Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Health Expenditure Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Expenditure Per Capita (ppp Us$) means: the sum of public and private expenditure (in purchasing power parity terms in US dollars), divided by the mid-year population. Health expenditure includes [...]...
2. Contraceptive Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Contraceptive Prevalence Rate means: the percentage of women of reproductive age (15 - 49 years) who are using, or whose partners are using, any form of contraception, whether modern or traditional. Resources See [...]...
3. Development Assistance Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Official Development Assistance (oda) to Basic Social Services means: ODA directed to basic social services, which include basic education (primary education, early childhood [...]...
4. Health Indicator Health Indicator (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Indicator means: a health indicator is a characteristic of an individual, population, or environment which is measured (directly or indirectly) and could be used to describe one or more aspects of the health based on [...]...
5. Reproduction Reproduction of the Population (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Reproduction of the Population means: one of the main processes of reproduction of society - can be viewed as a combination of three types of "movement" of the population, "natural" (biology and [...]...
6. Health System Health System (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health System means: _onsists of all actors, institutions and resources that undertake health activities whose primary purpose is to promote, restore or maintain health as a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being. [...]...
7. Health Promotion Health Promotion (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health Promotion means: health promotion is the process of enabling people to increase control over, and to improve their health. Health promotion represents a comprehensive social and political process, it not only embraces [...]...
8. Depopulation Depopulation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Depopulation means: is the reduction of population over time in a region's census Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
9. Basic Needs Summary of Basic Needs A code word for official development ASSISTANCE (read this legal term for further details) programs aimed toward the improvement of health care, education, nutrition, and like fundamental services in poorer nations. The basic needs concept has been criticized by some [...]...
10. Development Development Research, Development Theories Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Development, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Development, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
11. Human Development Human Development in United Nations Activities In this context, Human Development means: is the expansion of people's freedoms to live long, healthy and creative lives; to advanceother goals they have reason to value;and to engage actively in shaping development equitably and sustainably [...]...
12. Social Health Social Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Social Health means: is determined with moral principles that constitute the ground of the social life of the human being, i.e. vital activity in a specific human society. It is primarily characterized with the attitude of the [...]...
13. Public Health Expenditure Public Health Expenditure (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Public Health Expenditure means: current and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental [...]...
14. Morbidity Incidence Morbidity Incidence Rate, Women and Men (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Morbidity Incidence Rate, Women and Men means: the number of illness episodes suffered by all women (or men) aged 15 years and older in a given period expressed as a percentage of all women (or men) aged [...]...
15. Deprivation Deprivation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Deprivation means: loss of economic fundamentals (food, shelter, etc.), social (health, education, etc.) and other benefits....
16. Earned Income Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Earned Income (ppp Us$), Estimated means: derived on the basis of the ratio of the female nonagricultural wage to the male nonagricultural wage, the female and male shares of the economically active population, [...]...
17. Literacy Rate, Adult Adult Literacy Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adult Literacy Rate means: the proportion of the adult population aged 15 years and older which is literate, expressed as a percentage of the corresponding population, total or for a given sex, in a given country, territory, [...]...
18. Demography Demography (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Demography means: science that studies the patterns of its population and development in the socio-historical implications; description of statistical data on age and sex composition of the population of the Earth, its regions and [...]...
19. Life Expectancy Health-adjusted Life Expectancy (hale) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health-adjusted Life Expectancy (hale) means: an indicator that firstly was introduced by WHO as average number of years that a person can expect to live in "full health" by taking into account [...]...
20. Enrolment Enrolment Rate, Net (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Enrolment Rate, Net means: the number of pupils of the theoretical school-age group for a given level of education level who are enrolled in that level, expressed as a percentage of the total population in that age Gross [...]...
21. Epidemiology Epidemiology (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Epidemiology means: _pidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of health-states or events in specified populations, and the application of this study to the control of health problems. Social epidemiology has [...]...
22. Health Determinants Determinants of Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Determinants of Health means: the range of personal, social, economic and environmental factors which determine the health status of individuals or populations....
23. Primary Health Care Primary Health Care (phc) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Primary Health Care (phc) means: primary health care is essential health care made accessible at a cost a country and community can afford, with methods that are practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable. [...]...
24. Poverty The Legal History of Poverty This section provides an overview of Poverty Human Poverty Index For Selected High-incomeoecd Countries (hpi-2) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Poverty Index For Selected High-incomeoecd Countries (hpi-2) means: _ composite index measuring [...]...
25. Gross National Income Gross National Income (gni) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Gross National Income (gni) means: comprises the market value of all products and services generated regardless of where the output is produced in given period (i.e., its gross domestic product, plus net receipts of [...]...
26. Water Source Population Not Using Improved Water Source (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Not Using Improved Water Source means: _alculated as 100 minus the percentage of the population using an improved water source. Unimproved sources include vendors, bottled water, tanker [...]...
27. Human Capital Summary of Human Capital An enrichment of the productive capacity of labor by means of specialized training and education.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Human Capital (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Capital means: is formed from investments in human [...]...
28. Parity In arbitrage usage, an equivalent value for two currencies; for example, the Bermuda dollar enjoys parity with the U.S. dollar (B$l = U.S.SI).......
29. Empowerment Women's Empowerment in Election Law Process by which women gain power and control over their own lives. It involves awareness-raising, self-confidence building, expansion of choices, increased access to and control over resources and actions to transform the structures and institutions [...]...
30. Health Care Health Care in the CEDAW Article 12: of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) stipulates, in relation to Health Care, that all countries are required to eliminate discrimination in the field of health care. Women should be ensured equal access [...]...
31. Women's Health Women's Health in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On September 14, 2011, Ambassador Donahoe delivered a statement at a Human Rights Council side event on applying a human rights-based approach [...]...
32. Fiscal Policy Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Fiscal Policy) [...]...
33. Fao Fao Fao (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Fao means: is a food and agriculture organization, founded in 1945. Covers questions of food resources and agricultural development in order to improve the lives of the peoples of the world. Embracing mainstream international law, this [...]...
34. Adjusted Net Savings Adjusted Net Savings (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Adjusted Net Savings means: rate of savings in an economy after taking into account investments in human capital, depletion of natural recourses and damage caused by pollution, expressed as a percentage of gross national [...]...
35. Value Added Value Added (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Value Added means: is the net output of an industry after adding up all outputs and subtracting intermediate inputs. Resources See Also National Income National Accounts Expenditure Gross National Income Net National Income...
36. Literacy Rate, Youth Youth Literacy Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Youth Literacy Rate means: the percentage of people aged 15 — 24 years who can, with understanding, both read and write a short, simple statement related to their everyday life....
37. Motherhood Safe Motherhood (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Safe Motherhood means: aims at attaining optimal maternal and newborn health. It implies reduction of maternal mortality and morbidity and enhancement of the health of newborn infants through equitable access to primary health [...]...
38. Human Settlement Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
39. Children Legitimacy of Children Introduction to Children Legitimacy of Children, being born of legally married parents." (1) The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act and the Electronic Commerce The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act in the Online Business Law Children Reaching [...]...
40. Human Expenditure Human Expenditure Ratio (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Human Expenditure Ratio means: the percentage of national income devoted to human priority concerns....
41. United Nations and Health Functions of the UN: Economic and Social Development HealthIntroduction to United Nations and HealthThe UN has recognized that adequate health and control of disease are essential to economic and social development. The World Health Organization (WHO) is the leading UN agency to ad......
42. Environmental Safety Environmental Safety (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Environmental Safety means: Guaranteeing the prevention of environmentally significant natural or anthropogenic disasters; the extent to which preserve the health of the population from existing or expected environmental [...]...
43. Family Planning Family Planning (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Family Planning means: implies the ability of individuals and couples to anticipate and attain their desired number of children and the spacing and timing of their births. FP is achieved through contraception capable of [...]...
44. Physical Health Physical Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Physical Health means: natural condition of the body due to the normal functioning of all its organs and systems...
45. Economic Growth Futureless Economic Growth (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Futureless Economic Growth means: Futureless growth that is accompanied by a waste of economic and natural resources needed to sustain life for future generations. Ruthless Economic Growth (in the Human Development [...]...
46. Health Organizations «health 8» (in the Human Development Area) In this context, «health 8» means: is an informal group of eight health-related organisations, WHO, UNICEF, UNFPA, UNAIDS, GFATM, GAVI, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, and the World Bank created in mid-2007 to stimulate a [...]...
47. Health Personnel Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Births Attended by Skilled Health Personnel means: the percentage of deliveries attended by personnel (including doctors, nurses and midwives) trained to give the necessary care, supervision and advice [...]...
48. Birth Rate Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
49. Modern City Planning City Planning Modern City PlanningCity planning in the U.S. and other countries broadened in the late 1960s beyond a purely physical orientation. In its modern form, city planning is an ongoing process that concerns not only physical design but also social, economic, and political policy is......
50. United Nations Economic and Social Development Functions of the UN: Economic and Social DevelopmentIntroduction to United Nations Economic and Social DevelopmentThe second major function of the UN is to promote economic and social development worldwide. The UN engages in a myriad of activities and sponsors a large number of age......
51. Health Health The Legal History of Health This section provides an overview of Health Health (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Health means: is a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity Most Popular Entries related to [...]...
52. Capabilityies Capability(ies) Approach (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Capability(ies) Approach means: philosophical foundations of human development translated in policies that promote human rights, disability, health, growth and democratic practice, and the position of disadvantaged [...]...
53. Degradation Degradation (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Degradation means: is a quantitative or qualitative deviation of something from its former state. The term is applicable to the components of the ecosystem (eg. D. of forest, D. of animal population of some areas), water bodies (eg, [...]...
54. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Organization United Nations United Nations System...
55. Household Household (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Household means: a small group of people living in the same territory, who join part or all of their income and property, and consume certain types of products and services, notably housing services and food; there are family and [...]...
56. Standard of Living Standard of Living (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Standard of Living means: integrated index of socio-economic development, measured by aggregate data such as real per capita income, poverty rate, access to health care, the uneven growth of incomes, standards of education, [...]...
57. United Nations Industrial Development Organization Introduction to United Nations Industrial Development Organization United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), international agency established by the General Assembly of the United Nations (UN) in 1966 to promote industrialization in developing nations. The organization offers [...]...
58. Gender Equality Gender Equality and the United Nations The United Nations has the responsibility to ensure that all its actions promote and protect gender equality and women’s empowerment. UN efforts to help establish the rule of law for all on the basis of equality are essential to this end. Advancing [...]...
59. Sanitation Facilities Population Using Improved Sanitation Facilities (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Using Improved Sanitation Facilities means: the percentage of the population with access to adequate excreta disposal facilities, such as a connection to a sewer or septic tank system, [...]...
60. Civilization Civilization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Civilization means: broad term characterizing particularities and levels of development in a society. It includes culture, religion, and the character of social and economic relations. Accordingly, civilizations differs by applied [...]...
61. Human Resource Planning Literature Review on Human Resource Planning In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] oan E. Pynes offers the following summary about the topic of Human Resource Planning: Human resources planning has become critical for public sector organizations. For workforce [...]...
62. World Bank World Bank and the World Bank Group Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Bank , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Bank , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) [...]...
63. Seats in Parliament Seats in Parliament Held by Opposite Gender (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Seats in Parliament Held by Opposite Gender means: percentage of seats held by a respective gender in a lower or single house or an upper house or senate, where relevant....
64. Urban Planning Literature Review on Urban Planning and Ethics In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Carlos Nunes Silva offers the following summary about the topic of Urban Planning and Ethics: Urban and regional planning faces complex ethical dilemmas related to public [...]...
65. Urban Area Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
66. Urban Development Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
67. Urban Questions Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
68. Urban Renewal Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
69. Urban Sociology Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
70. Urban Traffic Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law...
71. Urban Transport Resources See Also Urban Issues Urban Planning Urbanization Zoning Law Transport...
72. Population Medium-variant Population Projection (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Medium-variant Population Projection means: _opulation projections by the United Nations Population Fund assuming medium-fertility path, normal mortality and normal international migration. Each assumption [...]...
73. URBAN Resources See Also Population Population Group Ethnic Group Minority Group...
74. Urban Growth Determination of Urban Growth by the Night-time Images, the Law and other Social Sciences Urbanization in Turkey and in the world continues is increased especially in the last 30 years. Therefore, urban areas having a dynamic structure should be regularly monitored and the urban region should [...]...
75. Population Growth Annual Population Growth Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Growth Rate (Annual) refers to the average annual exponential growth rate for the period indicated. More People It is true that a country can get into economic trouble if the number of elderly [...]...
76. United Nations Population Fund UNFPA – United Nations Population Fund Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Population Fund , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United [...]...
77. Income Poverty Line, Population Below Population Below Income Poverty Line (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Population Below Income Poverty Line means: percentage of the population living below the specified poverty line (PPP $1.25 a day and the national poverty line). The national poverty line is the poverty [...]...
78. Rural Urban Disparity Resources See Also Economic Development Social development...
79. Population by Age Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
80. Population by Sex Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
81. Population Groups Population Groups Related Fields Related topics include: Population Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Population Group Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Ethnic Group Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Minority Group Find this subject in this [...]...
82. Population Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
83. Ageing Population Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
84. Population Change Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
85. POPULATION DYNAMICS Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
86. Population Projection Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
87. School Age Population Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
88. Population Policy Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
89. Indigenous Population Resources See Also Population Population Group Ethnic Group Minority Group...
90. Agricultural Population Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
91. Rural Population Resources See Also Rural Development Rural Community Land Law Farm Agricultural Law Agriculture...
92. Population Census Resources See Also Housing Housing Discrimination Limited Equity Housing Habitability Urban Development Cooperative Housing...
93. Population Density Resources See Also Population Population Planning Population Dynamics Population Structure...
94. Urbanization Urbanization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Urbanization means: refers to a process in which an increasing proportion of an entire population lives in cities and the suburbs of cities. Historically, it has been closely connected with industrialization. Resources See Also [...]...
95. Universal Declaration of Human Rights   Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without [...]...
96. Unicef The United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) UNICEF supports governments and civil society in some 155 countries to implement the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and other international standards. UNICEF’s rule of law work includes support to child rights legislative reform; justice [...]...
97. Universities The Legal History of Universities This section provides an overview of Universities Science, Maths and Engineering Students in Universities (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Science, Maths and Engineering Students in Universities means: the share of tertiary students enrolled in [...]...
98. Undernourishment Undernourished People (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Undernourished People means: people whose food intake is chronically insufficient to meet their minimum energy requirements....
99. Unemployment Unemployment (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unemployment means: refers to all people above a specified age who are not in paid employment or self-employed, but are available for work and have taken specific steps to seek paid employment or self-employment. Long-term [...]...
100. Unemployment Rate Unemployment Rate (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unemployment Rate means: the unemployed divided by the labour force (those employed plus the unemployed)....
101. Unesco Unesco Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Unesco, United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization means: _s specialized agency of the United Nations, UNESCO contributes to the building of [...]...
102. United Nations Development Programme United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) United Nations Development Programme (in the Human Development Area) UNDP is the UN’s global development network – an organisation advocating for change and connecting countries to knowledge, experience and resources to help people build a [...]...
103. United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, United Nations Economic and Social Council (ecosoc) means: of the United Nations constitutes one of the six (one is not active at the moment) principal organs of the United Nations and it is [...]...
104. United Nations Convention Against Corruption Contents Treaties : United Nations Convention Against Corruption On 14 December 2005 the United Nations Convention Against Corruption entered into ... Read more...
105. International Court of Justice Resources Contents International Court of Justice Resources Official Publications of the ICJ Reports of Judgments, Advisory Opinions, & Orders: Advisory opinions ... Read more...
106. United Nations Secretariat Contents United Nations Secretariat See: ? Charter of the United Nations ? UN: Purposes, principles and membership ? United Nations ... Read more...
107. UN International Commercial Arbitration speechs Contents UN International commercial arbitration speechs Opening Speech by Ambassador Schurmann for the United Nations Conference on International commercial arbitration ... Read more...
108. Terms of Trade Summary of Terms of Trade An export-import price ratio derived by dividing indices of export prices by indices of import prices. For example, when export indices are 105 percent of a base period, and import indices are 98 percent of the same base period, then the terms of trade [...]...
109. Immunization Public Health Public Health Programs Immunization Introduction to Immunization One of public health's greatest success stories, immunization is one of the most effective weapons available to combat the spread of infectious disease. Immunization is the process of making the body r......
110. Public Health Introduction to Public Health Public Health, protection and improvement of the health of entire populations through community-wide action, primarily by governmental agencies. The goals of public health are to prevent human disease, injury, and disability; protect people from environmental [...]...
111. United Nations Introduction to United Nations United Nations (UN), international organization of countries created to promote world peace and cooperation. The UN was founded after World War II ended in 1945. Its mission is to maintain world peace, develop good relations between countries, promote [...]...
112. United Nations Development Program Introduction to United Nations Development Program United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), permanent arm of the United Nations General Assembly. The conference, established in December 1964, followed an earlier meeting in which 120 nations participated in discussions of [...]...
113. United Nations Future The Future of the United NationsIntroduction to United Nations FutureSince its creation in 1945, the UN has done much to promote international cooperation in economic and social goals, and to a lesser extent, world peace. The end of the Cold War and new possibilities for cooperatio......
114. United Nations General Assembly Structure of the United Nations: General Assembly Introduction to United Nations General Assembly The General Assembly is made up of all 192 member countries, each with one vote. It undertakes all major discussions and decisions about UN actions. It is like a global town hall, providing a [...]...
115. United Nations Membership Membership in the UNIntroduction to United Nations MembershipThe UN started in 1945 with 51 founding members-including the 50 countries that had attended the San Francisco conference, and Poland, which was not at the conference but signed the charter later.New members are a......
116. United Nations Peacekeeping Functions of the UN: Maintenance of International Peace and Security PeacekeepingIntroduction to United Nations PeacekeepingPeacekeeping is the nonaggressive use of military force to help nations in conflict reach a settlement. The UN charter does not mention peacekeeping forces, a......
117. United Nations Development Fund For Women UNIFEM – United Nations Development Fund for Women Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Development Fund for Women , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary [...]...
118. United Nations System Coordination in the United Nations System Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations System , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations System , [...]...
119. United Nations Treaty Series UNTS – United Nations Treaty Series Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including United Nations Treaty Series , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including United Nations [...]...
120. Women Women and the United Nations This general section provides an overview of the relationship of Women and the United Nations (UN). See, for example, the entry about the United Nations Development Fund For Women. The Legal History of Women This general section provides an overview of Women in [...]...