Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties betweenStates and International Organizations Or betweenInternational Organizations Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties Between States and International Organizations or Between International Organizations Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vienna convention on the law of treaties between states and international organizations or between [...]...
2. Vienna Convention Treaty: The Vienna Convention Introduction to Vienna Convention Rules of international law governing the conclusion, validity, effects, interpretation, modification, suspension, and termination of treaties were codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted in 1969......
3. Shipbreaking Summary of Shipbreaking The act of disassembling a ship for scrap.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
4. Railway Transport Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
5. Road Transport Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
6. Transport Equipment Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
7. Means of Transport Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
8. Transport Conventions ContentsTransport ConventionsTransport Conventions and other International Instruments ResourcesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Transport ... Read more...
9. Automobile Industry Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
10. Inland Navigation Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
11. Inland Waterway Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
12. Maritime Questions Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
13. Railway Network Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
14. Road Network Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
15. Ship Scrapping Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
16. Provisional Application and Provisional Entry into Force of Treaties ContentsProvisional Application and Provisional Entry into Force of international Treaties Provisional ApplicationProvisional application of a treaty that has entered into ... Read more...
17. Airline Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
18. Airport Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
19. Automobile Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
20. Train Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
21. Waterway Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
22. Nvocc Nvocc in International Trade Meaning of Nvocc, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Non-vessel-operating common carrier is company providing point-to-point international transport of goods although it does not necessarily operate or own transport vehicles or [...]...
23. Provisional Application Provisional Application and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Provisional Application provided by the European Union Commission: The growing use of provisional application clauses in treaties is a consequence of the need felt to give effect to treaty obligations prior to a [...]...
24. International law index V Contents International law index VConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries International law index V ... Read more...
25. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations Cases Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (paraguay v. United States) Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vienna convention on consular relations (paraguay v. united states) case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources [...]...
26. International Transport International Transport Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Transport...
27. Traffic Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic in U.S. Constitutional Law A list of entries related to Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic may be found, under the Congressional Regulation of Commerce as Traffic subject group, in the United States constitutional law platform of the [...]...
28. Motorcycle Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
29. Vehicle Accidents Motor-Vehicle AccidentsThe single greatest cause of accidents in the United States is the automobile. In 1913 the American industrialist Henry Ford introduced assembly-line techniques in the manufacture of motor vehicles. The subsequent increase in the number of automobiles in use was huge ......
30. Treaty Notification Notification and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Notification provided by the European Union Commission: The term "notification" refers to a formality through which a state or an international organization communicates certain facts or events of legal importance. [...]...
31. Multimodal Transport The movement of goods by more than one mode, or type, of transport, for example, a movement by truck to a pier, then by ship to a foreign port, and finally by rail to the customer.......
32. Vienna Convention on the Representation of States in Relation to International Organizations Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vienna convention on the representation of states in relation to international organizations explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "vienna convention on the [...]...
33. Crew Treatment in Hungary of Aircraft and Crew of the United States of America Cases Embracing mainstream international law, this section on treatment in hungary of aircraft and crew of the united states of america cases explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. [...]...
34. Viena Convention on Consular Relations ContentsViena Convention on Consular RelationsUS main Decisions:ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Viena Convention ... Read more...
35. CIM Transport Document CIM Transport Document in International Trade Meaning of Cim Transport Document, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An internationally standardized freight document issued in rail transport. CIM stands for "Convention Internationale concernant le [...]...
36. Vienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of Treaties ContentsVienna Convention on Succession of States in Respect of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these ... Read more...
37. Merchant Marine Summary of Merchant Marine A nation's fleet of oceangoing commercial cargo and passenger vessels. In some nations these vessels may be owned and operated by instrumentalities of the government. For most of the major maritime nations, however, the vessels are privately owned and [...]...
38. Signature Ad Referendum Signature ad referendum and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Signature ad referendum provided by the European Union Commission: A representative may sign a treaty "ad referendum", i.e., under the condition that the signature is confirmed by his state. In this case, [...]...
39. Multimodal Transport Operator Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO) in International Trade Meaning of Multimodal Transport Operator (MTO), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A carrier who concludes multimodal transport contracts; i.e., contract involving transport by more than one mode of [...]...
40. Acceptance Or Approval Acceptance or Approval and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Acceptance or Approval provided by the European Union Commission: The instruments of "acceptance" or "approval" of a treaty have the same legal effect as ratification and consequently express the [...]...
41. Act of Formal Confirmation Act of Formal Confirmation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Act of Formal Confirmation provided by the European Union Commission: "Act of formal confirmation" is used as an equivalent for the term "ratification" when an international organization [...]...
42. Treaty Authentication Authentication and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Authentication provided by the European Union Commission: The term "authentication" refers to the procedure whereby the text of a treaty is established as authentic and definitive. Once a treaty has been [...]...
43. Combined Transport Combined Transport in International Trade Meaning of Combined Transport, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Consignment sent by means of various modes of transport, such as by rail and by ocean....
44. Contract Manufacturing Contract Manufacturing in International Trade Meaning of Contract Manufacturing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Contract manufacturing in international markets is used in situations when one company arranges for another company in a different country to [...]...
45. Treaty Definition Legal IssuesTreaty can perhaps be understood in two different senses. In a narrower sense, it refers to an international agreement entered into between states; in a wider sense, it refers to international agreements not only between states, but also between a state and an inter-national org......
46. Motor Vehicle Motor Vehicle Law Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
47. International Road Transportation Convention International Road Transportation Convention in International Trade Meaning of International Road Transportation Convention, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Convention on the Contract for the International Carriage by Road was adopted in Geneva in [...]...
48. Motor Vehicle Electrician Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
49. Motor Vehicle Mechanic Resources See Also Transport Transportation Means Transport Law Transport Contract...
50. TIR Convention An international agreement designed to speed international cargo movements across third countries en route to final destination. Originally established in 1949 as a means of speeding European road transportation, the convention now applies to other modes of transport as well. Basically, each [...]...
51. Treaty Objection Objection and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Objection provided by the European Union Commission: Any signatory or contracting state has the option of objecting to a reservation, inter alia, if, in its opinion, the reservation is incompatible with the object and purpose of [...]...
52. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations 10 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International OrganizationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s ... Read more...
53. Accession Accession in Constitutional Law From the Comparative Constitutions Project: Accession is a process by which a country becomes a member of an international agreement or of another state. For example, all but the original fifteen colonies in the United States were granted accession into the [...]...
54. Contract Of Affreightment Contract Of Affreightment Summary of Contract Of Affreightment A contract, between the shipper of goods and a transport company, specifying the terms and conditions under which a given lot of merchandise is to be moved. The contract is usually evidenced by a bill of lading containing the [...]...
55. Voluntary Stranding A grounding which results from the design and actions of the master to save the ship from imminent peril. Costs and sacrifices resulting from the voluntary act are recoverable in General Average (read this and related legal ......
56. MPEPIL: Public Law: V ContentsMPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: VConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of ... Read more...
57. Common Transport Policy Common transport policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common transport policy provided by the European Union Commission: The goal of the common transport policy is to remove obstacles at the borders between Member States so as to facilitate the free movement of persons [...]...
58. Air Transport Arbitration France–United States Air Transport Arbitration Embracing mainstream international law, this section on france–united states air transport arbitration explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "france–united states [...]...
59. United Dredging Company (united States) V. United Mexican States United Dredging Company (united States) v. United Mexican States Embracing mainstream international law, this section on united dredging company (united states) v. united mexican states explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The [...]...
60. Berne Convention Definition of Berne Convention In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Berne Convention : The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works: an international convention of September 1886 that sets out ground rules for protection of [...]...
61. Definitive Signature Definitive Signature and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Definitive Signature provided by the European Union Commission: When the treaty is not subject to ratification, acceptance or approval, "definitive signature" establishes the consent of the state to be bound [...]...
62. Exchange of Notes Exchange of Letters/Notes and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Exchange of Letters/Notes provided by the European Union Commission: States may express their consent to be bound by an "exchange of letters/notes". The basic characteristic of this procedure is that the [...]...
63. Transport Law Commercial Trade and Transport Law Contents of Commercial Trade and Transport Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction and overview Regulation of commercial shipping: International Regulation of commercial shipping: Australia Maritime law concepts Carriage by sea: [...]...
64. Federation Of American Controlled Shipping An association of American firms that operate Liberian- and Panamanian-registered tankers, bulk carriers, and specialized vessels. Currently, federation member firms control over forty-three million deadweight tons of foreign shipping. In addition, federation members control approximately one-half t......
65. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
66. Cycle Electoral Cycle in Election Law Refers to the different stages of the electoral process and can be represented as a visual planning and training tool designed to help development agencies, electoral assistance providers and electoral officials in partner countries to understand the cyclical [...]...
67. Import Contract Import Contract in International Trade Meaning of Import Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The import contract is suitable when a company is buying goods from abroad by way of import in the course of a business to business transaction. The [...]...
68. Capacity to Contract Capacity to Contract • Barriers to Contract--you either have the right to contract or not ? Analogous to Civil Procedure: either have standing or not. ? Constitutional Law: citizenship barriers. Graded (resident aliens, etc..), but sets up right to 'enter' legal system vs. not. [...]...
69. Voluntary Export Restraints Summary of Voluntary Export Restraints Synonymous with Orderly Marketing Agreement (q.v. See Bilateral Restraints Agreement.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, [...]...
70. Treaty Amendment Amendment and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Amendment provided by the European Union Commission: The term "amendment" refers to the formal alteration of treaty provisions affecting all the parties to the particular agreement. Such alterations must be effected with [...]...
71. Treaty Signature Signature and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Signature provided by the European Union Commission: Signature not subject to ratification ( see Definitive signature) • Simple signature ( see Signature subject to Ratification, Acceptance of Approval) • Signature ad [...]...
72. Entry Into Force Entry into Force and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Entry into Force provided by the European Union Commission: Typically, the provisions of the treaty determine the date on which the treaty enters into force. Where the treaty does not specify a date, there is a presumption [...]...
73. Treaty Adoption Adoption and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Adoption provided by the European Union Commission: "Adoption" is the formal act by which the form and content of a proposed treaty text are established. As a general rule, the adoption of the text of a treaty takes place [...]...
74. Mutual Legal Assistance Treaties In the United States For information about Mutual legal assistance treaties in the context of international trade, click here...
75. Frigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales ContentsFrigaliment Importing Co. v. B.N.S. International Sales Corp.ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Frigaliment Importing Co. v. ... Read more...
76. Motor Vehicle Industry Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to motor vehicle industry in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
77. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 4 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
78. Bonafide Motor Vehicle Manufacturer Within the meaning of the Automotive Products Trade Act of 1965, a firm determined by the Secretary of Commerce to have the capacity to produce at least ten motor vehicles per week, and that has actually produced at least fifteen such vehicles in the preceding twelve months.......
79. Multimodal Transport Document Multimodal Transport Document in International Trade Meaning of Multimodal Transport Document, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document issued or signed by a carrier indicating carriage by more than one means of transportation. For example, a [...]...
80. International Commercial Transactions Contents of International Commercial Transactions Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction to the Subject, topic Policies and Assessment Agency Joint Ventures Licensing Letters of Credit INCOTERMS CISG (Vienna Convention) Dispute Resolution Sea Transport Air Transport Insurance [...]...
81. Inland Water Transport Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Transport...
82. Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 2 ContentsVienna Convention on the Law of TreatiesConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on the Law ... Read more...
83. Combined Transport Document A bill of lading issued by a combined transport operator (read this and related legal terms for further details) covering shipment of goods by more than one mode of transport. The document specifies the point at which th......
84. Contract Rate In the steamship industry, the freight rate applicable to goods shipped by a firm that has executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a Conference (...
85. Correction of Errors Correction of Errors and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Correction of Errors provided by the European Union Commission: If, after the authentication of a text, the signatory and contracting states are agreed that it contains an error, it can be corrected by initialling the [...]...
86. Treaty Reservation Reservation and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Reservation provided by the European Union Commission: A reservation is a declaration made by a state by which it purports to exclude or alter the legal effect of certain provisions of the treaty in their application to that [...]...
87. Transport Roll-on/Roll-off (RoRo) in International Trade Meaning of Roll-on/roll-off (roro), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A combination of road and sea transport, where loaded road vehicles are driven on to a ferry or ship (roll-on/roll-off ship) and off at the [...]...
88. Inland Transport Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Transport...
89. TRANSPORT INFRASTRUCTURE Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Transport...
90. Transport Worker Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Transport...
91. Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations 8 ContentsVienna Convention on Diplomatic RelationsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations   Part ... Read more...
92. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
93. International Convention Convention and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Convention provided by the European Union Commission: The term "convention" again can have both a generic and a specific meaning. (a) Convention as a generic term: Art.38 (1) (a) of the Statute of the International [...]...
94. Diplomatic Relations Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations The 1961 Vienna Convention on Diplomatic Relations outlines the rules of diplomatic law for the exchange and treatment of envoys between states. It has become an almost universally adopted Convention with 179 states party to it. The Vienna Convention [...]...
95. United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 5 Contents United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s United ... Read more...
96. CMR Transport Document CMR Transport Document in International Trade Meaning of Cmr Transport Document, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This document, also know as CMR consignment note, constitutes a proof of the contract of carriage by road, determines the scope and [...]...
97. Voidable Contract Voidable Contract in International Trade Meaning of Voidable Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contract that is valid but that can be declared invalid at the request of one of the parties because of a defect or illegality in making it. For [...]...
98. Objection to Reservation Objection to Reservation by Namibia in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Objection to Reservation by Namibia: On October 17, 2013, the U.S. Mission to the UN sent a diplomatic note to the United Nations, in its capacity as depositary for the International [...]...
99. Voluntary Service Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to voluntary service in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
100. Verdicts and Settlements ContentsVerdicts and SettlementsNational Jury Verdict Review & AnalysisLaw ReporterWhat’s it Worth? A Guide to Personal Injury Awards and SettlementsStein on ... Read more...
101. Venustiano Carranza ContentsVenustiano CarranzaFurther ReadingConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/s Venustiano Carranza Venustiano Carranza (1859-1920), Mexican revolutionary and president, ... Read more...
102. Veto Veto Definition (Lat. I forbid). Veto may be defined as the refusal of the executive body of a country whose assent is necessary to let pass a law or measure approbed already by the legislative body. See veto in the legal dictonary. In Europe The veto power of the British sovereign has [...]...
103. Venture Capital Venture Capital Definition Venture Capital may be defined as money or capital provided for new business ventures by investors other than the original proprietor. The term is sometimes also used for capital provided to rescue or turn around a company. Venture capitalists—that is, [...]...
104. Velocity Of Money The speed at which a currency unit circulates within an economy. If money turns over at an increasing rate, this velocity indicates a speedup in the economy; conversely, a declining velocity may indicate a slowdown. The overall velocity of money is the product of two components. (1) Transaction velo......
105. Vertical Foreign Investment Investments made by a firm, usually an oligopolistic firm in an industrially advanced nation, in a foreign source of raw or semiprocessed materials that can be used in the manufacture of the investing firm's product. ......
106. Vertical Integration Summary of Vertical Integration Also known as vertical expansion, the incorporation into a business or economy of earlier or subsequent stages in the channel of production. For example, a chemical producer may undertake (backward) vertical integration by producing its own petroleum as raw [...]...
107. Very Large Crude Carrier A tanker measuring between two and three hundred thousand deadweight tons.......
108. Verdict Trial Trial by Jury The Verdict Introduction to Verdict In the United States At the conclusion of the charge, the jury retires from the courtroom to decide on its verdict. The verdict of a jury terminates the trial. In a case tried before a judge sitting alone, the decision of the judge [...]...
109. VersusLaw Loislaw and VersusLaw in Commercial Internet Legal Research Loislaw There is more information about this subjet related to the field of legal research in the legal encyclopedia.Versuslaw There is more information about this subjet related to the field of legal research in the legal encyclopedia....
110. Vertical Restraints Vertical Restraints and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Vertical Restraints: Anticompetitive restraint of trade arrangements imposed by a firm at one stage in a chain of transactions --usually [...]...
111. Vendor Agreement Vendor Agreement in International Trade Meaning of Vendor Agreement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A vendor agreement is a legal agreement that clearly states the provisions and conditions of the work to be performed by a contractor. The key points to [...]...
112. Vessel The "Maori King": International Incident In the book "International Incidents for Discussion in Conversation Classes", in relation to terminox, L. Oppenheim wrote in 1909: The vessel, the Maori King, was purchased in March, 1906, by Messrs. Ginsburg and Co., a Russian [...]...
113. Vest Burned, Revert, Vested From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Burned, Revert, Vested (1): The fact that a church on lands donated to the parish, on condition of sustaining the church, burned down, the title did not revert to the grantor's heirs.524 Also land granted a [...]...
114. Vested Rights Control, Secede, Vested Rights From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Control, Secede, Vested Rights (1): The officers of a church corporation have control of the business management for all civil purposes, excepting as otherwise provided by the articles of organization, [...]...
115. Venezuela Sponsorship of Terrorism Possibility of Adding Venezuela to List of State Sponsors of Terrorism in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On June 24, 2011, Ambassador Daniel Benjamin, Coordinator for Counterterrorism at the U.S. [...]...
116. Veto Override Concept of Veto Override Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Congress...
117. Venice Commission United States Joins Venice Commission in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to United States Joins Venice Commission: On April 15, 2013, the United States became the 59th member of the Council of Europe's European Commission for Democracy through Law, or [...]...
118. Venezuela Boundary Cases Embracing mainstream international law, this section on venezuela boundary cases explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "venezuela boundary cases" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
119. Venezuelan Preferential Claims Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on venezuelan preferential claims case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "venezuelan preferential claims case" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
120. Vertical Extension of Law Vertical Extension (of International Law) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on vertical extension (of international law) explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "vertical extension (of [...]...