Export License in International Trade Meaning of Export License, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A government document granting the licensee the right to export a specific quantity of a commodity to a specified country. This license may be require in a [...]...
99. Export Manager Export Manager in International Trade Meaning of Export Manager, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An export manager serves as intermediary between foreign buyers and domestic sellers. Unlike trading companies who buy the products before selling directly [...]...
100. Export Marks Export Marks in International Trade Meaning of Export Marks, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Words or symbols placed on the outside of a export packed goods to indicate the shipment's destination. Typical marks for vessel shipments include the [...]...
101. Export Packing Export Packing in International Trade Meaning of Export Packing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The preparation of goods for international shipping. The degree of export packing required greatly depends on the kind of product, the mode of [...]...
102. Export Subsidies Export Subsidies in International Trade Meaning of Export Subsidies, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Government payments, economic inducements or their financially quantifiable benefits provided to domestic producers or exporters contingent on the export [...]...
103. Export-performance Measure Export-performance Measure in International Trade Meaning of Export-performance Measure, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Requirement that a certain quantity of production must be exported....
104. Export Control Reform Export Control Reform in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Export Control Reform: On April 16, 2013, the Department of State announced that the U.S. Government had issued the first in a series of new rules regarding the export of munitions and commercial [...]...
105. Export Control Restrictions United States Executive Order 13224 Designations In relation to the international law practice and Executive Order 13224 Designations in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Sanctions, Export Controls, International Restrictions About this subject: Imposition, [...]...
106. Export Control Violations Aeroflex: Resolution of Export Control Violations in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Aeroflex: Resolution of Export Control Violations: On August 9, 2013, the State Department announced that it had entered into a consent agreement with Aeroflex Incorporated [...]...
107. Export of Capital Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
108. Export Credit Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
109. Export Oriented Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
110. Export Promotion Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law...
111. Export Earnings Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
112. Export Insurance Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
113. Export Planning Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
114. Export Restriction Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
115. Export Volume Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
116. Export Control Classification Numbers In the United States For information about Export Control Classification Numbers in the context of international trade, click here...
117. Export International Restrictions Issues Communication to the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718 In relation to the international law practice and Communication to the Committee Established Pursuant to Resolution 1718 in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Sanctions, Export Controls, [...]...
118. Convention (VI) Relating to the Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities Contents Convention (VI) Relating to the Status of Enemy Merchant Ships at the Outbreak of Hostilities   Article 1. When ... Read more...
119. Export-Import Bank Of The United States Commonly known as Eximbank, an independent, self-funding agency of the U.S. government created to facilitate exports of American products. Originally chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1934, Eximbank was rechartered by an act of Congress in 1945. The bank provides short-, medium......
120. Export-lmport Bank of the United States Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-lmport Bank of the United States (Eximbank): A public corporation created by executive order of the [...]...