Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Constituency Ad Hoc Electoral Constituency in Election Law Constituency established specifically for one particular election, which is therefore redefined periodically. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
2. Electoral Rights Electoral Rights in Election Law All the civil rights and liberties that a citizen may enjoy in the context of an election, including the right to register as a voter, the right to vote, stand as a candidate, join a political party and campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws [...]...
3. Election Observation Declaration of Global Principles For Non-partisan Election Observation and Monitoring by Citizen Organisations in Election Law This declaration provides an important set of values and rules for accountability of non-partisan electoral monitoring organisations, in a similar way to those [...]...
4. Electoral Advertising Electoral Advertising in Election Law Used by candidates of public or private, free or paid media or advertising to promote their political programme and mobilise voters before an election starts, according to electoral law and the election calendar. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
5. Electoral Fraud Ballot Tampering in Election Law A method of electoral fraud which consists of manipulating the ballot in any manner which would invalidate the vote or alter the counting results. It may happen at different stages of the polling and counting operations. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
6. International Election International Election Assistance in Election Law Financial and/or technical support provided by international organisations or specialised NGOs to a country in order to help it organise elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
7. Electoral Budget Electoral Budget in Election Law Financial resources allocated for conducting an election according to provisions established by the legal framework. There is always an ordinary budget for day-to-day functioning of the electoral administration and a special electoral budget which is drafted [...]...
8. Disabilities Convention on The Rights of Persons With Disabilities (crpd) in Election Law International human rights treaty of the United Nations (2006) intended to protect the rights and dignity of persons with disabilities. Parties to the Convention are required to promote, protect and ensure the full [...]...
9. Voter Eligible Voter in Election Law Individual who satisfies the legal requirements to participate in an election. These requirements are usually related to nationality, age, mental health, etc. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
10. Election Campaign Election Campaign in Election Law Series of activities, occurring before a vote, carried out by political parties or individuals, in order to promote their political programme and principles. These activities can include meetings, rallies, interviews, debates, etc., in order to attract the [...]...
11. Timetable Electoral Calendar or Timetable in Election Law A schedule according to which all the phases of a specific election process will take place, such as the day on which voter registration begins and ends, the day on which individuals register their candidacy, the election campaign period, [...]...
12. Election Process Election Process in Election Law Set of legal measures and concrete operations needed to hold an election. A starting point may be a writ or decree calling voters to vote in a particular election and may require the adoption of an electoral law. The election process includes voter [...]...
13. Candidacy Candidacy Withdrawal in Election Law Situation of a person who stood as a candidate but decides to stand down from the electoral race before election day. This can come as the result of a personal decision or the result of a decision by the political party to which the person belongs. In many [...]...
14. Election Irregularity Election Irregularity in Election Law Acts of inadvertence or negligence by election officers or actors in the electoral process that violate the procedures or the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
15. Party Convention Party Convention in Election Law Periodic meeting of a party's leaders and delegates to discuss and approve the party's platform and position on key questions in an upcoming election, as well as to elect the party leaders for a given period, usually until the next convention. During a [...]...
16. Election Day Election Day in Election Law Day on which voters go to polling stations to vote and elect their leaders or representatives. (See: Voting period). Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
17. Pre-election Election Silence or Pre-election Silence in Election Law Term used to describe the end of an election campaign, at which point all participants in the election process – candidates and the media in particular – are banned from making statements and taking action to promote a [...]...
18. Election Cost Election Cost in Election Law All expenses incurred for the preparation and conduct of an election, which may include core, integrity and diffused costs. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
19. Election Management Body Election Management Body (emb) as an Electoral Commission in Election Law A collective body that is independent from the executive branch of government and which is tasked, by law, to prepare and implement elections. It is administratively and financially independent and is made up of [...]...
20. Election Observer Election Observer in Election Law A person who witnesses the proceedings of election preparation or conduct and may comment and report, but is not entitled to intervene in the process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
21. Observers Observers Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Observers , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Observers , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) ...
22. Mobilisation Mobilisation in Election Law Action taken to encourage citizens to participate in the electoral process, or support an individual or party in an election to secure their vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
23. Electoral Court Electoral Court in Constitutional LawFrom the Comparative Constitutions Project: A court set up to decide electoral disputes, usually ex post....
24. Return Return in Election Law Declaration by a returning officer of a candidate or party in an election as being the winner, according to the electoral law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
25. Association Association in Election Law Group of people working together to achieve common goals on a nonprofit basis. Associations are the most important component of civil society. Description of Association Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental [...]...
26. Discrimination Against Women Convention on The Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (cedaw) in Election Law CEDAW (1979) commits the signatory states to eliminate all forms of discrimination against women and to support their full development in all political, economic, social, cultural and civil [...]...
27. Election Manipulation Election Manipulation in Election Law Deliberate attempt to tamper with the registration of voters, polling and/or counting processes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
28. Call for Election Call For Election in Election Law A formal writ issued by the legally competent authority, calling on voters to go to the polls on a specified day or period to exercise their right to vote, as defined by the law. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
29. Preliminary Preliminary Results in Election Law Total or partial results released by the electoral administration. They cannot be considered final or official until all complaints and appeals have been resolved. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
30. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
31. Credibility Credibility in Election Law In the context of elections, voter confidence in the electoral process, including voter registration, the electoral system, procedures, vote count, etc., and also in the main actors: political parties, candidates, the Election Management Body (EMB) and the media, [...]...
32. Seats Allocation of Seats in Election Law Distribution of seats obtained by a party or list of independent candidates, based on the number of votes obtained by each party or individual candidate. Depending on the electoral system in place, the allocation of seats can be subject to complex [...]...
33. Stakeholder Stakeholder in Election Law Actor involved in and concerned with the electoral process: voters, election administration, candidates, political parties, voters, media, civil society, international and domestic observers and donors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral [...]...
34. Votes Single Non-transferable Vote (sntv) in Election Law Electoral system in which the voter is asked to vote for a single candidate in a multi-member district represented by several seats. The candidates who receive the most votes are declared winners. In this type of system, electors vote for [...]...
35. Eligibility In the United States For information about Eligibility in the context of international trade, click here Eligibility (to be Elected) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a candidate. Eligibility (to Vote) in Election Law The legal capacity to be a voter. Resources See Also Disability [...]...
36. Cycle Electoral Cycle in Election Law Refers to the different stages of the electoral process and can be represented as a visual planning and training tool designed to help development agencies, electoral assistance providers and electoral officials in partner countries to understand the cyclical [...]...
37. Officer Returning or District Electoral Officer in Election Law Electoral official responsible for organising the election in a constituency. Resources See Also United States officer Resources See Also the titles Commissioned office Constitutional Corporate Executive Fiscal Judicial Legislative [...]...
38. Rally An increase in stock or commodity prices following a decline.......
39. Ballots Challenged Ballot in Election Law Any type of ballot paper that is contested. These are temporarily excluded from the count and set aside to clarify their validity. Discarded Ballot in Election Law Ballot paper issued to a voter and recorded as such but not placed in the ballot box. For [...]...
40. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
41. Representative Democracy Representative Democracy in Election Law Democracy in which the people do not exercise power directly but rather through representatives, elected periodically through free, secret and universal suffrage. Concept of Representative Democracy Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in [...]...
42. Apathy Voter Apathy in Election Law Partial or total lack of interest on the part of certain voters in an election or in politics in general. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
43. Complaint Form Complaint Form in Election Law Tool developed by the election administration and made available to stakeholders in the electoral process to address and register a complaint about a specific aspect of the electoral process. It can be made available on paper or as an electronic form on a [...]...
44. Malapportionment Malapportionment in Election Law The uneven distribution of voters between electoral districts or constituencies. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
45. Media Monitoring Media Coverage in Election Law Role played by the media in informing the public about an event such as an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
46. Prorogation Prorogation in Election Law Act of ending a session of parliament. It takes place when an election is called. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
47. Seal Seal in Election Law A device provided to polling officials for use in securely closing the ballot box and packets containing election materials. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
48. Secret Ballot Secret Ballot in Election Law A fundamental principle in democratic elections, by which the voter is entitled to vote without being seen by others, a potential source of pressure and intimidation which could invalidate the freedom of choice. An election authority is therefore obliged to [...]...
49. Tabulation Tabulation of Votes in Election Law The process of compiling the result of a vote count at an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
50. Victory Landslide Victory in Election Law Election in which a candidate or party wins a significantly large number of votes or seats, many more than the rivals. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
51. Berne Convention Definition of Berne Convention In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Berne Convention : The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works: an international convention of September 1886 that sets out ground rules for protection of [...]...
52. Observer Observer and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Observer: An observer to the GATT is a country or international organization that has been authorized by the GATT Council (Sec. [...]...
53. Administrative Court Administrative Court in Election Law Type of court specialised in ruling on disputes between the public authorities and individuals. It can be mandated by electoral law to rule on election-related disputes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
54. Elected Elected in Election Law Person chosen to hold public office through an election. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
55. Electoral Legislation Electoral Legislation in Election Law Set of constitutional, legislative, regulatory or other texts which govern the election process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
56. Party System Single Party System in Election Law System found in non-democratic regimes, where elections are not held because one party dominates the political scene, either by law or through practices that eliminate any chance of other parties taking part in an election or obtaining seats if they do. Two [...]...
57. Constituencies Merging Constituencies in Election Law Combination of two or more constituencies/ districts into one. This type of merger can take place when electoral boundaries are redesigned. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
58. Representative Representative (of a Party or Candidate) in Election Law A person entrusted by a party or candidate to represent them and be present at polling stations on election day to ensure that election operations and ballot counting are conducted in a legal manner. Resources See Also Election Law [...]...
59. Accreditation Accreditation in Election Law Administrative procedure by which a person or an entity is qualified to carry out a specific task in connection with an election. Different stakeholders must normally apply for accreditation from the electoral authorities to obtain a document, badge or pass giving [...]...
60. Marginal Swing or Marginal Constituency in Election Law An electoral constituency in which there is only a small difference between the number of votes the leading parties expect to win. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
61. Rival Rival in Election Law Election candidate who runs against one or more contestors. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
62. Banner Banner in Election Law Long strip of fabric or other material secured at both ends by poles, used to promote election candidates. Usually this features the name of a candidate or party, along with a clear, short slogan that sums up the political programme and promises to voters. Resources See [...]...
63. Electoral Law Electoral Law in Election Law The law governing elections. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
64. Exit Poll Exit Poll in Election Law Unofficial estimate of election results obtained by questioning voters as they leave the polling centre. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
65. Impersonation Identity Theft or Impersonation in Election Law Type of election fraud in which an individual's identity is stolen in order to usurp his or her vote. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
66. Intimidation Intimidation (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law Any action that creates physical or moral pressure on voters, candidates or any other player in the electoral process to alter, modify or change his or her intention or behaviour under duress. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
67. Lower House Lower House in Election Law In a bicameral legislature, this is the chamber with the highest power in legislative matters and with regards to government. It is always elected by universal suffrage, unlike the Upper House, which is sometimes not elected by direct popular vote. Resources See [...]...
68. Observation Election Observation in Election Law Verification of the election process for the purpose of collecting all information concerning the conditions in which it took place. This is done by impartial organisations that must not intervene or interfere in the operations they are called upon to [...]...
69. Volunteer Volunteer in Election Law In an electoral context, a person who decides to donate his or her time without being paid to support a candidate, act as an election observer or take part in citizen activities, in particular civic education. Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to [...]...
70. Disproportionality Disproportionality in Election Law In a proportional representation (PR) system, this refers to quantitative data relating to the discrepancy between the percentage of votes cast for parties in an election and the percentage of seats which they obtained in parliament. Resources See Also [...]...
71. International Copyright Introduction to International CopyrightAlmost every nation has some form of copyright protection for authors and artists. Several important international treaties also deal with copyright law among nations. The first and perhaps the most important international treaty concerning copyright l......
72. Controller Queue Controller in Election Law Person charged by an election authority with ensuring the smooth movement of voters through the polling station. Resources See Also Comptroller Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation...
73. Dark Horse Dark Horse in Election Law A little known candidate who does unexpectedly well in an election or wins a party's nomination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Handbook Voter Handbook or Guide in Election Law Document usually issued to voters by the election authority to explain the steps they must follow and voting procedures in layman's terms. The handbook may also include recommendations to explain to voters what rules must be obeyed, and how they can [...]...
75. Homogeneous District Homogeneous District in Election Law Electoral district in which there is substantial social, ethnic, religious or linguistic uniformity among potential voters. This can be the result of a deliberate effort at the time of boundry delimitation, or not. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral [...]...
76. Team Core Team in Election Law Group of experts from an electoral observation mission who normally arrive on the ground first to set up the mission. They then analyse the electoral process at the national level, based on the findings of long-term and short-term observers and also meetings with all [...]...
77. Constituents Direct Contact With Voters or Constituents in Election Law Any means by which a candidate or list of candidates conveys an electoral message directly to voters rather than using media, such as in face-to-face meetings. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
78. Gerrymandering Gerrymandering in Election Law North American political term used to describe the deliberate division or redrawing of electoral districts/ constituencies in a way which gives a political party or candidate an advantage on election day. Concept of Gerrymandering Note: explore also the meaning [...]...
79. Legal Framework Legal Framework in Election Law Broad system of rules surrounding the electoral process, consisting of constitutional provisions, legislation and regulations. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
80. Activities Busing Activities in Election Law Transportation by bus (or other means) of voters, organised by candidates or political parties so that people can go and cast their votes. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
81. Campaign Contributions Campaign Contributions in Election Law Donations, financial or in kind, to support one or several candidates during an election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
82. Constitutional Constitutional in Election Law The quality of a law being in conformity and compatible with the constitution of a country. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
83. Court of First Instance Court of First Instance in Election Law Court of original or primary jurisdiction which can be mandated by electoral law to rule on certain election-related disputes. The Court of First Instance Name The Court of First Instance is the standarized name of one of the International Courts and [...]...
84. Impartiality Impartiality in Election Law Principle by which decisions are made in an objective manner and without preconceptions or bias. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
85. Reader Optical Reader in Election Law Machine to scan and identify prerecorded data. In an election, this technology can be used to read the ticks or other signs marked on a ballot paper by voters to indicate their choice of candidate(s). An optical reader can also be used to process voter [...]...
86. Streams Streams in Election Law Separate queues formed at a polling station to organise and speed up the voting process. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
87. Direct Suffrage Direct Suffrage in Election Law Process in which voters choose their representative directly. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
88. Equal Suffrage Equal Suffrage in Election Law Principle by which all voters have equal voting rights and do not suffer any form of discrimination. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
89. Indirect Suffrage Indirect Suffrage in Election Law Process in which voters in an election do not choose between candidates for an office but rather elect persons who will then make the choice. An example of this is when voters elect their representatives in parliament who, in turn, elect the president. [...]...
90. Universal Air Waybill A single, uniform Air Waybill (read this and related legal terms for further details) that can be used for either domestic or international shipments. The universal AWB was achieved through airline industry concurrence. ......
91. Universal International Law Embracing mainstream international law, this section on universal international law explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "universal international law" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
92. Universal Agency Description of Universal Agency Resources See Also General Agency Administrative Law Procedure...
93. Universal Declaration of Human Rights   Article 1 All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. Article 2 Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without [...]...
94. Universal Postal Union Universal Postal Union Outline The union was established under the International Postal Convention of 1874. It was then named the General Postal Union. In 1878 it was renamed the Universal Postal Union. It became a specialised, but independent, agency of the UN after 1945. The UPU is a [...]...
95. Universal Copyright Convention Universal Copyright Convention (UCC) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Universal Copyright Convention (UCC): An international agreement on intellectual property [...]...
96. Universal Periodic Review U.S. Universal Periodic Review In relation to the international law practice and U.S. Universal Periodic Review in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: International Human Rights About this subject: Human Rights Council . Note: there is detailed [...]...
97. Universal Human Rights Embracing mainstream international law, this section on universal human rights explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "universal human rights" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of International [...]...
98. Universal Benefit Scheme Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
99. Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris Contents Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris   Article I. Each Contracting State undertakes to provide for the adequate ... Read more...
100. Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris 2 Contents Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris   Article V. 1. The rights referred to in article I shall ... Read more...
101. Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris 3 Contents Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris   Article V ter. 1. (a) Any Contracting State to which article ... Read more...
102. Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris 4 Contents Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris   Article V quater. 1. Any Contracting State to which article V ... Read more...
103. Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris 5 Contents Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris   Article VIII. 1. This Convention, which shall bear the date of ... Read more...
104. Woman Suffrage Woman Suffrage in some CountriesIntroduction to Woman SuffrageMeanwhile and subsequently most of the other nations of the world enacted woman-suffrage legislation. Among the first to do so were the following, each of which granted the franchise to women before the mid-20th century:......
105. Universal Jurisdiction Definition of Universal Jurisdiction A principle in international law whereby a state can claim criminal jurisdiction over a person regardless of traditional jurisdictional bounds such as the territory in which the crime allegedly took place, the nationality of the defendant, etc. Universal [...]...
106. Universal Agent Description of Universal Agent Resources See Also Principal Agent...
107. Us Universal Periodic Review United States Universal Periodic Review in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): We have found the Universal Periodic Review a useful tool to assess how the U.S. country can continue to improve in [...]...
108. Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris 6 Contents Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris   Article XVII. 1. This Convention shall not in any way affect ... Read more...
109. Suffrage Introduction to SuffrageSuffrage, right or privilege of voting to elect public officials and to adopt or reject legislation. Suffrage is a political institution dating from ancient times. In the city-states of Greece, all freemen (who constituted a minority of the population) were expected ......
110. Universal Code Contents Universal Code Promulgation of Universal Code, by Bentham Text of one of the parts, edited from the French of ... Read more...
111. Universal Theory of Physical Law Contents The Universal Theory of Physical Law Universal theory is an alternative to Regularity theory, and offers a different definition ... Read more...
112. Quasi-universal Jurisdiction Embracing mainstream international law, this section on quasi-universal jurisdiction explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "quasi-universal jurisdiction" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
113. MPEPIL: Universal international organizations and institutions Contents MPEPIL: Universal International Organizations and institutions   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles of ... Read more...
114. Unconstitutional Unconstitutional in Election Law In a political system where a constitution stands as the supreme law of the land, any rule of law (law, regulation or other) which does not comply with that constitution, due to the way in which it was adopted (for example, if it was not approved by the [...]...
115. Unicameral Parliament Unicameral Parliament or Legislature in Election Law Parliament that consists of one chamber or house. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
116. Unrepresented Groups Unrepresented Groups in Election Law Category of the population that can be distinguished by gender, ethnicity, age, social class, occupation, religion, disability, etc., whose interests are not represented, or are poorly represented, by their members within representative assemblies, [...]...
117. Upper House Upper House in Election Law One of the two chambers in a bicameral legislature, often seen either as containing 'the representatives of regions/federal states' or as 'a chamber of review'. This is the less powerful chamber when the powers of the two chambers are unequal. [...]...
118. Ushahidi Ushahidi in Election Law 'Witness' in Swahili. This concept was created in the aftermath of the 2007 Kenya presidential elections. It is a web based platform to collect eyewitness reports of incidents of violence, fraud and other irregularities, offering real-time feedback to [...]...
119. Unconscionability 2 Contents Views on Unconscionability • Leff ? Procedural Unconscionability is okay, but not substantive unconscionability. Judges should not go into ... Read more...
120. United Nations organs Contents United Nations organs See: ? Charter of the United Nations ? UN: Purposes, principles and membership ?United Nations organs ... Read more...