LAWIN

Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program

Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program

Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program in 2013

United States views on international law [1] in relation to Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program: As discussed in section 3.C.1.a., in this world legal Encyclopedia, President Obama signed the Department of State Rewards Program Update and Technical Corrections Act of 2012, S. 2318, on January 15, 2013. The president’s signing statement explained, “This legislation will enhance the ability of the U.S. Government to offer monetary rewards for information that leads to the arrest or conviction of foreign nationals accused by international criminal tribunals of atrocity-related crimes and of individuals involved in transnational organized crime.” Daily Comp. Pres. Docs., 2013 DCPD No. 00016, p. 1. In addition to expanding the scope of the rewards program for information about those indicted by international tribunals, the legislation creates a new Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program. As described in a State Department media note released on January 16, 2013, and available at (Secretary of State website) state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2013/01/202902.htm:

The new program will build on the success of the existing Narcotics Rewards Program by authorizing rewards for information leading to the arrest or conviction of significant members of transnational criminal organizations involved in activities beyond narcotics trafficking that threaten national security, such as human trafficking, and trafficking in arms or other illicit goods.

Some Aspects of Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program

On November 13, 2013, the U.S. Secretary of State announced the first reward offer under the new program for information leading to the dismantling of a transnational criminal organization. A November 13 press statement, available at (Secretary of State website) state.gov/secretary/remarks/2013/11/217558.htm, explains the reward offer:

The involvement of sophisticated transnational criminal organizations in wildlife trafficking perpetuates corruption, threatens the rule of law and border security in fragile regions, and destabilizes communities that depend on wildlife for biodiversity and eco-tourism. Profits from wildlife trafficking, estimated at $8–10 billion per year, fund other illicit activities such as narcotics, arms, and human trafficking. That is why the Department of State is offering a reward of up to $1 million for information leading to the dismantling of the Xaysavang Network. Based in Laos—with affiliates in South Africa, Mozambique, Thailand, Malaysia, Vietnam, and China—the Xaysavang Network facilitates the killing of endangered elephants, rhinos, and other species for products such as ivory. Several major seizures of illegal wildlife products have been linked to the Xaysavang Network.

Resources

Notes

  1. Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program in the Digest of United States Practice in International Law

Further Reading

  • Albanese, J. (2005) Fraud: The Characteristic Crime of the Twenty-First Century. Trends in Organized Crime 8, 6–14.
  • Andreas, P. (2000) Border Games: Policing the US–Mexico Divide. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Andreas, P. (2008) Blue Helmets and Black Markets: The Business of Survival in the Siege of Sarajevo. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Andreas, P., and Nadelmann, E. (2006) Policing the Globe: Criminalization and Crime Control in International Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Bales, K. (1999) Disposable People: New Slavery in the Global Economy. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  • Bayart, J.-F., Ellis, S., and Hibou, B. (1999) The Criminalization of the State in Africa. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.
  • Bernick, L. (1998) Art and Antiquities Theft. Transnational Organized Crime 4, 91–116.
  • Boekhout van Solinge, T. (2008) Eco-Crime: The Tropical Timber Trade. In D. Siegel and H. Nelen (eds.) Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies. New York: Springer, pp. 97–112.
  • Brophy, S. (2008) Mexico: Cartels, Corruption and Cocaine: A Profile of the Gulf Cartel. Global Crime 9, 248–61.
  • Chin, K.-L. (2009) The Golden Triangle: Inside Southeast Asia’s Drug Trade. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Clawson, P., and Lee, R. (1996) The Andean Cocaine Industry. New York: St. Martin’s Press.
  • Cox, R. (1997) A Perspective on Globalization. In J. Mittelman (ed.) Globalization: Critical Reponses. Boulder: Lynne Rienner, pp. 21–30.
  • Duffy, R. (2006) Global Governance, Criminalisation and Environmental Change. Global Crime 7, 25–42.
  • European Commission (2009) The Fight against Organized Crime. At https://ec.europa.eu/justice_home/fsj/crime/fsj_crime_intro_en.htm, accessed Jul. 2009.
  • Fiorentini, G., and Peltzman, S. (eds.) (1995) The Economics of Organized Crime. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Fulvetti, G. (2004) The Mafia and the “Problem of the Mafia”: Organized Crime in Italy, 1820–1970. In C. Fijnaut and L. Paoli (eds.) Organized Crime in Europe: Concepts, Patterns and Control Policies in the European Union and Beyond. Dordrecht: Springer, pp. 47–75.
  • Galeotti, M. (2004) The Transdnistrian Connection: Big Problems from a Small Pseudo-State. Global Crime 6, 398–405.
  • Genovese, E. (1965) The Political Economy of Slavery: Studies in the Economy and Society of the Slave South. New York: Pantheon Books.
  • Godson, R. (ed.) (2003) Menace to Society: Political–Criminal Collaboration around the World. New Brunswick: Transaction.
  • Hall, R., and Biersteker, T. (2002) The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jackson, R. (1993) Quasi-States: Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Third World. New York: Cambridge University Press.
  • Jamieson, A. (2000) The Antimafia: Italy’s Fight against Organized Crime. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
  • Keh, D., and Farrell, G. (1997) Trafficking Drugs in the Global Village. Transnational Organized Crime 3, 90–110.
  • Kenney, M. (2007b) From Pablo to Osama: Trafficking and Terrorist Networks, Government Bureaucracies, and Competitive Adaptation. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
  • Kyle, D., and Koslowski, R. (eds.) (2001) Global Human Smuggling: Comparative Perspectives. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.
  • Le Breton, B. (2003) Trapped: Modern-Day Slavery in the Brazilian Amazon. Bloomfield, CT: Kumarian Press.
  • Looney, R. (2005) The Business of Insurgency. National Interest, 67–72.
  • Lumpe, L. (ed.) (2000) Running Guns: The Global Black Market in Small Arms. London: Zed Books.
  • Masciandaro, D. (ed.) (2004) Global Financial Crime: Terrorism, Money Laundering and Offshore Centers. Burlington, VT: Ashgate.
  • McCalister, A. (2005) Organized Crime and the Theft of Iraqi Antiquities. Trends in Organized Crime 9, 24–37.
  • Miller, A., and Stewart, A. (1998) Report from the Roundtable on The Meaning of Trafficking in Persons: A Human Rights Perspective. Women’s Rights Law Reporter 20.
  • Nadelmann, E. (1990) Global Prohibition Regimes: The Evolution of Norms in International Society. International Organization 44, 479–526.
  • Naylor, R.T. (2002) Wages of Crime: Black Markets, Illegal Finance, and the Underworld Economy. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
  • Passas, N. (1999) Globalization, Criminogenic Asymmetries and Economic Crime. European Journal of Law Reform 1, 399–423.
  • Perl, R. (1998) The North Korean Drug Trade: Issues for Decision Makers. Transnational Organized Crime 4, 81–8.
  • Picarelli, J. (2006) The Turbulent Nexus of Transnational Organized Crime and Terrorism: A Theory of Malevolent International Relations. Global Crime 7, 1–24.
  • Picarelli, J. (2007b) The “Modern Day” Trade in Human Beings: How Historical Experience Influences the Contemporary Trafficking in Persons. Paper, School of International Service, American University, Washington.
  • Picarelli, J., and Williams, P. (2005) Combating Organized Crime in Conflict. In K. Ballentine and H. Nitzschke (eds.) Profiting from Peace: Managing the Resource Dimension of Civil War. Boulder: Lynne Rienner.
  • Polanyi, K. (1967) Dahomey and the Slave Trade: An Analysis of an Archaic Economy. Seattle: University of Washington Press.
  • Rosenau, J. (1990) Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
  • Salah, R. (2004) Child Trafficking: A Challenge to Child Protection in Africa. Paper at Fourth African Regional Conference on Child Abuse and Neglect, Enugu.
  • Schloenhardt, A. (1999) Organized Crime and the Business of Migrant Trafficking. Canberra: Australian Institute of Criminology.
  • Shelley, L. (1995) Transnational Organized Crime: An Imminent Threat to the Nation-State? Journal of International Affairs 48, 463–89.
  • Siegel, D. (2008) Diamonds and Organized Crime: The Case of Antwerp. In D. Siegel and H. Nelen (eds.) Organized Crime: Culture, Markets and Policies. New York: Springer pp. 85–96.
  • Stille, A. (1995) Excellent Cadavers: The Mafia and the Death of the First Italian Republic. New York: Vintage.
  • Strange, S. (1997) Casino Capitalism. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  • Thoumi, F. (2003) Illegal Drugs, Economy, and Society in the Andes. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press.
  • Uçarer, E. (1999) Trafficking in Women: Alternate Migration or Modern Slave Trade? In M. Meyer and E. Prügl (eds.) Gender Politics in Global Governance. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, pp 230–44.
  • van der Anker, C. (2004b) Contemporary Slavery, Global Justice and Globalization. In C. van der Anker (ed.) The Political Economy of New Slavery. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, pp. 15–36.
  • von Lampe, K. (2005) Provisional Situation Report on Trafficking in Cigarettes. Trends in Organized Crime 9, 8–15.
  • Williams, E. (1944) Capitalism and Slavery. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.
  • Zabludoff, S. (1997) Colombian Narcotics Organizations as Business Enterprises. Transnational Organized Crime 3, 20–49.

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    2 responses to “Transnational Organized Crime Rewards Program”

    1. international

      Transnational crime has become a more visible area of concern for states in the past two decades. The collapse of the Soviet Union led states to reassess their national interests and corresponding policies. States recognized that an international underworld of criminal elements hampered and sometimes derailed programs and policies at home and abroad. Criminal enterprises outside the drugs arena arose that were highly profitable, and in cases such as the trafficking in human beings were even more pernicious to states and societies. By 1995, the US and other states began to classify “international” organized crime as a national security threat. States saw the need to further expand law enforcement beyond their borders, to sign treaties of mutual legal assistance, and to bring multinational organizations to bear on the problem. By 2000, the United Nations had enacted a Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime that institutionalized these goals. In one short decade, international or transnational organized crime had eclipsed the “war on drugs” as the primary concern of global criminal justice policy.

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    2. international

      The mission of the TIP office, as it is known, is to eradicate modern-day slavery. It focuses on victim protection, prosecution of traffickers and prevention of trafficking. The website provides information about programs the US funds to help victims and improve law enforcement efforts worldwide, and its annual report on the actions countries are taking to combat trafficking in persons (TIP).

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