Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. West Africa The Legal History of West Africa This section provides an overview of West Africa Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws [...]...
2. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change Hierarchical Display of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change International Organisations > United Nations > UN programmes and funds > UN Environment ProgrammeInternational Organisations > United Nations > UN specialised agency > World Meteorological OrganisationEnvironment > [...]...
3. Francophone Contents Francophone Francophone International-Government Organisations They include: Organisation Internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) Association Ouest Africaine des Hautes Juridictions Francophones ... Read more...
4. World Meteorological Organisation Hierarchical Display of World Meteorological Organisation International Organisations > United Nations > UN specialised agencyInternational Organisations > United Nations > UN programmes and funds > UN Environment Programme > Intergovernmental Panel on Climate ChangeScience > Natural [...]...
5. Economic Community Of The West African States Economic Community of the West African States OutlineThe community was meant to be a customs union and was based on a treaty signed in 1975. Its membership consists of the Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal, Upper Volta, Benin, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Nigeria, Togo......
6. Cultural Relations Hierarchical Display of Cultural relations Social Questions > Culture and religion > Cultural policyEducation And Communications > Education > Education policy > Comparative educationInternational Relations > Cooperation policy > Cooperation policy > Cultural [...]...
7. African, Caribbean and Pacific African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) The African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states, abbreviated as ACP, is an organisation created by the Georgetown Agreement in 1975. Except for Cuba, all ACP countries are signatories to a partnership agreement with the European Union (EU) known as the [...]...
8. Economic Community of West African States Economic Community Of West African States Summary of Economic Community Of West African States An organization of sixteen West African states committed to the elimination of trade barriers among the member states and the promotion of economic development in the region. Formed at Lagos, [...]...
9. ACP Countries Acp Countries Summary of Acp Countries An acronym for African- Caribbean-Pacific countries. The term originated in conjunction with the LOME CONVENTIONS (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) ACP (African, Caribbean, and Pacific) [...]...
10. Least Developed Countries Summary of Least Developed Countries Those nations suffering the most severe economic and development problems, and requiring substantial and ongoing economic assistance. As a general rule, they are nations with a literacy rate of less than 20 percent and per capita income below two hundred [...]...
11. ACP ACP ACP The African, Caribbean and Pacific group of states, abbreviated as ACP, is an organisation created by the Georgetown Agreement in 1975. Except for Cuba, all ACP countries are signatories to a partnership agreement with the European Union (EU) known as the Cotonou Agreement The ACP [...]...
12. Commodities Concept of Ipc An introductory definition of Ipc is provided here: Integrated Programme for Commodities, concerted attempt to control price fluctuations in commodities on which LDC's depended for foreign exchange income (see UNCTAD, GSP) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
13. Burkina Faso–mali Frontier Dispute Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on burkina faso–mali frontier dispute case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "burkina faso–mali frontier dispute case" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
14. Guinea-bissau–senegal Maritime Delimitation Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on guinea-bissau–senegal maritime delimitation case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "guinea-bissau–senegal maritime delimitation case" in the Parry [...]...
15. Africa African nations include Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Congo (Brazzaville), Congo (Democratic Republic), Djibouti, Egypt, Gabon, Gambia, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, [...]...
16. African Capitals Contents African Capitals A national capital or, in general, a capital (of Latin “caput,” “capitis,” which means “head”) is the ... Read more...
17. West African Economic and Monetary Union West African Economic and Monetary Union or Union Economique et Monetaire Ouest africaine (UEMOA) in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of West African Economic and Monetary Union or Union [...]...
18. International law and refugee conventions: States parties Contents International law and refugee conventions: States parties States Parties to the 1951 Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees ... Read more...
19. All Countries Contents All Countries covered by the Legal Encyclopedia Western Europe Legal Systems Andorra Legal System Austria Legal System Belgium Legal ... Read more...
20. Lome Conventions A series of trade and economic assistance agreements between the European Economic Community (read this and related legal terms for further details) and various developing nations, former colonies of EEC members. The Tr......
21. All Nations Index All Nations Index covered by the Legal Encyclopedia Organized by nation, this A-Z index provides links to the most important ... Read more...
22. West African Economic Community West African Economic Community Outline Also called "Communauté Economique de l'Afrique Occidentale". The CEAO was established in 1973. It consists of a number of West African countries, such as the Ivory Coast, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal and Upper Volta. A Communi......
23. Floating Exchange Rate Floating Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Floating Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A rate of exchange that is determined by market forces. See also clean float and dirty float. Concept of Floating Exchange Rate An [...]...
24. Dual Exchange Market A governmentally mandated system for the handling of foreign exchange transactions under which officially sanctioned imports or other approved transactions are accommodated at a given, prescribed rate of exchange while other transactions employ the market rate of exchange. For a listing of countries......
25. List of the Most Corrupt States in the World Contents List of the Most Corrupt States in the World List of the Most Corrupt States in the World, ranked ... Read more...
26. Countries Select a Country Please choose a country http://Lawin.org http://lawi.us http://lawi.au.com http://lawi.biz/ http://lawi.asia http://lawi.org.uk Browse country-specific information and find the entries relating to each region. Africa South of Sahara - Select a country Angola Benin [...]...
27. Agricultural Commodities Resources See Also Commoditie...
28. Exchange Rates Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Multiple Exchange Rates (also known as Differential Exchange Rates): [...]...
29. Burkina Faso The Legal History of Burkina Faso This section provides an overview of Burkina Faso Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws [...]...
30. Frontier Dispute Cases Frontier Dispute (benin/niger) Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on frontier dispute (benin/niger) case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "frontier dispute (benin/niger) case" in [...]...
31. Exchange Controls Exchange Controls and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Exchange Controls: The rationing of foreign currencies and other instruments for settling international financial [...]...
32. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
33. Clean Bill of Exchange Any bill of exchange (read here for further details) not accompanied by documents, such as invoices, bills of lading, et cetera. See direct collection.......
34. Common Unit of Exchange Concept of Common Unit of Exchange An introductory definition of Common Unit of Exchange is provided here: a currency in which international economic exchanges are valued Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
35. African Development Bank Group A multilateral development organization, the first component of which, the African Development Bank, was created in 1963 under the auspices of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa. The group provides funding to African states and multinational official bodies in Africa to advance indust......
36. Blocked Exchange An exchange restriction, imposed by governmental authority, that forbids the unlicensed purchase of bills of exchange, currency, or negotiable instruments denominated in a foreign currency. The object of this measure is to prevent transmission of foreign currency reserves out of the country. [...]...
37. Exchange Contents Exchange Exchange Definition Exchange, in commerce, generally, may be defined as a central office or place of business, such ... Read more...
38. Guinea-Bissau The Legal History of Guinea-Bissau This section provides an overview of Guinea-Bissau Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws [...]...
39. Unctad Code Of Liner Conduct An international agreement sponsored by the United Nations Conference On Trade And Development (read this and related legal terms for further details), or UNCTAD, to regularize the role and functions of shipping conferen......
40. Spot Exchange Spot Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The purchase and sale of foreign exchange for delivery and payment at the time of the transaction....
41. History of the World Trade Organization Origins of the World Trade Organization: History ...
42. Exchange Risk Exchange Risk in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Risk, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The possibility of receiving less or paying more money because a receivable or a payable is denominated in a foreign currency. Countries with shortages of [...]...
43. Exchange Control The system by which a government regulates possession of and dealings in foreign exchange. The principal objective of exchange control is to allocate foreign exchange to necessary imports and expenditures. Normally, the finance ministry or central bank is invested with the authority to issue [...]...
44. Fixed Exchange Rate Concept of Fixed Exchange Rate An introductory definition of Fixed Exchange Rate is provided here: the rate of exchange of a currency or currency is set by agreement between governments or by government policy (see also gold standard) Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs...
45. Schiller Classification Contents Schiller Classification The Schiller classification system is a locally-developed system for classifying foreign, comparative, pre-literate, ancient, medieval, and religious ... Read more...
46. Forward Exchange Option Forward Exchange Option in International Trade Meaning of Forward Exchange Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A contractually agreed right to buy (put) or to sell (call) a specific amount of one currency for a specified amount of another [...]...
47. Rationing Of Exchange An exchange control imposed by governmental authority to regulate transactions in foreign exchange. Under a rationing of exchange scheme, only the government may issue exchange to importers, and holders of bills of exchange denominated in a foreign currency must surrender them to the government in e......
48. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
49. Forward Exchange Contract An agreement to exchange, at a specified future date, a fixed number of units of one currency for a fixed number of units of another currency. Such contracts are often procured by merchants when they must settle future accounts in a foreign currency and wish to protect against possible losses [...]...
50. International Coffee Organization See the International Commodity Organization.......
51. Spot Exchange Rate Spot Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Spot Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another currency at a given moment in time....
52. Dollar Bill Of Exchange Synonymous with Dollar Exchange (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
53. Multiple Exchange Rates Synonymous with Differential Exchange Rates (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
54. Floating Exchange Rates A condition in which parities among foreign currencies are absent: a currency's worth in relation to other currencies is determined largely by market forces, with only occasional government intervention to prevent disruptive swings in the value of an important currency.......
55. Contentious Cases Contents Contentious Cases Legal proceedings in contentious cases are divided into a preparation and main hearing. In the United Kingdom, ... Read more...
56. Mano River Union Mano River Union Outline The MRU is a customs union, established in 1977. There are three members: Liberia, Sierra Leone and Guinea. Its purpose is to provide preferential tariffs among the members.......
57. Arbitration Of Exchange Arbitration Of Exchange Summary of Arbitration Of Exchange The near- simultaneous purchase and sale of foreign bills of exchange so as to take advantage of price differentials for such instruments in different money centers.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Resources See Also [...]...
58. Letter Of Exchange An infrequently used synonym for bill of exchange (read here for further details).......
59. Eurobill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in a currency other than that used in the country of the maker.......
60. Fixed Exchange Rates A condition in which the official rates of exchange for most currencies, particularly those of major trading nations, are in an established ratio to one another; generally, this is the result of each currency having an established rate to gold from which a series of bilateral exchange ratios can be ......
61. Sole Of Exchange Bill of Exchange is considered here.......
62. Economic Reform in Muslim Africa Economic Reform In Muslim Africa in 2016 Through the West Africa Trade and Investment Hub, USAID supports integration of the region and with the rest of the world. Often in partnership with the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS), USAID helps to improve customs regulation and [...]...
63. Differential Exchange Rates A scheme in which a government prescribes different rates of exchange for the local currency, depending upon the transaction involved. The government may assign its currency a given value in terms of gold for capital transfers, for example, but provide for a less favorable rate of exchange for impor......
64. Foreign Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) drawn in one state or country and payable in another.......
65. Prime Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) that states on its face that it arises from the sale of goods.......
66. Student Exchange Resources See Also Education Policy Training Policy...
67. Bills of Exchange The Legal History of Bills of Exchange in English Common Law This section provides an overview of Bills of Exchange in English Common Law Bills of Exchange, Drafts, Checks, and Trade Acceptances in relation with Negotiable Instruments This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of [...]...
68. Payable With Exchange A condition that may be written on a bill of exchange or check, the effect of which is to stipulate that exchange conversion or collection costs shall be borne by the payee in the case of a bill, or the maker in the case of a check.......
69. Dollar Exchange A draft or bill of exchange, wherever drawn, payable in U.S. dollars.......
70. Premium (Exchange) In foreign exchange transactions, the rise in value of one currency when measured against another currrency.......
71. Independent Countries Contents Independent Countries List USA United States of America CAN Canada BHM Bahamas CUB Cuba HAI Haiti HAI Haiti DOM ... Read more...
72. Exchange Rate Mechanism Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) and Europe There is an entry on exchange rate mechanism (erm) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...
73. Economic Reform in Muslim Majority Countries Economic Reform In Muslim Majority Countries in 2016 In countries with predominantly Muslim populations, the pursuit of economic growth is one way of achieving sustainable social benefits that can reduce some of the pressures that may lead some to turn to violent extremism. In 2016, the United [...]...
74. Al-mulathamun Battalion Al-mulathamun Battalion in 2016 aka al-Mulathamun Brigade; al-Muwaqqi'un bil-Dima; Those Signed in Blood Battalion; Signatories in Blood; Those who Sign in Blood; Witnesses in Blood; Signed-in-Blood Battalion; Masked Men Brigade; Khaled Abu al-Abbas Brigade; al-Mulathamun Masked Ones [...]...
75. Bill of Exchange Bill of Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Bill of Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An unconditional order in writing, signed by a creditor (drawer) such as a buyer, and addressed to another person (drawee), typically a bank, ordering [...]...
76. Al-qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb Al-qa'ida in the Islamic Maghreb in 2016 aka AQIM; GSPC; Le Groupe Salafiste Pour la Predication et le Combat; Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat; Salafist Group for Call and Combat; Tanzim al-Qa'ida fi Bilad al-Maghrib al-Islamiya Activities Following AQIM's 2007 bombing of [...]...
77. International Cocoa Organization International Cocoa Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Cocoa Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec. I) established in 1973 to implement the [...]...
78. Municipal law Classification (Max Planck Institute) Contents Municipal Law Classification (Max Planck Institute) country abbreviations: I. Regions Africa Afr/Allg Baltic Balt/Allg Balkans Blk/Allg Islam Isl/Allg Latin ... Read more...
79. Time Bill Of Exchange A bill of exchange (read here for further details) payable other than "at sight," i.e., immediately upon presentation. Bills drawn at sixty days' sight or thirty days date, for example, are time bills.......
80. Exchange Control Restrictions Embracing mainstream international law, this section on exchange control restrictions explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "exchange control, restrictions" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
81. Bolsa Família Literature Review on Brazil: Bolsa Família in Brazil In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Matthew L. Layton offers the following summary about the topic of Bolsa Família in Brazil: Bolsa Família (Family Stipend) is a Brazilian conditional cash transfer [...]...
82. African Growth African Growth and Opportunity Act in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On October 25, 2011, President Obama signed a presidential proclamation designating Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, and Niger as [...]...
83. International law index F Contents International law index F   Fact-Finding Failing States Fair and Equitable Treatment Fair Trial, Right to, International Protection Falkland ... Read more...
84. Country List of Countries and Jurisdictions United States of America Afghanistan Albania Algeria American Samoa Andorra Angola Anguilla Antigua Argentina Armenia Aruba Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahamas Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Belize Benin Bermuda Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and [...]...
85. Commodity Agreement Commodity Agreement and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Commodity Agreement: A formal international arrangement among exporters and importers of a commodity. Such [...]...
86. Pecuniary Exchange The settlement of obligations by payment of money, rather than by goods or services.......
87. World Countries Vocabulary World Countries Vocabulary World Countries and Nationality Vocabulary Afghanistan . Adjective used for Afghanistan (also describes nationality): Afghan . Noun ... Read more...
88. Gold Exchange Standard A condition in which a nation maintains its reserves in a currency convertible into gold rather than in the metal itself. Since August 15, 1971, the U.S. dollar has not been freely convertible into gold by foreign central banks; it therefore does not qualify as a reserve currency for a nation on a g......
89. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 1 (1) This Convention applies to an ... Read more...
90. Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations Case Embracing mainstream international law, this section on exchange of greek and turkish populations case explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "exchange of greek and turkish populations case" in the Parry and [...]...
91. Mixed Legal System Contents Mixed Legal System Legal systems generally are ‘mixed’ in the sense that they have been influenced by a variety ... Read more...
92. Commodity Market Resources See Also Trade Market White Market Financial Market Trade Law Competition Law...
93. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
94. Arbitrage Summary of Arbitrage The practice whereby foreign exchange or commodities are purchased in one market at lower cost and rapidly traded off in another, higher cost market. For example, if the pound sterling sells for $1.50 in Paris, but only $1.45 in New York, an arbitrageur could buy [...]...
95. Commodity Paper Drafts or bills of exchange arising from transactions involving the sale of commodities. The draft is usually accompanied by negotiable bills of lading, warehouse receipts, or similar documents of title permitting the holder of the draft to dispose of the commodities in the event the drawee defaults......
96. American Stock Exchange Description of American Stock Exchange Resources See Also Exchanges Securities Regulation...
97. Inland Bill Of Exchange A bill drawn and payable in the same state.......
98. Scope of the Securities Exchange Legislation Scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934: Main Elements in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) The coverage of Scope of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 includes the following element(s): Securities Regulation For detailed information on this issue, please read the [...]...
99. List of International Court of Justice Cases Contents List of International Court of Justice Cases International Court of Justice Cases The Court has a twofold jurisdiction or ... Read more...
100. Duplication of A Bill of Exchange Spanish Translation of duplication of a bill of exchangeThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to duplication of a bill of exchange and / or a definition of this topic: Multiplicación de la Letra de Cambio (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
101. Uniform Law On Bills Of Exchange A product of the 1932 Geneva Convention on Bills of Exchange. The object of the act was to standardize various national laws and usages relative to bills of exchange, thereby overcoming an impediment to rade. The act specifies that a bill of exchange must contain:1. The term bill of exch......
102. Securities and Exchange Commission Spanish Translation of Securities and Exchange CommissionThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to Securities and Exchange Commission and / or a definition of this topic: Comisión Nacional del Mercado de Valores (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary [...]...
103. Par Of Exchange The value, in gold, of a unit of a nation's currency in relation to the gold value of a unit of another nation's currency.......
104. International Maritime Organization Summary of International Maritime Organization A specialized agency of the United Nations concerned with maritime safety and protection of the marine environment. The IMO was created as the result of the United Nations Maritime Conference of 1948; the convention creating the IMO did not, [...]...
105. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 9 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 71 A party who pays an instrument ... Read more...
106. Exchange of Notes Exchange of Letters/Notes and the Treaties of the European Union Description of Exchange of Letters/Notes provided by the European Union Commission: States may express their consent to be bound by an "exchange of letters/notes". The basic characteristic of this procedure is that the [...]...
107. Effective Rate Of Exchange The true cost of acquiring a unit of a given currency in terms of another currency. The effective rate includes taxes and other costs that are factored into the price of the currency converted.......
108. Bilateral Exchange Rates The European Monetary System is considered here.......
109. Judges of the International Court of Justice Embracing mainstream international law, this section on judges of the international court of justice explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "international court of justice, judges of" in the Parry and Grant [...]...
110. Moody Classification system Contents Moody Classification System History: Foreign and comparative law librarianship Margaret M. Moody and her sister, Murtle, both started work ... Read more...
111. Mint Par Of Exchange The relationship, in terms of precious metal value, of two nations' currencies, derived by dividing the gold or silver content, by weight, of one nation's currency unit by the comparable metal content of another nation's currency unit.......
112. Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes 10 Contents Convention on International Bills of Exchange and International Promissory Notes   Article 76 (1) Nothing in this Convention prevents ... Read more...
113. International law index M Contents International law index M   Macau Macedonia Maffezini v Spain Case Malacca, Straits of Malta, Order of Mandates Manuals ... Read more...
114. Clean Float The condition in which the values of national currencies vis-a-vis each other are determined by market forces without government intervention to maintain prearranged rates of exchange.......
115. Stock Exchange Law Contents Stock Exchange Law Stock Exchange Law Stock exchange law is today a subdivision of capital markets or securities law. ... Read more...
116. Base Price As used in conjunction with the Common Agricultural Policy of the European Economic Community, a trigger price for specific commodities at which member states will intervene to support the market price of a commodity. Member states may respond to a decline in market prices below the base price by la......
117. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
118. Exchange Rate Exchange Rate in International Trade Meaning of Exchange Rate, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The price of one currency expressed in terms of another, i.e., the number of units of one currency that may be exchanged for one unit of another currency. [...]...
119. International Tropical Timber Organization International Tropical Timber Organization in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of International Tropical Timber Organization: An international commodity organization (Sec. I)established in 1985 to [...]...
120. Paris Convention Known formally as the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property, an international agreement formulated to protect rights to industrial property including inventions, trademarks, service marks, trade names, and appellations of origin. The substantive provisions of the convention [...]...