Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Column 1 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. See TARIFF (CUSTOMS); Tariff Schedules of the United States.......
2. Column 2 Rate The rate of duty applied by U.S. Customs to imports from nations not enjoying Most Favored Nation (read this and related legal terms for further details) status. The Column 2 rate is the statutory rate of duty provided i......
3. Conventional Duty A customs duty, or rate of duty, arising out of a treaty or other international agreement, as contrasted with an autonomous duty unilaterally imposed by a government absent of any international agreement.......
4. Statutory Rate Of Duty The rate of duty on the given product specified by the Smoot- Hawley Act (read this and related legal terms for further details) of 1930. The rates established by this act are applied to Column 2 countries, i.e., those t......
5. Concession Summary of Concession An undertaking by one nation to reduce a tariff rate, increase a quota, or otherwise relieve an economic impediment to trade, usually in response to like concessions from trading partners. In addition to such reciprocal concessions, a nation may offer special duty [...]...
6. Marking Duties A special duty, in addition to ordinary duties, imposed upon merchandise not properly marked so as to indicate to the ultimate purchaser the country of origin. Section 304 of the Tariff Act of 1930, as amended, requires that the country-of-origin marking be legible, indelible, and permanent. [...]...
7. Customs Classification Customs Classification and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Classification: The determination of the appropriate category in which a traded product is classified for [...]...
8. Quantitative Restriction A limitation on the quantity of a given commodity that may be imported into a country during a specified period of time. A quantitative restriction is manifested as a Quota ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for further [...]...
9. Tokyo Declaration The pronouncement of a 1973 gathering in Tokyo of foreign, finance, and trade ministers of the major industrial nations, meeting to discuss economic and trade problems. The joint communique issued by the ministers called for increased trade through the elimination of tariff and nontariff [...]...
10. Dillon Round A series of multinational trade discussions conducted during 1960-1962 under the sponsorship of the general agreement of tariffs and Trade (read this and related legal terms for further details). The principal result of ......
11. Bound Rates Bound Rates and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Bound Rates: Most favored-nation tariff rates resulting from GATT negotiations and thereafter incorporated as integral [...]...
12. Dutiable Status A determination made by customs authorities, in accordance with the laws of the importing nation, as to whether a given imported article is subject to duty, and if so, at what rate. The dutiable status is determined by classifying the merchandise, i.e., determining into which category the [...]...
13. Customs Territory The geographical area of a country, its possessions, and surrounding waters within which the customs authority is empowered to impose duties and controls upon foreign merchandise entering therein. The customs territory need not necessarily incorporate all the territory over which a nation [...]...
14. Multilateral Trade Negotiations Negotiations among many nations acting in concert for the purpose of reducing trade barriers. Since the inception of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). in 1947, the mos......
15. Prohibitive Duty A rate of duty so high as to effectively preclude entry of an item. Generally, prohibitive duties increase the selling price to such a level that the item cannot compete with domestic substitutes. Prohibitive duties are designed to protect domestic infant or ailing industries from vigorous [...]...
16. Transaction Value The primary method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
17. Superdeductive A procedure authorized by U.S. Customs in ascertaining the deductive value of merchandise for assessment of ad valorem duties; deductive valuation is an alternative valuation method specified in the customs valuation agreement (...
18. Customs Trade Regulations Law of Similars and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Law of Similars: Regulations limiting importation of a product or altering its tariff treatment if a "similar" [...]...
19. Related Specificity A rule of customs law that when two or more tariff provisions might be applied to an item, the one that most specifically describes the article shall be applied.......
20. Margin of Preference Margin of Preference and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Margin of Preference: The difference between the duty paid under a system of tariff preferences and the duty [...]...
21. Country of Origin For customs tariff purposes, the country in which an imported product was manufactured, grown, or produced. When goods pass through more than one country in the process of manufacture, the country of origin does not change unless the product has been transformed substantially; minor [...]...
22. Most-favored-nation A privilege granted to a nation to have customs duties levied upon its products at the lowest rate offered to any other nation. Customarily, the extension of most favored nation status is reciprocal. See tariff (Customs).......
23. East- West Trade A general reference to trade between the industrial nations of the West, particularly those nations that are members of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
24. Tokyo Round The seventh, and latest, round of multilateral trade negotiations sponsored by the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). Running from 1973 to 1979, the Tokyo Round resulted in......
25. Principal Supplier A nation that serves as the major source of supply to another country for a specific product.......
26. Chicken War A protracted dispute between the United States and the European Economic Community arising from the adoption of Europe's COMMON AGRICULTURAL POLICY (read this and related legal terms for further details) on chicken i......
27. Supplementary Levy An additional tax that may be imposed upon imports of pork, poultry, or eggs into the European Economic Community when the purchase price of such items falls below the Gate Price ("https://lawin.org/list-of-international-trade-law-terms/">read this and related legal terms for [...]...
28. Customs Cooperation Council An international organization established for the purpose of harmonizing the customs procedures and techniques of member countries. The agency is concerned with the mechanics of customs administration and is not involved in matters relating to tariff levels or similar substantive economic [...]...
29. Discriminating Duty Synonymous with DIFFERENTIAL DUTY (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
30. Trade Act Of 1974 An act that provided the president the negotiating authority essential to participate in the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details) of tariff reductions. The act empowered the president to re......
31. Ad Valorem Equivalent Ad Valorem Equivalent (A VE) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ad Valorem Equivalent (A VE): A specific duty expressed in terms of a percentage of the value of the [...]...
32. Modifications Modifications and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Modifications: Alteration or withdrawal of trade concessions previously made within GATT. Contracting Parties are [...]...
33. Kennedy Round A series of international trade discussions commencing in Geneva in May 1964, under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (read about the GATT for further details). The discussions were prompted by ......
34. Green Rate A special rate of exchange used in converting agricultural prices fixed in units of account into national currencies, within the framework of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further deta......
35. Contract Rate In the steamship industry, the freight rate applicable to goods shipped by a firm that has executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details) with a Conference (...
36. Export Duty A tax imposed on exports. This mechanism serves as a source of government revenue and is imposed by some countries on a limited number of products. Export duties are expressly forbidden by the U.S. Constitution.......
37. GATT Standing Committee GATT Standing Committee and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Standing Committee: A permanent body of GATT members dealing with a specific area of trade policy. Includes [...]...
38. Anticircumvention Duty Anticircumvention Duty and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Anticircumvention Duty: A term used by the European Community for penalty charges imposed on the output of [...]...
39. Proportional Rate A freight rate that is constructed by adding separate joint or local rates applying to a through movement. A proportional rate, unlike a Combination rate (read this and related legal terms for further details), is applic......
40. Initial Negotiating Right Initial Negotiating Right (INR) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Initial Negotiating Right (INR): A right held by a GA TT member to be compensated by another member if a [...]...
41. Ordinary Course Of Trade A concept routinely applied in customs valuation that holds that the dutiable value of goods is the price at which they would normally sell if customary channels of distribution were observed. For example, where it was industry practice for a product to be sold directly by a manufacturer to an end u......
42. Customs Harmonization Customs Harmonization and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Harmonization: Intemational efforts to increase the uniformity of customs procedures such as valuation, [...]...
43. Geneva Rounds Geneva Rounds and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Geneva Rounds: The first and fourth GATT Round of multilateral trade negotiations, held in Geneva, Switzerland. The [...]...
44. Kyoto Convention An international agreement, sponsored by the Customs cooperation Council (read this and related legal terms for further details), the object of which is to harmonize the methods and procedures of national customs authori......
45. Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Protocol Relating to Trade Negotiations Among Developing Countries: [...]...
46. Degressivity Degressivity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Degressivity: The characteristic of a trade restriction, which diminishes in severity over time. A degressive measure could [...]...
47. Noncontract Rate The freight rate applicable to commodities shipped by a firm that has not executed an exclusive patronage contract (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
48. Soft Loan A loan repayable by a foreign borrower in a Soft Currency (read this and related legal terms for further details). Such loans usually have been the product of long-term sales to countries without hard currency repayment ......
49. Floor In the case of a variable rate loan (read this and related legal terms for further details), a prearranged minimum rate of interest that will be imposed, irrespective of how low the money market index falls.......
50. Freely Offered Goods offered in the normal course of trade to all buying on essentially the same basis, e.g., with like prices, terms, discounts, et cetera. Under prior valuation schemes, the value at which the goods were "freely offered" served as the basis for the assessment of customs duties; this con......
51. Restitutions Export and producer subsidies granted by the European Economic Community to EEC farmers and processors. The subsidies are a feature of the Common Agricultural Policy (read this and related legal terms for further details......
52. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
53. Real Interest Rate Synonymous with effective interest Rate (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
54. Special And Differential Treatment The concept that developing nations require special consideration in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, and that concessions should be granted to the developing nations without reciprocity. Although this concept has been advanced in various individual multilateral trade agreements, the T......
55. Trade Agreements Act Of 1979 An act of Congress implementing certain agreements negotiated under the Tokyo Round (read this and related legal terms for further details). The act replaced the Countervailing Duty Law and Antidumping Act of 1921 and ab......
56. Substantial Supplier Substantial Supplier and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Substantial Supplier: An exporting country accounting for at least 10 percent of a country's imports of a given [...]...
57. Insular Possessions Certain offshore possessions of the United States that are considered to be beyond the Customs Territory (read this and related legal terms for further details). The insular possessions are the Virgin Islands, Guam, Amer......
58. Customs Value Customs Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Customs Value: A method of valuing imported goods which excludes shipping costs from the final price....
59. Offer List A list of products, usually prepared in conjunction with multilateral trade negotiations, upon which a nation is prepared to negotiate trade liberalization; the list may also identify products that are to be specifically exempted from discussion.......
60. United States Trade Representative An office, with ambassadorial rank, created by Congress to direct U.S. trade negotiations during the Kennedy and Tokyo Rounds. Known previously as the special trade representative and the special representative for trade negotiations, the office was reorganized with expanded powers by Executive [...]...
61. Deductive Value Method An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation code (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
62. Customs Enforcement Area An area not to extend more than fifty miles seaward, beyond the CUSTOMS WATERS (read this and related legal terms for further details). Within this zone customs officers are authorized to enforce U.S. laws if the preside......
63. Compound Duty Cross-reference: Duty......
64. Negotiations Item-by-Item Negotiations and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Item-by-Item Negotiations: A method of tariff negotiations in which the expected trade effects of each [...]...
65. Tariffication Tariffication and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariffication: Conversion of a quota or other nontariff barrier (NTB) to a tariff providing an equivalent amount of [...]...
66. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
67. Reciprocal Trade Agreements Program An act of Congress which authorized the president to reduce tariffs in exchange for like concessions by trading partners. The Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934, enacted as an amendment to the Smoot-Hawley Act (read thi......
68. Transaction Value Of Identical Merchandise An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the CustomsValuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
69. Ministerial Declaration Ministerial Declaration and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Ministerial Declaration: A decision by trade ministers of GATT members to launch a GATT Round of multilateral [...]...
70. GATT Codes GATT Codes and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of GATT Codes: Agreements negotiated under GATT auspices to remove or lessen the trade-distorting effects of nontariff measures [...]...
71. Mtn Valuation Code An agreement on valuation for customs purposes, more commonly known as the customs valuation agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
72. Reliquidation An amendment of a customs entry Liquidation (read this and related legal terms for further details)......
73. Reduction Linear Reduction and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Linear Reduction: A tariff negotiating procedure based on reduction of tariffs by a specified percentage on an entire [...]...
74. Duty Suspension Duty Suspension and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Duty Suspension: A temporary , unilateral reduction in tariffs. Duties are sometimes suspended to ease shortages of [...]...
75. Nontariff Barriers Nontariff Barriers (NTBs) and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Nontariff Barriers (NTBs): Measures other than tariffs that burden or restrict international trade. NTBs may [...]...
76. Compensatory Tax A special import levy imposed by the European Economic Community upon certain agricultural imports when the entry price of such products falls below a reference, or minimum target, price and the import is priced so as to reflect an export subsidy. Compensatory taxes are institutionalized in the [...]...
77. Exceptions Products specifically exempted from trade liberalization, such as duty reductions; usually, exceptions are made to protect domestic industries that would suffer serious harm from increased imports.......
78. Prime Rate The rate of interest on business loans by commercial banks to their most creditworthy customers. The maintenance of a COMPENSATING BALANCE (read this and related legal terms for further details) by the borrower is custom......
79. Beaufort Scale A scale of wind force at sea, adjusted for the angle between the direction of the wind and the ship's course and speed. The figure shows how wind force is expressed. Beaufort ScaleBeaufort Number Sea Conditions Knots0 Calm less than 11 Light air 1-3...
80. Scientific Tariff A concept in which duties would fluctuate and be levied on an item-by-item, shipment-by-shipment basis, so as to equalize the cost of imports and their domestic counterparts. The object of this plan is to put imported and domestic products on an equally competitive basis. To do so, however, would be......
81. Small Scale Industry Small Scale Industry Resources See Also Industry Industrial Unionism Labor Law Industrial Disputes Business Law Resources See Also Economy Economic System Legal System Capitalism...
82. International Tanker Nominal Freight Scale A schedule of nominal rates for movements of tankers between world ports. Publication was ceased in 1969; it has been succeeded by Worldscale (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
83. Small Scale Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
84. Flexible Tariff Special Drawing Ria customs tariff in which rates of duty can be raised or lowered by administrative action. In the United States the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934 and other legislation have authorized the President to adjust duty rates downward in response to concessions from other nation......
85. Linear Tariff Cut A reduction in customs tariffs, on an across-the-board basis, by a given percentage.......
86. Memorandum Tariff An abstract of a freight tariff. This document, usually published by carriers in a given trade, contains selected rates and other information extracted from the official tariff. The purpose of a memorandum tariff is to highlight information of wide interest.......
87. Tariff (Customs) A document issued by a nation's customs authority principally for the purpose of specifying rates of duty to be applied on various imported products. A tariff customarily also includes quantitative restrictions (quotas) upon certain imports, preferential duties on products imported from specifie......
88. Tariff Act Of 1930 Also known as the Smoot- Hawley Act, this established the highest rates of duty ever imposed by the United States. Its passage was essentially a response to domestic unemployment during the Depression and protectionist forces in the agricultural and certain manufacturing sectors. Other nations accom......
89. Unilinear Tariff Synonymous with general TARIFF (read this and related legal terms for further details). Union D'Assureurs Des Credits Inter- Nationaux. The full, formal name of the Berne Union (...
90. Valuation Tariff A customs tariff in which ad valorem duties are applied not on the sale or commercial value of the merchandise, but on a nominal value for the product prescribed by governmental authority. For example, sheet steel might carry a duty of 5 percent ad valorem, but the tariff prescribes that the value f......
91. Common External Tariff Summary of Common External Tariff The uniform customs tariff applied by all the member states of a customs union or common market to imports from nonmember nations.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Common External Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT [...]...
92. Temporary Tariff Surcharge An increased rate of duty on imports temporarily applied, usually to aid in correcting a balance of payments deficit.......
93. Small Scale Irrigation Scheme Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective...
94. Economies of Scale Economies of Scale and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economies of Scale: (Also known as increasing returns to scale.) Cost savings that occur in production processes where higher output [...]...
95. Export Tariff A tax or duty levied by a governmental authority upon the exportation of a product. Such taxes upon exports have been abolished by all major trading nations but are still retained by some developing nations, particularly on exports of mineral or agricultural commodities, as a source of state revenu......
96. General Tariff A tariff schedule in which a single rate of duty applies to a given commodity irrespective of the country of origin. A general tariff makes no provision for preferential duties.......
97. Tariff (Freight) A document issued, usually in booklet form, by a Common Carrier (read this and related legal terms for further details) listing its charges for transportation services. Commonly, the rate, or cost of transportation, vari......
98. Tariff Commission For more details on United States International Trade Commission, click here.......
99. Tariff Preferences Summary of Tariff Preferences Essentially synonymous with Trade Preferences (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on tariff preferences explores the context, history and effect [...]...
100. Transit Tariff A duty or tax imposed by a nation on merchandise crossing its territory en route from one country to another. Transit tariffs have been abolished by all major nations but are still imposed by some developing nations as a source of revenue.......
101. Single-Column Tariff Single-Column Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Single-Column Tariff: A tariff schedule specifying only one rate of duty for each imported commodity....
102. Tariff Rate A rate for insurance coverage specifically prescribed by local regulation. Usually the rate is higher than might be derived through negotiations with a nonadmitted (read this and related legal terms for further details) ......
103. Tariff Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Tariff) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Tariff) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Tariff) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Tariff) Black Market (sometimes, [...]...
104. Protective Tariff Spanish Translation of protective tariffThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to protective tariff and / or a definition of this topic: Bonificación Arancelaria (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
105. Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated, and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data [...]...
106. Compound Tariff Compound Tariff and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Compound Tariff: A combination of a specific duty and an ad valorem tariff on the same imported item (e.g., $100 per [...]...
107. Tariff Anomaly Tariff Anomaly and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Anomaly: A situation in which the tariff on raw materials or semi-manufactured goods is higher than the tariff on [...]...
108. Tariff Quota Tariff Quota and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Quota: A two-stage tariff, providing a base tariff rate that applies to goods up to a specified quantity imported [...]...
109. Tariff Escalation Tariff Escalation and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tariff Escalation: The application of tariff rates on raw materials that are lower than on processed versions of the [...]...
110. Tariff Binding Tariff Binding and International Trade Resources See Also binding ...
111. Mixed Tariff Mixed Tariff and International Trade Resources See Also compound tariff...
112. Tariff Nomenclature Brussels Tariff Nomenclature (BTN) and International Trade Resources See Also Harmonized System...
113. Tariff Surcharge Tariff Surcharge and International Trade Resources See Also import surcharge...
114. Revenue Tariff Revenue Tariff and International Trade Resources See Also tariff...
115. Customs Tariff In the United States For information about Customs Tariff in the context of international trade, click here...
116. Tariff Code In the United States For information about Tariff Code in the context of international trade, click here...
117. Freight Tariff Not Otherwise Specified (NOS) in International Trade Meaning of Not Otherwise Specified (NOS), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This expression and abbreviation is often applied to air freight tariffs, indicates that the rate stated in the tariff applies [...]...
118. Tariff Biding Tariff Biding in International Trade Meaning of Tariff Biding, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Commitment not to increase a rate of duty beyond an agreed level. Once a rate of duty is bound, it may not be raised without compensating the affected parties....
119. Tariff Policy Related Fields Related topics include: International Trade Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Trade Regulation Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. International Economic Law Find this subject in this World legal encyclopedia. Export License Find this subject in [...]...
120. External Tariff Common External Tariff (CET) and Europe There is an entry on common external tariff (cet) in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Common External Tariff (CET)" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to [...]...