Discrimination

by

International Legal Research

Information about Discrimination in free legal resources:

Treaties & Agreements

International Organizations

Jurisprudence $ Commentary

European Union

IP Law

Contents

Discrimination

Summary of Discrimination

Unequal treatment in the duties, quotas, or administrative controls accorded to the products of one or more nations. Generally speaking, any nation which does not enjoy most FAVORED NATION (read this and related legal terms for further details) status is the subject of trade discrimination. (Main Author: William J. Miller)

Discrimination and the GATT Policy Negotiations

In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Discrimination: Inequality in trade treatment accorded by an importing country to one or more exporting countries. Some forms of discrimination may be sanctioned by GATT, such as preferential tariff rates for imports from LDCs or from partners in a free- trade area. Discrimination may also involve trade restrictions that apply to the exports of certain countries but not to similar goods from other countries (see selectivity and grey area measures). The opposite of discrimination ismost1avored-nation (MFN) treatment.

Discrimination in Election Law

Any measure or attitude intended to give unfair treatment (positive or negative) to individuals or groups of individuals in similar circumstances and offer an advantage or a disadvantage to some over others. Discrimination can be based on gender, race, ethnic origin, religion, socioeconomic status or other factors. In the context of the electoral process, it may involve depriving certain people or groups of their right to vote or run for office.

Discrimination in International Trade

Meaning of Discrimination, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In international trade, inequality of treatment accorded to imports from different countries, such as preferential tariff rates for imports from particular countries or trade restrictions targeted against particular countries.

In relation to Inter-American Treaties, Conventions and Agreements adopted within the framework of the OAS

The Organization of American States (a list of Members of the Organization of American States is here) adopted the following international instruments regarding Discrimination:

  • Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination and Related Forms of Intolerance
  • Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance

Employment Discrimination Law

Discrimination, Sexual Behaviour and the Law

The Legal History of Race and Sex Discrimination

This section provides an overview of Race and Sex Discrimination

Discrimination (in the Human Development Area)

In this context, Discrimination means: different treatment of others based solely on their membership in a socially distinct group or category, such as race, ethnicity, sex, religion, age, or disability. Discrimination against women means any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field. Direct discrimination occurs when a person is treated less favourably than another in a comparable situation for a clear (although often unacknowledged) reason, e.g. their sex. Indirect discrimination occurs when one group of people (e.g. women or men) cannot fully enjoy or benefit from an apparently neutral law, policy or other opportunity because of norms, traditions, stereotypes or pervasive social roles that differently position that group of people in relation to the law, policy or opportunity in question.

Discrimination and the Law

Contents of Discrimination and the Law

Contents of this subject matter include:American discrimination laws in national and international context

  • Theories of discrimination
  • Law Reform Project
  • Sex Discrimination laws
  • Disability Discrimination laws
  • Race Discrimination laws
  • Coverage of discrimination laws
  • The future of equality laws

 

Discrimination

In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section:

Human Rights

About this subject:

Age

Note: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during the year 2013, covered by this entry on discrimination in this law Encyclopedia.

Discrimination

Embracing mainstream international law, this section on discrimination explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here.

Discrimination and Europe

There is an entry on discrimination in the European legal encyclopedia.

Discrimination

Discrimination and the European Union

Introduction

Discrimination

This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of discrimination, with a description of the most significant features of discrimination at international level.

Related Work and Conclusions

Resources

See Also

References (Papers)

  • Prisoner’s Rights And The Correctional Scheme: The Legal Controversy And Problems Of Implementation – A Symposium – Introduction, Donald W. Dowd, Jun 2017
  • Gonzalez V. Douglas Trial Transcript Of Proceedings, Day 2, Steven A. Reiss, Luna N. Barrington, David Fitzmaurice, Richard M. Martinez, Robert Chang, James W. Quinn, Jun 2017
  • Contemporary Problems Of Drug Abuse – Iii. Saturday Afternoon, Nicholas Johnson, Mark L. Cohen, Joe Moss, Nicholas N. Kittrie, Jun 2017
  • “Never Had A Choice And No Power To Alter”: Illegitimate Children And The Supreme Court Of Japan, Shigenori Matsui, Jun 2017
  • Reflection: How Multiracial Lives Matter 50 Years After Loving, Lauren Sudeall Lucas, Jun 2017
  • First Amendment Decisions From The October 2006 Term, Erwin Chemerinsky, Marci A. Hamilton, Jun 2017

Resources

See Also

  • Women’s rights

Resources

See Also

Further Reading

Resources

See Also

Further Reading

  • Entry “Discrimination” in the work “A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein”, by Rodney Leach (Profile Books; London)

Resources

Further Reading

  • The entry “discrimination” in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law (currently, the Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International Law, 2009), Oxford University Press

Resources

See Also

  • Sexual Discrimination
  • Discrimination Policy
  • Employment Discrimination
  • Inequity

Further Reading

  • Race and Sex Discrimination in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press)
  • Discrimination in the Encyclopedia of Sexual Behavior and the Law
  • The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Political and Legal History (Oxford University Press)
  • Race and Sex Discrimination in the Dictionary of Concepts in History, by Harry Ritter
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  • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Title I, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12111-12117 (1994).
  • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Title II, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12131-12165 (1994).
  • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Title III, 42 U.S.C. §§ 12181-12189 (1994).
  • Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, Definition of Disability, 42 U.S. Code § 12102(2) (1994).
  • Around the world, Liechtenstein women win right to vote. New York Times, July 2, 1984.
  • Aspinall, P. J., & Mitton, L. (2008). Operationalising “sexual orientation” in routine data collection and equality monitoring in the UK. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 10(1), 57-72. doi:10.1080/13691050701664460
  • Ataya, O., & Usta, J. (2010). Women and men: Hand in hand against violence. Strategies and approaches to working with men and boys for ending violence against women. Retrieved from KAFA (Enough) Violence and Exploitation and Oxfam GB
  • Banks, K. H., Kohn-Wood, L. P., & Spencer, M. M. (2006). An examination of the African American experience of everyday discrimination and symptoms of psychological distress. Community Mental Health Journal, 42(6), 555-570.
  • Benjamins, M. R. (2013). Comparing measures of racial/ethnic discrimination, coping, and associations with health-related outcomes in a diverse sample. Journal of Urban Health, 90(5), 832-848.
  • Beratan, G. D. (2006). Institutionalizing inequity: Ableism, racism and IDEA 2004. Disability Studies Quarterly, 26(2), 3.
  • Bradley, C. (2011). Ending violence against women and achieving MDG3. Office of Development Effectiveness. Retrieved from AusAIDÂ’s Office of Development Effectiveness website: https://www.ode.dfat.gov.au/Accessed October 23, 2013.
  • Butler, R. N. (1969). Age-ism: Another form of bigotry. Gerontologist, 9, 243-246.
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  • Council on Social Work Education (2008). Educational Policy and Accreditation Standards. Retrieved January 22, 2014 from www.cswe.orgCrenshaw, K. (1993). Demarginalizing the intersection of race and sex: A black feminist critique of antidiscrimination doctrine, feminist theory and antiracist politics. In D. K. Weisbert (Ed.), Feminist legal theory: Foundations (pp. 383-395). Philadelphia: Temple University Press (Original work published 1989).
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  • Government of South Australia. (2001). Women and politics in South Australia: WomenÂ’s suffrage. Office of Development Effectiveness. Retrieved from State Library website https://www.slsa.sa.gov.au/women_and_politics/suffrage.htm. Accessed October 28, 2013.
  • Gregory, M. R. (2011). “The faggot clause”: The embodiment of homophobia in the corporate locker room. Equality, Diversity and Inclusion: An International Journal, 30(8), 651-667.
  • Griffin, P., DÂ’Errico, K. H., Harro, B., & Schiff, T. (2007). Heterosexism curriculum design. In M. Adams, L. A. Bell, & P. Griffin (Eds.), Teaching diversity and social justice (2nd ed., pp. 35-66). New York: Routledge.
  • Hardiman, R., & Jackson, B. (2007). Conceptual foundations for social justice education. In M. Adams, L. A. Bell, & P. Griffin (Eds.), Teaching diversity and social justice (2nd ed., pp. 35-66). New York: Routledge.
  • Harris, C. T., Steffensmeier, D., Ulmer, J. T., & Painter-Davis, N. (2009). Are blacks and Hispanics disproportionately incarcerated relative to their arrests? Racial and ethnic disproportionality between arrest and incarceration. Race and Social Problems, 1, 187-199.
  • Heads of State of Zimbabwe. (2006). Worldwide guide to women in leadership.
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  • Human Rights Campaign. (2013). Employment Non-Discrimination Act (Issue: Federal Advocacy).
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  • King, K. R. (2005). Why is discrimination stressful? The mediating role of cognitive appraisal. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 11, 202-212. doi:10.1037/1099-9809.11.3.202.
  • Konur, O. (2001). Special Educational Needs and Disability Act (2001) Annotated, Part 2 Discrimination in Education, Version 2, 12 June 2001. London: City University.
  • Konur, O. (2002). Access to employment by disabled people in the U.K.: Is the disability discrimination act working? International Journal of Discrimination and the Law, 5, 247-279.
  • Landor, A. M., Simons, L. G., Simons, R. L., Brody, G. H., Bryant, C. M., Gibbons, F. X., et al. (2013). Exploring the impact of skin tone on family dynamics and race-related outcomes. Journal of Family Psychology, 27(5), 817-826.
  • Lum, D. (2004). Social work practice and people of color: A process-stage approach (5th ed.). Sacramento, CA: Brooks/Cole-Thomson Learning.
  • Major, B., Quinton, W. J., & Schmader, T. (2003). Attributions to discrimination and self-esteem: Impact of group identification and situational ambiguity. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 39(3), 220-231. doi:10.1016/S0022-1031(02)00547-4
  • Manjoo, R. (2011). Report of the special rapporteur on violence against women, its causes and consequences. Human Rights Council Seventeenth Session.
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    Marira, T. D., & Mitra, P. (2013). Colorism: Ubiquitous yet understudied (editorial). Industrial and Organizational Psychology, 6, 103-107.
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  • Nuemark, D. (2003). Age discrimination legislation in the United States. Contemporary Economic Policy, 21(3), 297-317.
  • Ogbogu, C. (2011). Gender inequality in academia: Evidences from Nigeria. Contemporary Issues in Education Research, 4(9), 1-8.
  • Pahlke, E. E., Bigler, R. S., & Green, V. A. (2010). Effects of learning about historical gender discrimination on early adolescentsÂ’ occupational judgments and aspirations. Journal of Early Adolescence, 30(6), 854-894.
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  • Ponce, Julie. (2010). Housing discrimination and minorities in European cities: The Catalan Right to Housing Act 2007. International Journal of Law in the Built Environment, 2(2), 138-156.
  • Posthuma, R.A., Roehling, M. V., & Campion, M. A. (2006). Applying U.S. employment discrimination laws to international employers: Advice for scientists and practitioners. Personnel Psychology, 59, 705-739.
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  • Riina, E. M., & McHale, S. M. (2012). AdolescentsÂ’ experiences of discrimination and parent-adolescent relationship quality: The moderating roles of sociocultural processes. Journal of Family Issues, 33(7), 851-873. doi:10.1177/0192513X11423897
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  43. Dispute Settlement Dispute Settlement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Dispute Settlement: The process of negotiation, consultation, conciliation or mediation, and resolution of [...]...
  44. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
  45. Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes betweenStates and Nationals of Other States Convention on Settlement of Investment Disputes Between States and Nationals of Other States and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Convention on Settlement of Investment [...]...
  46. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
  47. Trade Opportunities Program An export promotion service of the U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. U.S. firms interested in marketing abroad may list their products with the International Trade Administration; this data will be retained in IT A computers and matched with inquiries received by [...]...
  48. Economic Summit Economic Summit and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Economic Summit: Although the term can be used more generally, its most prominent use is in referring to the annual [...]...
  49. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
  50. Export Quota Agreement An arrangement arising under an international commodity agreement whereby each participating exporting nation is allocated a portion of the market. Participating importing nations agree to limit imports from nonmember nations. The object of the system is to maintain price stability, thus [...]...
  51. Kennedy Round A series of international trade discussions commencing in Geneva in May 1964, under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). The discussions were prompted by ......
  52. Contracting Party Contracting Party and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Contracting Party provided by the European Union Commission: A contracting party is a State or an Intergovernmental Organisation or other entity with treaty making capacity that has expressed its consent to be bound by a [...]...
  53. Modifications Modifications and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Modifications: Alteration or withdrawal of trade concessions previously made within GATT. Contracting Parties are [...]...
  54. Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Less-Developed Countries (LDCs): An alternative term for developing countries. [...]...
  55. Protocol of Provisional Application Protocol of Provisional Application and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol of Provisional Application: The legal device that enabled the original Contracting Parties [...]...
  56. Social Dumping Social Dumping and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Social Dumping: An unfair trade practice whereby an exporter achieves a cost advantage over its rivals in foreign markets [...]...
  57. Discrimination Against Women Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (cedaw) in Election Law CEDAW (1979) commits the signatory states to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and to support their full development in all political, economic, social, cultural and civil [...]...
  58. Elimination of Racial Discrimination Periodic Report of the United States to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Periodic Report of the United States to the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination: On June 12, 2013, the [...]...
  59. Racial Discrimination International Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination (icerd) in Election Law Adopted in 1965, ICERD is a United Nations convention that commits its members to the elimination of racial discrimination and the promotion of understanding among all races. Brown v Board [...]...
  60. Discrimination in the Workplace Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:Gender Note: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during the year 2013, [...]...
  61. Discrimination Law Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:RaceNote: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during the year 2013, covered [...]...
  62. Discrimination in International Business Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:Persons with Disabilities Note: there is detailed information and resources under these topics during [...]...
  63. Boycott Summary of Boycott A conspiracy or coalition for the purpose of impeding the commerce of another. Boycotts are often attempts to advance political objectives by economic means and fall into two categories; the primary boycott, in which a party to the boycott refrains from trading with the [...]...
  64. Flag Discrimination Actions taken by a government to favor or discourage movement of cargoes aboard vessels flying certain flags; for example, a nation may require that certain cargoes or percentages of overall cargo tonnage move aboard its own vessels.......
  65. Gender Discrimination Spanish Translation of gender discrimination This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to gender discrimination and / or a definition of this topic: Discriminación por Motivo de Sexo (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Gender Discrimination [...]...
  66. Age Discrimination UN Working Group on Age Discrimination in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to UN Working Group on Age Discrimination: On August 12, 2013, Laurie Phipps, U.S. Adviser for Economic and Social Affairs, addressed a session of the UN's Open-Ended Working Group [...]...
  67. Convention on Age Discrimination Possible Draft Convention on Age Discrimination in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Possible Draft Convention on Age Discrimination: The United States has participated in fora to address the rights of older persons, including the Open-Ended Working Group on [...]...
  68. Discrimination At Work Introduction Discrimination at Work This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of discrimination at work, with a description of the most significant features of discrimination at work at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Civil [...]...
  69. Discrimination Against People With Disabilities Resources See Also Community Collective Right Society Public Law Collective Right Society Public Law...
  70. Education "The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn." -- Alvin Toffler See Education links History of Education In the following treatment of this subject, the theory and early history of education is [...]...
  71. Blockade Summary of Blockade An interdiction of maritime traffic to and/or from a given port or nation by the naval forces of another nation. Blockades usually arise out of declared war or other belligerent condition between the country whose area is blockaded and the country whose forces have [...]...
  72. Commodity Summary of Commodity A nondifferentiated product produced with commonly available technology.(Main Author: William J. Miller) The Legal History of Commodity in Islamic Law This section provides an overview of Commodity in Islamic Law Commodity in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
  73. Common Market Summary of Common Market A supranational organization of trading nations, created to promote economic collaboration and minimize constraints on the free movement of goods among the member states. Features of a common market include elimination of tariffs on goods moving between member [...]...
  74. Economic Union Summary of Economic Union Also known as an economic community, an advanced form of economic integration on the part of several states. The economic union incorporates the features of a Common market (read this and related legal terms for further details)—unrestricted free trade among [...]...
  75. Free Trade Area Summary of Free Trade Area An association of states that seeks to overcome impediments to trade among members by reducing or eliminating tariffs among the participants. The members of a free trade area do not maintain a common external tariff nor do they (usually) provide for the free flow [...]...
  76. Consensus The Legal History of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) This section provides an overview of Ijm_ (Consensus of Jurists) Consensus in Election Law Method of decision making in which all stakeholders participate and attempt to align their positions. Consensus is not unanimity on a decision but rather [...]...
  77. Race Discrimination The Legal History of Race DiscriminationThis section provides an overview of Race Discrimination ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Race Discrimination in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University [...]...
  78. Sex Discrimination The Legal History of Sex Discrimination This section provides an overview of Sex Discrimination. Summary of the First articles of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women The articles of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination [...]...
  79. Price Discrimination Price Discrimination and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Price Discrimination: The practice of charging unequal prices to different buyers of products that are essentially identical, when such [...]...
  80. Employment Discrimination In the United States For information about Employment discrimination in the context of international trade, click here...
  81. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women Introduction to the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) The United Nations CEDAW is one of the core international human rights treaties. It is often referred to as the 'women's bill of rights', because it specifically targets the promotion and [...]...
  82. Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women Contents Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women The Optional Protocol to Convention on the ... Read more...
  83. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979 Signification of Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Women 1979 (CEDAW) A multilateral agreement recognising the civil, political, economic, social and cultural rights of women. It was adopted by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 18 December 1979 [...]...
  84. Human Rights Introduction to Human Rights "Since World War II international law has become increasingly concerned with the protection of human rights. It has provided improved procedures for that purpose within the UN. This new emphasis has also been manifested in the adoption by the UN of the [...]...
  85. Compensation Summary of Compensation Trade concessions granted by one nation to another in recompense for other trade concessions that have been withdrawn or suspended.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Forms of Criminal Punishment: Compensation Introduction to Compensation Certain punishments [...]...
  86. Customs Union Summary of Customs Union An arrangement among participating countries whereby tariffs are eliminated or virtually eliminated on products moving between members, and a common external tariff (read this and related legal terms for further details) is adopted to provide uniform treatment to [...]...
  87. Embargo Summary of Embargo A suspension of trade between nations, usually for political reasons. The term embargo is also applied to a governmental edict prohibiting entry or departure from the nation's ports of vessels flying the flag of a particular country. In those cases where ports are closed [...]...
  88. Intellectual Property Summary of Intellectual Property Intellectual Property is, according withWilliam J. Miller, a general term covering industrial property such as patents, trademarks, and trade names, as well as literary and artistic property, including copyrights. Consideration of the meaning of the word [...]...
  89. Parity In arbitrage usage, an equivalent value for two currencies; for example, the Bermuda dollar enjoys parity with the U.S. dollar (B$l = U.S.SI).......
  90. Nondiscrimination Nondiscrimination and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nondiscrimination: Equal application of tariffs, quotas, or other trade restrictions to products from different [...]...
  91. Economic Discrimination Economic Discrimination Definition Economic Discrimination, refusal to do business on equal terms with members of a disfavored group. Information For information on: * legality of economic discrimination, see Discrimination * motives for economic discrimination, see Prejudice; [...]...
  92. Employment Law Discrimination Most Popular Entries related to Employment Law Discrimination Employment Law (in the World) Employment Law Cases (in the World) Employment Law Definition (in the World) Employment Law Discrimination (in the World) Employment Law Advice (in the World) Employment Law Outline (in the World)...
  93. Anti Discrimination Anti Discrimination Discrimination In relation to the international law practice and discrimination in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Human Rights About this subject:Sexual Orientation Note: there is detailed information and resources under these [...]...
  94. Positive Discrimination Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
  95. Religious Discrimination Resources See Also Civil Liberty Civil Right Legal Right Citizen Freedom Political Liberty Constitutional Right Political Right Freedom of Speech...
  96. Anti-union Discrimination Anti-union discrimination in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Anti-union discrimination provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: Any practice that disadvantages a worker or a group of workers on grounds of their past, current or prospective trade union membership, their legitimate [...]...
  97. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services This section provides an overview of non-discrimination in trade of goods and services within the legal context of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in international economic law (Principles)....
  98. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Services Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination in trade of goods and services includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li>National Treatment Most-Favoured Nation [...]...
  99. Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment Non-Discrimination on Foreign Direct Investment in International Economic Law In international economic law, non-discrimination on foreign direct investment includes the following legal areas, with coverage in this world legal encyclopedia: li> Most-Favoured Nation Treatment in Investment Law [...]...
  100. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination   PART I Article 1 1. In this Convention, the term "racial discrimination"shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic [...]...
  101. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination 2 Contents International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination   Article 7 States Parties undertake to adopt ... Read more...
  102. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 2 Contents Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women   Article 11. 1. States Parties shall take ... Read more...
  103. Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women 3 Contents Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women   PART V Article 17. 1. For the ... Read more...
  104. Montreal Protocol   Article 1: Definitions For the purposes of this Protocol: 1. "Convention"means the Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer, adopted on 22 March 1985. 2. "Parties"means, unless the text otherwise indicates, Parties to this Protocol. 3. [...]...
  105. World Trade Organization Unlike GATT, the WTO is a permanent body but not a specialized agency of the United Nations. Introduction to World Trade Organization World Trade Organization (WTO), international body that promotes and enforces the provisions of trade laws and regulations. The World Trade Organization has [...]...
  106. Free Trade Introduction Free Trade, interchange of commodities across political frontiers without restrictions such as tariffs, quotas, or foreign exchange controls. This economic policy contrasts with protectionist policies that use such restrictions to protect or stimulate domestic industries. See [...]...
  107. Government Government Definition Government may be defined as a political organization comprising the individuals and institutions authorized to formulate public policies and conduct affairs of state. Governments are empowered to establish and regulate the interrelationships of the people within their [...]...
  108. ACP Countries Acp Countries Summary of Acp Countries An acronym for African- Caribbean-Pacific countries. The term originated in conjunction with the LOME CONVENTIONS (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) [...]...
  109. Balance of Payments Balance Of Payments Summary of Balance Of Payments The sum owed to or by a nation as the result of its international transactions during a given time period, usually one year. The balance of payments is calculated by subtracting the nation's total payments to foreigners from total [...]...
  110. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
  111. Country of Origin For customs tariff purposes, the country in which an imported product was manufactured, grown, or produced. When goods pass through more than one country in the process of manufacture, the country of origin does not change unless the product has been transformed substantially; minor [...]...
  112. Customs Valuation For importers, the process of estimating the value of a product at customs presents problems that can be just as serious as the actual duty rate charged. The WTO agreement on customs valuation aims for a fair, uniform and neutral system for the valuation of goods for customs purposes — a system that conforms to commercial realities, and which outlaws the use of arbitrary or fictitious customs values. The Committee...
  113. Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
  114. Drawback A feature of U.S. customs law that permits an American exporter to recover duties paid on foreign components or raw materials later fabricated into American products and exported. Upon exportation of the manufactured article a recovery or drawback, equal to 99 percent of the duties paid on the [...]...
  115. Dual Pricing The sale of an identical product at different prices in different markets.......
  116. Dumping Margin In those instances where a product has been dumped, that is, sold abroad at a price below the fair market value in the country of origin, the dumping margin is the difference between the home market price and the price at which the goods are sold abroad less incidental charges, such as export [...]...
  117. Dutiable Status A determination made by customs authorities, in accordance with the laws of the importing nation, as to whether a given imported article is subject to duty, and if so, at what rate. The dutiable status is determined by classifying the merchandise, i.e., determining into which category the [...]...
  118. Harmonized System Known formally as the Harmonized Commodity Description and Coding System.. a product statistical classification system based upon the Customs Cooperation Council Nomenclature (CCCN) and designed to replace various statistical classification schemes now employed by various trading nations....
  119. Least Developed Countries Summary of Least Developed Countries Those nations suffering the most severe economic and development problems, and requiring substantial and ongoing economic assistance. As a general rule, they are nations with a literacy rate of less than 20 percent and per capita income below two hundred [...]...
  120. Reciprocity Summary of Reciprocity Bilateral reduction of trade barriers; each nation reduces its barriers in return for similar concessions by the other nation. Reciprocity is an official policy of the United States, originated by the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934.(Main Author: William J. [...]...

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