Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. International Commercial Law Contents International Commercial law See also Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Treaty, Legislation: United Nations Convention ... Read more...
2. UNIDROIT Conventions UNIDROIT International Agreements and Conventions UNIDROIT Main Treaties and Conventions This includes: UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities ... Read more...
3. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
4. Trade and Electronic Commerce Trade and Electronic Commerce and the World Trade Organization Trade and Electronic Commerce in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
5. Outline of Legal framework for international business transactions Contents Outline of Legal framework for international business transactions a. International Conflicts of law i. Private International Law : The ... Read more...
6. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
7. Transaction Value Of Identical Merchandise An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the CustomsValuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
8. Concessional Sale A sale that allows the buyer terms less stringent than normal commercial conditions would otherwise dictate. Such sales are often made in conjunction with official aid programs and may include reduced sales price, special low-interest rates or extended payment terms, or acceptance of a [...]...
9. Vienna Convention Treaty: The Vienna Convention Introduction to Vienna Convention Rules of international law governing the conclusion, validity, effects, interpretation, modification, suspension, and termination of treaties were codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted in 1969......
10. After-sale Service Definition of After-sale Service in International Trade The following is a concept of After-sale Service in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A collective term for attention to a transaction that normally takes place after [...]...
11. Swap By agreement, the combined purchase and sale of a specified amount of foreign exchange, with different dates for sale and purchase. This arrangement permits each party to the transaction to use, for a given period of time, a currency he needs in return for one he does not need, without any [...]...
12. Trade law Part 35 Contents Trade law Part 35   370 USA Ct. App. 7th Cir. 9 Nov. 2006 – Distribution of software under ... Read more...
13. Constructed Price A value for customs purposes that ignores the invoice price of the merchandise but is derived by computing the cost inputs of the product (materials plus reasonable manufacturing expenses in the country of origin plus a profit factor), to which are added the normal costs associated with preparing th......
14. Brussels Definition Of Value A system for the valuation of imports for the application of ad valorem duties, adopted in 1953 following attempts to establish a European customs union. The European Customs Union Study Group submitted to the contracting states the Convention on the Valuation of Goods for Customs Purposes, along w......
15. Customs Valuation Code A uniform system for valuing imports for the application of customs duties. The agreement is a product of the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations. It provides for five methods of valuing imported merchandise. Transaction value is the price actually paid or payable for the goods, with [...]...
16. Trademark History Introduction to Trademark HistoryThroughout history, makers of goods have put their names or other marks on things they produce. Items such as medieval swords and ancient Chinese pottery were marked with identifiable symbols so buyers could trace their origin and determine their quality. Be......
17. International Commercial Law Scope Legal Issues'International commercial law' appears to be wider because of the unsettled meanings of 'commercial law', which is more or less a mysterious term capable of covering anything relating to commerce. For example, the United Nations Commission on International Trade ......
18. United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Contents United Nations Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against Torture ... Read more...
19. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee Contents United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee (1951) See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against ... Read more...
20. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Outline The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law was set up in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to deal with conflicts of national laws [...]...
21. Counterpurchase A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) in which two parties agree to purchase specified quantities of merchandise from each other at a fixed price. The effect is that each party si......
22. General Conditions of International Sale General Conditions of International Sale in International Trade Meaning of General Conditions of International Sale, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): It is a document that details the general conditions that a seller (exporter) offers to a buyer [...]...
23. Termination of Contracts Termination of Contracts in International Trade Meaning of Termination of Contracts, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Termination clauses in international contracts, specially agency and distribution contracts, usually involve rights under local [...]...
24. Asylum Law Contents Refugee & Asylum Law See also Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment , ... Read more...
25. Sale At Less Than Fair Value The sale of merchandise to a foreign purchaser at a price below the price that would be charged for a like sale in the home market. Such sales may serve as the basis for an allegation of Dumping (read this and related legal ......
26. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
27. Sales of Services Sales of Goods and Services......
28. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
29. Regulation A A pronouncement of the Federal Reserve Board (12 CFR 201) governing the creation of banker's acceptances. In essence, the regulation requires that an "eligible" banker's acceptance (i.e., one acceptable for discount at the Federal Reserve discount window) have a maturity of not mor......
30. Invoice A statement of charges, usually on a preprinted form, given by a seller to a buyer covering a specific transaction. Invoices commonly contain the following data: name and address of purchaser; description of merchandise, including prices; place at which goods were delivered or point to which they we......
31. Transaction Cost Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Transaction Cost Economics In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Glenn A. Daley offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Transaction Cost Economics: Transaction cost economics (TCE) is the study [...]...
32. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
33. Commercial Bill A bill of exchange (read here for further details) that arises out of a transaction involving the sale of goods.......
34. Countertrade A commercial arrangement in which the buyer pays for his purchases, wholly or partly, with something other than money. Very often countertrade deals include some cash, but a significant portion of the transaction is settled with commodities or services. Countertrade has been employed heavily [...]...
35. Customs Conventions Contents Customs Conventions Convention on Temporary Admission 26.6.1990 International Convention on the Harmonisation of Frontier Controls of Goods 21.10.1982 Customs ... Read more...
36. Comparative Contract Law Contents Comparative Contract Law This entry provides an overview of comparative contract law. It shows several differences between the civil ... Read more...
37. Outline of Crossborder business transactions contracts Contents Outline of Crossborder business transactions contracts I. The International Sale of Goods A. Topic 2: The Letter of Credit ... Read more...
38. Nairobi Treaty On The Protection Of The Olympic Symbol An international agreement to protect the Olympic symbol against commercial use without the approval of the International Olympic Committee (IOC). The treaty specifies that adhering states will prohibit use of the Olympic symbol on goods or advertising or as a trademark except under license from th......
39. Treaty Validity Introduction to Treaty ValidityThe usual conditions essential to the valid conclusion of a treaty are that the contracting parties must have the requisite capacity to enter into international engagements, the plenipotentiaries who negotiate the treaty must be properly authorized, and freedo......
40. Trade Terms Trade Terms in International Trade Meaning of Trade Terms, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The terms of a sale. The setting of responsibilities of the buyer and the seller in a sale, including: sale price, responsibility for shipping, insurance and [...]...
41. Stock in Trade Stock In Trade What is “stock-in-trade”? Stock in trade is the inventory of goods, and merchandise, held by a business ... Read more...
42. Transfer of Ownership Transfer of Ownership in International Trade Meaning of Transfer of Ownership, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The act of point in place or time at which ownership of a thing is passed from one person to another. In international trade, this usually [...]...
43. Certificate of Free Sale A document issued by an agency of government, usually the health authority, certifying that a given product is in compliance with all local regulations and may be offered freely for sale within the country of origin. Normally, such certificates are issued to cover food products which are being [...]...
44. International Trade Law Scope Legal IssuesBurnett's The Law of International Business Transactions (The Federation Press, Sydney, 1994) covers the areas of sale of goods, carriage of goods, financing of international transactions, GATT, export and import control, and international services trade. Day's The Law o......
45. International Contracts International Contracts in International Trade Meaning of International Contracts, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): International contracts refers to a legally binding agreement between parties, based in different countries, in which they are obligated to [...]...
46. Positive Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the actual value of the transaction, as defined by buyer and seller. This view has been substantially fulfilled by the recent adoption of the transaction value basis of valuation in the Customs Valuatio......
47. Terms of Sale Terms of Sale in International Trade Meaning of Terms of Sale, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This expression refers to the price quotation for a specific product. It states the price for the product as a specified delivery location, sets the time of [...]...
48. List of international public law topics Contents List of international public law topics This is a comprehensive list of entries dealing with public international law, including ... Read more...
49. Superdeductive A procedure authorized by U.S. Customs in ascertaining the deductive value of merchandise for assessment of ad valorem duties; deductive valuation is an alternative valuation method specified in the customs valuation agreement (...
50. Sale by weight, count or measure Contents Sale by weight, count or measure, Lump sale There may also be sales by weight, count, or measure, where ... Read more...
51. Accepted for Value Contents Accepted for Value Acceptance for Value In commercial law, acceptance for value is relating to contracts. See in this ... Read more...
52. Ab Kai In German, a term of sale signifying that the goods are sold free at the pier.......
53. Arm's Length Transaction An economic transaction between unaffiliated parties undertaken as a product of commercial negotiation or market forces. Section 482 of the Internal Revenue Code authorizes the Internal Revenue Service to reallocate income to a domestic corporation when transactions with a controlled affiliate are u......
54. Covered Transaction A transaction denominated in terms of a foreign currency, payable at a future date, in which protection against loss on exchange has been procured, usually in the form of a Forward Exchange Contract (read this and related le......
55. Notional Concept Of Valuation An approach to the application of ad valorem duties that holds that duties should be applied upon the price the goods "ought to fetch" under specified conditions; this view was widely held for many years and was embraced in the Brussels Definition Of Value (...
56. Ordinary Course Of Trade A concept routinely applied in customs valuation that holds that the dutiable value of goods is the price at which they would normally sell if customary channels of distribution were observed. For example, where it was industry practice for a product to be sold directly by a manufacturer to an end u......
57. Confirming Confirming in International Trade Meaning of Confirming, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A financial service in which an independent company confirms an export order in the seller's country and makes payment for the goods in the currency of that [...]...
58. International trade law Part 10 Contents International trade law Part 10   118 United Nations Commission on International trade law (UNCITRAL) / Commission des Nations ... Read more...
59. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
60. Foreign Currency Transaction For accounting purposes, a transaction stated in terms of a currency other than the firm's functional currency. The purchase or sale of goods priced in terms of a foreign currency and the lending or borrowing of foreign funds represent such transactions.......
61. Bonded Goods Goods stored in a bonded warehouse prior to release from customs jurisdiction.......
62. Complementary Goods Products so related that a change in the demand for one similarly affects demand for the other; e.g., increased consumption of automobiles will normally increase consumption for gasoline, all things being equal.......
63. Fungible Goods Goods of a given type or class, any unit of which is interchangeable with any other unit and would be equally acceptable in settling obligations denominated in terms of the commodity. For example, corn is fungible in that one bushel of corn of a given grade is interchangeable on an equal footing wit......
64. Intermediate Goods Synonymous with Intermediate Products (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
65. Nondurable Goods Products, usually consumer items, that have a short useful life. In the United States the criterion is a life of three years or less. Such items are usually purchased as needed.......
66. Substitute Goods Products related in such a way that an increased demand for one will be reflected by a decreased demand for the other.......
67. American Goods Returned A provision, contained in Item 800.00, of the Tariff Schedules of the United States that permits duty-free return of merchandise of American manufacture. In order to qualify for duty-free return, the goods must not have been manipulated or advanced in value, except for the packaging of the product.......
68. Balance On Goods And Services A component of a nation's BALANCE OF PAYMENTS (read this legal term for further details)......
69. Abc Transaction Description of Abc Transaction In this reference work, abc transaction is a sort of the Oil, Gas, Energy Law category. Resources See Also Oil Gas Energy Law...
70. Aleatory Transaction Resources See Also Aleatory contract...
71. Madrid Agreement For The Repression Of False Or Deceptive Indications Of Source On Goods An international agreement, commonly known as the Madrid Union, concluded for the purpose of suppressing false or misleading origin markings on goods sold in international commerce. Adhering states are obligated to seize and deny importation to merchandise bearing false markings indicating origin in......
72. Carriage Of Goods By Sea Act Carriage Of Goods By Sea Act Summary of Carriage Of Goods By Sea Act Known commonly by the acronym COGSA, the principal U.S. statute governing carrier liabilities and immunities for loss and damage arising during the transport of goods by water in the foreign commerce of the United States. [...]...
73. Entry of Goods Entry of Goods and the Laws of International Trade Entry of goods: Overview Customs Trade Law The entry process Evidence of right to make entry Entry for consumption Entry documents Surety Entry summary documentation Electronic entry: Automated Commercial [...]...
74. Carriage of Goods by Sea Comparative Overview International Overview The Hague Rules, 1924 Bills of Lading Convention, Brussels, 25 August 1924), entered into force 2 June 1931. The Visby Rules, (1968 Protocol to Amend the Bills of Lading Convention, Brussels, 23 February 1968), entered into force 23 June 1977, [...]...
75. Goods In Free Circulation Merchandise not subject to customs restrictions. These goods would include locally produced (i.e., not imported) merchandise and goods that have been cleared by customs and upon which all duties and taxes have been paid.......
76. Environmental Goods Agreement Contents Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) Negotiations on the Environmental Goods Agreement (EGA) began on July 8, 2014, among the United ... Read more...
77. Outline of International trading of goods agreements Contents Outline of International trading of goods agreements Introduction I. Factors to Consider-how are international commercial transactions different from domestic ... Read more...
78. Free Ships/free Goods A position asserted by certain authorities in international law that all cargo carried aboard a neutral vessel is exempt from seizure by belligerents in time of war. This view conflicts with a more widely held attitude that belligerents have a legal right to interdict munitions and supplies with war......
79. Goods Flow of Goods and Services In this global economy, the flow of goods and services across borders, otherwise known as trade, is a critical factor to the health and growth of a country’s economy. Yet many developing countries struggle with legal, institutional, and operational constraints that [...]...
80. Law and Public Goods Contents Law and Public Goods “To the extent that law embodies the contractual origins discussed above, or that law may ... Read more...
81. Collective Goods Introduction to International Political Economy The Problem of Collective GoodsScholars who study how nations achieve cooperation despite the lack of a centralized world government to enforce rules pay special attention to the collective goods problem. A collective good is any benefit enjo......
82. Carriage of Goods Definition of Carriage of Goods By AirIn accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Carriage of Goods By Air : The act of carrying goods by air, which is normally under a contract between the consignor and a *carrier. International carriage has been the subject of [...]...
83. Intermingled Goods In the United States For information about Intermingled goods in the context of international trade, click here...
84. Unentered Goods In the United States For information about Unentered goods in the context of international trade, click here...
85. Dangerous Goods Dangerous Goods in International Trade Meaning of Dangerous Goods, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Articles or substances which are capable of posing a significant risk to health, safety, o property when transported by air and which are classified [...]...
86. Public Goods Global Public Good(s) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Global Public Good(s) means: a global public good is a good that has the three following properties : 1. It is non-rivalrous. Consumption of this good by anyone does not reduce the quantity available to other agents; 2. It [...]...
87. Cession of Goods Cession of Goods Resources See Also Bankruptcy proceedings...
88. Confusion of Goods Resources See Also Commingle...
89. Consumer Goods Resources See Also Consumer product...
90. Hard Goods Resources See Also Durable goods...
91. Capital Goods Resources See Also Industrial Production Industrial Property Regulation...
92. Goods Transport Resources See Also International Trade Trade Regulation International Economic Law Export License International Trade Law Foreign Trade Safeguard Transport...
93. International Sale of Goods Bibliography International Sale of Goods Bibliography ABDULLAH, Abdullah Abdulkarim 2012. The Scope of the Application of the United Nations Convention on ... Read more...
94. Gray Market Goods In the United States For information about Gray market goods in the context of international trade, click here...
95. Dangerous Goods Declaration Dangerous Goods Declaration in International Trade Meaning of Dangerous Goods Declaration, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Shippers of dangerous goods are required to declare them to carriers per the International Air Transport Association (IATA) and the [...]...
96. International Sale of Goods CISG in International Trade Meaning of Cisg, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods. known as Vienna Convention, is a 1980 international treaty signed by most leading trading nations [...]...
97. Free Movement of Goods Free Movement of Goods and Europe There is an entry on free movement of goods in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Free Movement of Goods" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by [...]...
98. Different Functions in Goods and Services This section provides an overview of different functions in goods and services within the legal context of National Treatment in international economic law, with coverage of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services (Principles). Resources Further Reading Nicolas F Diebold, [...]...
99. Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services This section provides an overview of non-discrimination in trade of goods and services within the legal context of Non-Discrimination in Trade of Goods and Services in international economic law (Principles)....
100. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 95 Any State may declare at ... Read more...
101. Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual Description of Acceptable Identification of Goods and Services Manual In this reference work, acceptable identification of goods and services manual is a sort of the Trademarks category. Resources See Also Trademarks Trademarks...
102. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Legal Materials The text of the CISG is ... Read more...
103. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 2 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 18 (1) A statement made by ... Read more...
104. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 3 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 32 (1) If the seller, in ... Read more...
105. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 4 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 43 (1) The buyer loses the ... Read more...
106. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 5 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 55 Where a contract has been ... Read more...
107. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 6 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 67 (1) If the contract of ... Read more...
108. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 7 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 77 A party who relies on ... Read more...
109. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 8 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 87 A party who is bound ... Read more...
110. Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods Contents Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods   CHAPTER I – SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL ... Read more...
111. Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods 2 Contents Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods   Article 13 (1) Where the agent acts on ... Read more...
112. Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods 3 Contents Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods   CHAPTER V – FINAL PROVISIONS Article 21 The ... Read more...
113. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Contracting States Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) Contracting States At the United Nations Diplomatic ... Read more...
114. Carriage of Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Waterways Carriage of Goods by Road, Rail and Inland Waterways in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to carriage of goods by road, rail and inland waterways on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues [...]...
115. Sale Contracts and Sale of Goods Sale Contracts and Sale of Goods in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to sale contracts and sale of goods on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international [...]...
116. Trade Acceptance Summary of Trade Acceptance Cross-reference: Acceptance.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Trade Acceptance in International Trade Meaning of Trade Acceptance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A bill of exchange drawn by the exporter/seller on [...]...
117. Trade Act Of 1974 An act that provided the president the negotiating authority essential to participate in the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details) of tariff reductions. The act empowered the president to re......
118. Trade Agreements Act Of 1979 An act of Congress implementing certain agreements negotiated under the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details). The act replaced the Countervailing Duty Law and Antidumping Act of 1921 and ab......
119. Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
120. Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......