Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
2. Reference Price A mechanism of the Common Agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community designed to prevent disruptive import competition for certain vegetables, fruits, f......
3. Gate Price The minimum price at which pork, poultry, and eggs werw permitted to enter the European Economic Community under the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) without imposition o......
4. Variable Levy Variable Levy and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Variable Levy: An import duty that is subject to alteration as world market prices change, designed to ensure that the [...]...
5. Adjusted Cif Price A factor in determining the variable import levy imposed by the European Economic Community on grain imports. The adjusted C.I.F. (cost, insurance, and freight) price is derived by assigning a quality factor to grain imported from non-EEC countries so as to put the import on a quality basis comparab......
6. Purchase Price Defined in 19 U.S.C. 162 as the price at which imported merchandise has been purchased, or will be purchased, prior to exportation. It is usually based on the ex factory price excluding any export duties levied in the country of manufacture. Within the framework of the European Economic Community......
7. Orientation Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community it is the target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for cattle and calves, i.e., the equilibrium pr......
8. Guide Price As used in conjunction with the European Economic Community's Common Agricultural Policy on cattle and calves, it is synonymous with Orientation Price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
9. Standard Price The target price (read this and related legal terms for further details) for tobacco under the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community.......
10. Target Price An important concept within the common agricultural policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community. It represents an optimum wholesale price within the community for a g......
11. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
12. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
13. Community Preference Summary of Community Preference A component principle of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Community Preference and Europe There is an entry on community [...]...
14. Buyer's Premium A subsidy offered by a member state of the European Economic Community to domestic tobacco processors to encourage the use of EEC, rather than imported, tobaccos. The program, which is a feature of the common AGRICULTURAL POLICY (...
15. Additional Product Aid A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, which provides price supports to EEC producers affected by import competition. The "community preference" mechanism of the CAP eliminates external competition for most items but does not respond for certain pro......
16. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
17. Price Bands Price Bands and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Bands: A form of variable levy linked to a system of domestic price controls. Countries such as Chile and Colombia [...]...
18. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
19. Cultural Protection conventions ContentsCultural Protection Treaties and related International AgreementsCultural Protection Treaties ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these ... Read more...
20. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
21. Export Management Company A private company that serves as the export department of other firms, usually small- and medium-size manufacturers. An EMC will provide a variety of services for its clients, to include locating customers abroad, arranging transportation and financing for the merchandise, developing foreign [...]...
22. Measures Commercial policy measures and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Commercial policy measures provided by the European Union Commission: Non-tariff measures established in the framework of the common commercial policy, such as - import or export surveillance or safeguard [...]...
23. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
24. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
25. Trigger Price Mechanism A program of import surveillance instituted by the U.S. government in 1977. Under this scheme, a floor price is established for designated import items; this floor is predicated upon the production cost of the most efficient foreign producer, with adjustments for freight and currency [...]...
26. Intervention Summary of Intervention A process within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community whereby the EEC will purchase certain commodities currently selling below a stipulated target price. The price [...]...
27. Cultural Property Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural property: import restrictions in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Educational and Cultural Issues About this subject:BelizeNote: there is detailed [...]...
28. Basel Agreement An agreement, concluded April 24, 1972, among members of the European Economic Community for the purpose of narrowing the margins of fluctuation among community currencies. Participants in the agreement were Belgium, Germany, France, Luxembourg, Italy, and the Netherlands. The agreement served as th......
29. Spot Price The price of a commodity in the Spot Market (read this and related legal terms for further details), i.e., the price quoted for immediate sale and delivery. ......
30. Biological Weapons Proliferation Sanctions Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation Sanctions in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Chemical and Biological Weapons Proliferation Sanctions: On June 21, 2013, the State Department determined that lifting sanctions on five Chinese entities, imposed on [...]...
31. Trade Agreements Act Of 1979 An act of Congress implementing certain agreements negotiated under the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details). The act replaced the Countervailing Duty Law and Antidumping Act of 1921 and ab......
32. Sliding Scale Tariff A customs tariff in which rates of DUTY (read this and related legal terms for further details) vary according to the price of a given import. Usually, as the price of the item declines, the duty is reduced. Duties may b......
33. Common Financing A feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details) of the European Economic Community.......
34. Common Commercial Policy Common commercial policy and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Common commercial policy provided by the European Union Commission: The Community has exclusive responsibility for the common commercial policy (Article 133 of the EC Treaty, formerly Article 113). Under the policy [...]...
35. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
36. Export Unemployment A conscious program to relieve domestic unemployment or economic stagnation through the stimulation of export sales. The term is used generally in relation to improper export promotion vehicles such as dumping (read this and......
37. Variable Rate Loan A loan on which the rate of interest is adjusted periodically in accordance with market rates.......
38. Countervailing Charge Countervailing Charge and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Countervailing Charge: A charge in addition to normal import duties that may be imposed under the European [...]...
39. European Economic Community Summary of European Economic Community One of the three components of the European Communities. In March 1957, the members of the European Coal and Steel Community (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, and the Benelux countries) expanded the sphere of economic cooperation through the [...]...
40. Export-Led Growth Export-Led Growth and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export-Led Growth: A macroeconomic strategy focusing on expansion of the export sector --such as through export subsidies or competitive [...]...
41. Economic Community European Economic Community (EEC) and Europe There is an entry on european economic community (eec) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "European Economic Community (EEC)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from [...]...
42. Cash Price The same as SPOT price (read this and related legal terms for further details), as used in grain transactions.......
43. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
44. Constructed Price A value for customs purposes that ignores the invoice price of the merchandise but is derived by computing the cost inputs of the product (materials plus reasonable manufacturing expenses in the country of origin plus a profit factor), to which are added the normal costs associated with preparing th......
45. Export Processing Zone Summary of Export Processing Zone A special type of Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) within which certain exemptions from duties, taxes, and regulations are granted as an inducement to export-oriented manufacturing. Customarily a manufacturer within [...]...
46. Trade and Commercial Relations conventions ContentsTrade and Commercial Relations international conventionsTrade and Commercial Relations multilateral conventionsConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in ... Read more...
47. First Englargement The addition of Great Britain, Ireland, and Denmark in 1972 to the original six members (France, Federal Republic of Germany, Italy, Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg) of the European Economic Community (read this and related......
48. Price Undertaking Price Undertaking and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Price Undertaking: An agreement by an exporting firm with the government of an " importing country to raise the [...]...
49. Bank Export Services Act A 1982 act of Congress that amends Federal banking laws to permit banks to acquire equity, up to 100 percent, in Export Trading Companies. The act forms Title II of the Export Trading Company Act. See export TRADING COMPANY ACT.......
50. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
51. Export Restraints Export Restraints and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Export Restraints: Also referred to as bilateral restraint agreements. Quantitative restrictions applied by exporting [...]...
52. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
53. Less Than Fair Value An export sale price below that charged on like sales in the country of origin. Such sales are usually regarded as dumping (read this and related legal terms for further details), which may result in the imposition by th......
54. Lome Conventions A series of trade and economic assistance agreements between the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details) and various developing nations, former colonies of EEC members. The Tr......
55. Ordinary Course Of Trade A concept routinely applied in customs valuation that holds that the dutiable value of goods is the price at which they would normally sell if customary channels of distribution were observed. For example, where it was industry practice for a product to be sold directly by a manufacturer to an end u......
56. Variable Geometry Variable Geometry and Europe There is an entry on variable geometry in the European legal encyclopedia. Variable geometry and the European Union Resources See Also Differentiated integration Two-speed Europe Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Variable Geometry" in the work [...]...
57. Variable Annuity Description of Variable Annuity Resources See Also variable annuity contract under CONTRACT Straight Annuity...
58. Voluntary Export Restraints Summary of Voluntary Export Restraints Synonymous with Orderly Marketing Agreement (q.v. See Bilateral Restraints Agreement.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Voluntary Export Restraints (VERs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, [...]...
59. Export Administration Regulations Export Administration Regulations and the Laws of International Trade The Export Administration Regulations Export Control Compliance and Administration National security-related controls Foreign policy controls Short supply controls Jurisdiction Foreign boycotts under [...]...
60. European Atomic Energy Community Summary of European Atomic Energy Community One of the three components of the European Communities, established by the Treaty of Rome in 1957. The entity, known commonly as Euratom, was created by member states of the European Coal and Steel Community (at that time, France, Italy, Federal [...]...
61. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
62. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
63. Equity Plus Variable-Rate Debt A purchase arrangement in which the borrower contributes a portion of the purchase price (his equity) and takes a loan for the rest at a rate of interest that fluctuates periodically in response to some specified money market index.......
64. Levy En Masse Levy (levée) en Masse Embracing mainstream international law, this section on levy (levée) en masse explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "levy (levée) en masse" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic [...]...
65. Training Levy Resources See Also Education Finance Training Finance...
66. Minimum Import Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, Gate price (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
67. Average Variable Cost Description of Average Variable Cost Resources See Also COST Long-Run Incremental Cost...
68. Import Substitution Summary of Import Substitution The act of eliminating imports of a given product by commencing production locally, often accompanied by controls such as increased duties, quotas, or outright bans to discourage or prevent continued foreign imports. This approach is fairly common on the part [...]...
69. Prior Import Deposit A sum that an importer is obliged to deposit with his nation's central bank or other governmental authority as a condition for the issuance of an import license. Most industrialized nations do not require such deposits, but they are common in many developing nations, where the deposit may [...]...
70. Propensity To Import The relationship between income and the value of imports, expressed in monetary terms. Generally, the relationship is expressed in terms of the average propensity to import (imports as a percentage of national income) and the marginal propensity to import (changes in the average propensity to import......
71. International Import Certificate/ Delivery Verification System A control mechanism established by certain Western countries to prevent diversion of strategic commodities to communist-bloc countries. The system was devised by COCOM (read this and related legal terms for further details...
72. United States—Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp Products ContentsUnited States-Import Prohibition of Certain Shrimp and Shrimp ProductsNotesConclusionSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries ... Read more...
73. Import Law In the United States For information about Import Law in the context of international trade, click here...
74. Import Import in International Trade Meaning of Import, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): 1. To receive goods and services from abroad. 2. An imported item. Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural [...]...
75. Import Tax Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
76. Import Quota Import Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Quota: A means of restricting or controlling imports by specifying the quantity or value of a commodity, which may [...]...
77. Import Surge Import Surge and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Surge: A substantial and usually unforeseen increase in imports above recent trends for a particular product or [...]...
78. Import Surcharge Import Surcharge and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Surcharge: A temporary tax on imports over and above established tariffs, usually enacted in times of economic [...]...
79. Import Licensing Code Import Licensing Code and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing Code: Formally known as the Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures. A GAIT Code negotiated [...]...
80. Import Restrictions Import Restrictions and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Restrictions: Measures to limit or control the volume of imports by means of tariffs ornontariff barriers [...]...
81. Import Licensing Import Licensing and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Licensing: Procedures requiring the submission of an application or other documentation (other than those [...]...
82. Import Sensitivity Import Sensitivity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Import Sensitivity: The vulnerability of a domestic industry to injury from foreign competition. See also sensitive [...]...
83. Import Law Harmonized System In the United States For information about Import Law Harmonized System in the context of international trade, click here...
84. Import Procedures In the United States For information about Import Procedures in the context of international trade, click here...
85. Import Quotas In the United States For information about Import quotas in the context of international trade, click here...
86. Import Rulings In the United States For information about Import Rulings in the context of international trade, click here...
87. Import Clearance Import Clearance in International Trade Meaning of Import Clearance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The act of complying with the import regulations of an importing country. Generally, governments require some sort of import declaration. Depending on [...]...
88. Import Contract Import Contract in International Trade Meaning of Import Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The import contract is suitable when a company is buying goods from abroad by way of import in the course of a business to business transaction. The [...]...
89. Import Duty Import Duty in International Trade Meaning of Import Duty, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Any tax on items imported. See also tariff....
90. Import License Import License in International Trade Meaning of Import License, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A document required and issued by some national governments authorizing the importation of goods....
91. Import Promotion Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
92. Import Restriction Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
93. Import Volume Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard...
94. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa ContentsBamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into AfricaConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these ... Read more...
95. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 2 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
96. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 3 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
97. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 4 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
98. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 5 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
99. Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa 6 Contents Bamako Convention on the Ban of the Import into Africa ConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned ... Read more...
100. Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
101. Cultural Property Import Restrictions Cultural Property: Import Restrictions in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): In 2011, the United States took steps to protect the cultural property of Italy, Colombia, and Bolivia by extending import [...]...
102. Wto Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures and the World Trade Organization The Agreement on Import Licensing Procedures in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
103. Export-Import Bank Of The United States Commonly known as Eximbank, an independent, self-funding agency of the U.S. government created to facilitate exports of American products. Originally chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1934, Eximbank was rechartered by an act of Congress in 1945. The bank provides short-, medium......
104. Convention on the Illicit Import, Export, and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property Embracing mainstream international law, this section on convention on the illicit import, export, and transfer of ownership of cultural property explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "cultural property, [...]...
105. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ContentsConvention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural PropertyConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences ... Read more...
106. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 3 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
107. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 4 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
108. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 5 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
109. Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property 2 Contents Convention on the Means of Prohibiting and Preventing the Illicit Import, Export and Transfer of Ownership of Cultural Property ... Read more...
110. Valeur Mercuriale An official value, used in the computation of ad valorem duties, assigned by governmental authority to certain classes of imported products. The term is peculiar to certain West African countries, notably Senegal and Benin.......
111. Validation A concept applied in some jurisdictions relative to choice of law under contracts. See Center of Gravity Theory.......
112. Valuation Tariff A customs tariff in which ad valorem duties are applied not on the sale or commercial value of the merchandise, but on a nominal value for the product prescribed by governmental authority. For example, sheet steel might carry a duty of 5 percent ad valorem, but the tariff prescribes that the value f......
113. Value Added Tax Summary of Value Added Tax A tax imposed upon the value added to a product at each stage of the production process. The tax is applicable to all goods, from primary to consumer products. Each processor in the chain of production pays the tax in the purchase price of the goods, applying the [...]...
114. Value Date The day on which foreign exchange will be delivered and paid for, usually two business days following the transaction.......
115. Vanning Synonymous with stowing or loading a trailer or container.......
116. Van Vechten, Carl Van Vechten, Carl, 1880-1964. Books published: The tiger in the house, by Carl Van Vechten. New York, A.A. Knopf: 1922. ... Read more...
117. Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption ContentsCouncil of Europe Criminal Law Convention on Corruption and the Additional ProtocolTitle of TreatyAbout the Criminal Law Convention on CorruptionCouncil ... Read more...
118. Cyprus Treaty of Guarantee ContentsCyprus Treaty of GuaranteeConclusionNotesSee AlsoReferences and Further ReadingAbout the Author/s and Reviewer/sMentioned in these Entries Cyprus Treaty of Guarantee NO. ... Read more...
119. Bank For International Settlements Bank For International Settlements Summary of Bank For International Settlements An international bank owned and controlled by the central banks of twenty-four European and five non-European central banks. The BIS was formed at the Hague Conference of 1930 in response to pressures for the [...]...
120. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......