Author: E. Encyclopedia
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Physiocrats
Capitalism Beginnings of Modern Capitalism The PhysiocratsPhysiocracy is the term applied to a school of economic thought that suggested the existence of a natural order in economics, one that does not require direction from the state for people to be prosperous. The leader of the physiocra…
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Death Penalty Debate Dignity
Capital Punishment The Death Penalty Debate DignityIn the debate about execution and human dignity, supporters and opponents of the death penalty have found very little common ground. Opponents of capital punishment assert that it is degrading to the humanity of the person punished. Since t…
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Death Penalty Debate Effectiveness
Capital Punishment The Death Penalty Debate EffectivenessEarly opponents of capital punishment also argued that inflicting death was not necessary to control crime and properly punish wrongdoers. Instead, alternative punishment-such as imprisonment-could effectively isolate criminals from t…
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Death Penalty Debate And Human Rights
Capital Punishment The Death Penalty Debate Human RightsA unique facet of the modern debate about capital punishment is the characterization of the death penalty as a human rights issue, rather than a debate about the proper punishment of criminals. Modern opposition to the death penalty is…
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Conscientious Objector
Conscientious ObjectorConscientious Objector, in the United States, term applied to an individual who, out of personal moral conviction, opposes war and his own participation in armed combat. An American male citizen can be classified by his local draft board as a conscientious objector if …
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Early Greek Censorship
Censorship Early History Greek CensorshipIn Athens, where democracy first flourished, Socrates preferred to sacrifice his life rather than accept censorship of his teachings. Charged with the worship of strange gods and with the corruption of the youth he taught, Socrates defended free disc…
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Death Penalty Debate Brutality
Capital Punishment The Death Penalty Debate BrutalityEarly opponents of capital punishment objected to its brutality. Executions were public spectacles involving cruel methods. In addition, capital punishment was not reserved solely for the most serious crimes. Death was the penalty for a v…
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Freedom Restriction
Communism: Features of Comunist States Restrictions on Individual FreedomAnother hallmark of communist states was the mandatory involvement of the mass of the population in political life. Most young people enrolled in party-controlled youth organizations, the entire labor force had to sign…
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Family Structure
Child Abuse Cause Family StructureCertain types of families have an increased risk of child abuse and neglect. For example, single parents are more likely to abuse their children than married parents. However, single-parent families usually earn less money than other families, so this may a…
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Early Church Censorship
Censorship Church Censorship In ad313 the Roman emperor Constantine the Great decreed toleration of Christianity. Twenty years later, Constantine the Great set the pattern of religious censorship that was to be followed for centuries by ordering the burning of all books by the Greek theolog…
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Corporate Bonds
Bonds in this SectionBondHow Bonds WorkTypes of BondsIssu…
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Conservatism Origins
Conservatism OriginsConservatism received its classic formulation in the works of the British statesman Edmund Burke, notably his Reflections on the Revolution in France (1790), in which he rejected the principles of the French Revolution and presented a comprehensive philosophy of society …
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Early Efforts Against The Death Penalty
Capital Punishment World Trends Early Efforts Against the Death PenaltySome distinctive doctrines in criminal law originated in efforts to restrict the number of capital crimes and executions. For instance, in the late 18th century, when all murder in the United States was punishable by dea…
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Consanguinity
ConsanguinityConsanguinity, relationship by blood, whether lineal (for example, by direct descent) or collateral (by virtue of a common ancestor). The degree of consanguinity is significant in laws relating to the inheritance of property and also in relation to marriage, which is forbidden …
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Early Roman Censorship
Censorship Early History Roman CensorshipIn Rome the general attitude was that only persons in authority, particularly members of the Senate, enjoyed the privilege of speaking freely. Public prosecution and punishment, supported by popular approval, occurred frequently. The Roman poets Ovid…