Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Real Property Holding Company A foreign corporation (i.e., not chartered in the United States) in which a Domestic International Sales Corporation (read this and related legal terms for further details), or DISC, controls more than 50 percent of the ......
2. Startup Contents Startup Startup in the United States The Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act (the “JOBS Act”) was enacted on April ... Read more...
3. Branch Rule A provision of the Internal Revenue Code that holds that where a controlled foreign corporation operates outside its country of incorporation through a branch, the branch will be treated as a separate corporation in determining foreign base company income, when the branch's activities have "......
4. Section 301 Committee A component of the Office of the United States Trade Representative that investigates allegations of unfair trade practices on the part of foreign governments, practices that impede the foreign commerce of the United States. These practices fall under the broad category of nontariff barriers and inc......
5. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
6. Federation Of American Controlled Shipping An association of American firms that operate Liberian- and Panamanian-registered tankers, bulk carriers, and specialized vessels. Currently, federation member firms control over forty-three million deadweight tons of foreign shipping. In addition, federation members control approximately one-half t......
7. Securities Law Framework Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of securities law framework, with a description of the most significant features of securities law framework at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Statutory Interpretation [...]...
8. Section 204 A provision of the Agricultural Act of 1956 authorizing the president to negotiate bilateral agreements to limit exports to the United States of "any agricultural commodity or product manufactured therefrom or textiles or textile products." The president is also empowered to take steps to ......
9. Foreign Exchange Foreign Exchange in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Exchange, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Current or liquid claims payable in foreign currency and in a foreign country (bank balances, checks, bills of exchange). Not to be confused with foreign [...]...
10. Nationality of Company Nationality of Company/corporation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on nationality of company/corporation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "nationality of company/corporation" in the [...]...
11. Yugen Kaisha A form of limited company organization used in Japan for small or family-con- trolled corporations. This form, usually identified by the letters YK, resembles the American dosed corporation and usually includes restrictions on the transfer of stock. A large or public company is usually organized as ......
12. Securities Law Companies and Securities Law Contents of Companies and Securities Law Contents of this subject matter include: Company Law in Context -Overview of business organizations in Australia and the basic framework of the corporate legislation (such as the Corporations Act 2001 in Australia) and the [...]...
13. Portfolio Investment A minority interest in a foreign venture from which income is derived in the form of dividends; normally such an interest does not convey any significant control over the management or operations of the foreign firm.......
14. Section 15 A provision of the Shipping Act of 1916 (46 U.S.C. 814) that permits ocean carriers to enter into agreements to eliminate rate and service competition between them. Approval by the Federal Maritime Commission of a Section 15 agreement extends to the carriers involved immunity from the penalties of t......
15. Growth Company Contents Growth Company Growth Company in the United States There are certain research provisions in Title I of the JOBS ... Read more...
16. Unitary Taxation A form of corporate taxation adopted by some U.S. states whereby state income tax is assessed on a pro rata portion of the company's worldwide profits, rather than on locally earned profits only. Unitary taxation emerged in the United States in 1926; at that time it was applied to interstate rai......
17. Joint Resources See Also As to joint Annuity Ballot Committee Contract Covenant Creditor Custody Fiat Fine Indictment Obligation Obligee Obligor Owner Rate Resolution Session Tenancy Tenant Trespass Trespasser Trustee Will, see those titles. As to joint-stock banks, see Bank joint-stock company, [...]...
18. Sogo Shosha A Japanese general trading company. Customarily, the term is used in connection with the largest of such companies. According to the Trade Business Statistics report for 1981 issued by the Japanese Ministry of International Trade and Industry, there are over 8,500 trading companies operating in [...]...
19. Selective Distribution Spanish Translation of selective distributionThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to selective distribution and / or a definition of this topic: Distribución Selectiva (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
20. Bank Holding Companies In the United States For information about bank holding companies in the context of international trade, click here...
21. China Trade Act Corporation A corporation formed under the China Trade Act of 1922, which provided special tax incentives to firms engaged in trade with China. Following the collapse of the Nationalist government on mainland China in 1949, the act was amended to cover only Taiwan and Hong Kong. In its final form, the act provi......
22. Domestic International Sales Corporation Commonly known by the acronym DISC, a U.S.-chartered corporation, qualified with the Internal Revenue Service, that derives virtually all of its income from export sales and export-related activities. A properly qualified DISC was permitted to defer indefinitely tax on a portion of its income. The D......
23. Foreign International Sales Corporation A foreign corporation controlled by a Domestic International Sales Corporation(read this and related legal terms for further details) (DISC) that satisfies the requirements of Section 993 of the Internal Reve......
24. Less Developed Country Corporation As provided in the 1980s in U.S. tax laws, a firm that derived at least 80 percent of its income in less developed countries (LDCs) and had at least 80 percent of its assets in LDCs. Dividend and interest income from such corporations was excluded from foreign-base company income to the extent it wa......
25. Parent Company Parent Company in International Trade Meaning of Parent Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A parent company, sometimes called a holding company, is a corporation that has subsidiaries which are wholly or partially-owned separate businesses [...]...
26. Securities Introduction Securities This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of securities , with a description of the most significant features of securities at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities [...]...
27. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
28. Foreign Banking Corporations An Edge Act bank. See Edge Act Corporation.......
29. Vostro Account Funds denominated in local currency that a foreign bank holds in a local bank. ......
30. Securities Law Career Most Popular Entries related to Securities Law Career Securities Law (in the World) Securities Law Definition (in the World) Securities Law Career (in the World) Securities Law Overview (in the World) Securities Law Firms (in the World) Securities Law Directive (in the World) Corporate [...]...
31. Securities Law Definition Most Popular Entries related to Securities Law Definition Securities Law (in the World) Securities Law Definition (in the World) Securities Law Career (in the World) Securities Law Overview (in the World) Securities Law Firms (in the World) Securities Law Directive (in the World) [...]...
32. Securities Law Firms Most Popular Entries related to Securities Law Firms Securities Law (in the World) Securities Law Definition (in the World) Securities Law Career (in the World) Securities Law Overview (in the World) Securities Law Firms (in the World) Securities Law Directive (in the World) Corporate [...]...
33. Securities Law Overview Most Popular Entries related to Securities Law Overview Securities Law (in the World) Securities Law Definition (in the World) Securities Law Career (in the World) Securities Law Overview (in the World) Securities Law Firms (in the World) Securities Law Directive (in the World) [...]...
34. Securities Lawyer Most Popular Entries related to Securities Lawyer Securities Law (in the World) Securities Law Definition (in the World) Securities Law Career (in the World) Securities Law Overview (in the World) Securities Law Firms (in the World) Securities Law Directive (in the World) Corporate Law [...]...
35. Credit D´impot A tax credit permitted in Belgium to recipients of certain dividend income in recognition that the corporation paying the dividend has been previously taxed upon the income.......
36. World Bank World Bank and the World Bank Group Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including World Bank , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including World Bank , Boczek, Boleslaw Adam -2005) [...]...
37. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
38. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
39. Foreign Bank United States Offices of Foreign Bank in relation with Foreign Banks This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of United States Offices of Foreign Bank covered in connexion with Foreign Banks and banking / lending Institutions....
40. Foreign Entity Within the meaning of financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) relative to accounting for foreign currency transactions, aforeign entity is an affiliate......
41. Exemptions From the Securities Legislation Exemptions from the Securities Act of 1933: Main Elements in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) The coverage of Exemptions from the Securities Act of 1933 includes the following element(s): Securities Regulation For detailed information on this issue, please read the corresponding [...]...
42. Correspondent Bank Summary of Correspondent Bank A bank that acts as the representative of another bank in a given transaction. As a rule, correspondents have sums on deposit with each other for the purpose of settling the transactions of the other bank.(Main Author: William J. Miller) [...]...
43. Export-Import Bank Of The United States Commonly known as Eximbank, an independent, self-funding agency of the U.S. government created to facilitate exports of American products. Originally chartered under the laws of the District of Columbia in 1934, Eximbank was rechartered by an act of Congress in 1945. The bank provides short-, medium......
44. Nonprivileged Foreign Status The condition of imported merchandise entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details), other than goods that have been granted privileged foreign status (...
45. Limited Liability Company Gmbh (Gesellschaft Mit Beschränker Haftung) in Company Law Meaning of Gmbh (Gesellschaft Mit Beschränker Haftung), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In German speaking countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland) a designation for a private limited [...]...
46. Erste Bank Group Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group A.g. and Mkb Bank in This Action Would be in the Foreign Policy Interest of the United States In relation to the international law practice and Dismissal of the Claims Against Erste Bank Group A.g. and Mkb Bank in This Action Would be in the [...]...
47. Deferral The avoidance of taxes on the income of foreign subsidiaries until that income is distributed to the parent.......
48. Export Trading Company Act A 1982 act of Congress designed to promote American exports by modifying the application of antitrust laws and reducing restrictions on export financing on certain export transactions. The legislation is divided into four parts. Title I directs the Department of Commerce to encourage the formation o......
49. Yo-Yo Effect A condition that arises under the rules of Financial Accounting Standards Board Statement No. 8 (read this and related legal terms for further details) when a foreign company's total monetary assets differ from its t......
50. Associated Foreign Corporation As used in conjunction with the operations of a DOMESTIC INTERNATIONAL SALES CORPORATION (read this and related legal terms for further details), or DISC, a foreign corporation in which neither the DISC nor members of t......
51. Edge Act Corporation A federally chartered bank formed under authority of the Edge Act of 1919 (Section 25 A of the Federal Reserve Act) exclusively for the purpose of engaging in international transactions. The Edge Act permits a commercial bank, through the formation of a subsidiary under Section 25 (A), to overcome t......
52. Foreign Corporation A corporation operating in a jurisdiction other than the one in which it was chartered. For example, a corporation chartered in France and one chartered in Connecticut would be equally foreign in New York. Occasionally the term alien corporation is applied to distinguish corporations chartered in no......
53. Regulation K A pronouncement of the Federal Reserve system that permits both domestic and foreign banks to establish a "mother" Edge Act Corporation (read this and related legal terms for further details), which can establi......
54. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development International Bank For Reconstruction And Development International Bank for Reconstruction and Development Outline The IBRD was established pursuant to the Bretton Woods Agreement of 1944. Its headquarters are in Washington, DC. As its name suggests, it is an intergovernmental (as opposed to [...]...
55. Foreign Currency Account Foreign Currency Account in International Trade Meaning of Foreign Currency Account, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An account maintained in a foreign bank in the currency of the country in which the bank is located. When such accounts are kept, they [...]...
56. Captive Insurance Company A subsidiary formed to insure the risks of its noninsurance parent or affiliated companies. The captive may also reinsure risks that have been placed with third- party insurers, all or a portion of which have been transferred subsequently to the captive; in this arrangement, the unrelated insurer is......
57. Private Export Funding Corporation A private corporation organized in 1970 for the purpose of providing medium- to long-term financing to foreign buyers of U.S. goods and services. PEFCO is owned by commercial banks and major industrial firms. Working capital is raised by issuance of commercial paper, guaranteed by the U.S. Export-Im......
58. Related Foreign Export Corporation According to Section 933 of the Internal Revenue Code, any foreign corporation that satisfies the definition of a foreign international sales Corporation, A Real Property Holding Company, or an Associated Foreign Corporation (qq.V.). See Domestic International Sales Corporation.......
59. Western Hemisphere Trading Corporation A domestic U.S. corporation which was entitled to certain tax advantages under Sections 921-22 of the Internal Revenue Code. To qualify, a U.S.- chartered corporation must (1) derive at least 95 percent of its gross income for the three-year period immediately preceding the taxable year (or througho......
60. Affiliate Company Definition of Affiliate Company in International Trade The following is a concept of Affiliate Company in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Company that is less than 50% owned by a parent company; the parents acts as [...]...
61. Banking And Financing Controlled Foreign Corporation A controlled foreign corporation within the meaning of the Internal Revenue Code, that derives more than 50 percent of its gross income from retail or commercial banking, negotiable paper transactions, or investment banking.......
62. Brokerage A commission paid to a licensed foreign freight forwarder by an ocean carrier as an inducement to route cargo aboard the carrier's vessels. This commission usually runs between 1.25 and 2.5 percent of the freight paid to the carrier, although higher commission rates are not uncommon, [...]...
63. Offshore Trading Company Synonymous with foreign base trading company. See subpart f.......
64. Issuer Contents Issuer Issuer in the United States financial law An issuer is an entity whose securities are registered under section ... Read more...
65. Securities Law Issues Securities Law in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Securities Law: In 2013, the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law ("UNIDROIT") completed negotiations on a set of Principles on the Operation of Close-Out Netting Provisions. [...]...
66. Bank Export Services Act A 1982 act of Congress that amends Federal banking laws to permit banks to acquire equity, up to 100 percent, in Export Trading Companies. The act forms Title II of the Export Trading Company Act. See export TRADING COMPANY ACT.......
67. Central Bank The principal monetary authority of a nation. In most commercially developed nations the central bank issues the currency and acts as banker for the government and the nation's commercial banks. By setting the rate at which it will lend money to commercial banks, the central bank [...]...
68. World Bank Group World Bank Group in International Trade Meaning of World Bank Group, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Bank Group is a specialized United Nations agency dedicated to improving living standards in developing countries through facilitation and [...]...
69. Oil Union Oil Company of California (UNOCAL) Note: there is more information on the Asian/Chinese legal Encyclopedia. Notion of of Union Oil Company of California (UNOCAL): A major petroleum explorer and marketer until 2005 when, after a failed offer by the Chinese National Offshore Oil [...]...
70. Exemption System A system to avoid double taxation of income whereby the domiciliary country exempts corporate income taxation, income earned and taxed abroad, up to the amount of tax paid in the country that was the source of income.......
71. Foreign Base Finance Company It was a financing operation organized abroad (usually in a tax haven) that had as its main purpose the arranging of loans abroad in Eurocurrencies, almost always on behalf of its parent or affiliates.......
72. Umbrella Company A local subsidiary of a multinational corporation that permits each product division to operate separately but retains at local headquarters the responsibility for cash management, advertising, and physical distribution. The object of such a company is to permit autonomy among product lines without ......
73. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
74. Foreign Trade Antitrust Improvements Act A 1982 act of Congress, constituting Title IV of the export trading company act (read this and related legal terms for further details), which amends the Sherman Act and Federal Trade Commission Act to clarify their inap......
75. International Organization of Securities Commissions International Organization of Securities Commissions (IOSCO) This section provides an overview of international organization of securities commissions (iosco) within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further [...]...
76. What is a Section 645 election? Contents What is a Section 645 election? Under Section 645, if both the executor (if any) of an estate and ... Read more...
77. Foreign Trade Zone An enclosed area in or near a port of entry that, while located on American territory, is effectively outside the customs jurisdiction of the United States. Such zones were authorized by the Foreign Trade Zones Act of 1934 as areas where foreign products might be entered, stored, manipulated, manufa......
78. Income Explosion A dramatic increase in per capita income, especially where the income increases are well dispersed throughout the population. Such income increases will stimulate consumer demand, usually reflected in an increase of imports.......
79. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
80. German Translation Section German Translation Section Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including German Translation Section , H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including German Translation Section , Boczek, [...]...
81. Bank Export Services In the United States For information about Bank Export Services in the context of international trade, click here...
82. Bank Resources See Also Credit Union Cooperative Collective Resources See Also Banking Banc Resources See Also Teller Resources See Also Pass-book Resources See Also National bank Resources See Also Mutual savings bank Savings and loan association. Compare Commercial bank [...]...
83. Corporation Sociedad Anónima (s.a.) in International Trade Meaning of Sociedad Anónima (s.a.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Spain, México and Latin America designation for a joint stock company with limited personal to shareholders. See [...]...
84. Discount Corporation A firm engaged in the discounting and trading of bills of exchange and acceptances. In the United States these functions are usually performed by commercial banks, although there are entities other than commercial banks specializing in this area.......
85. Domestic Corporation A corporation operating in the jurisdiction in which it was formed; hence, a New York corporation is a domestic corporation in New York, but a foreign corporation everywhere else.......
86. Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. Gulf Oil Corporation Contents Eastern Air Lines, Inc. v. Gulf Oil Corporation 1975 Southern District of Florida Key concepts: • Requirements/outputs contracts. UCC ... Read more...
87. Commodity Credit Corporation A Federally chartered corporation controlled by the U.S. government and administered as a part of the Department of Agriculture. In addition to various domestic agricultural stabilization efforts, the CCC administers three foreign sales promotion programs.......
88. Overseas Private Investment Corporation An independent agency of the U.S. government formed in 1971 to stimulate private investment in overseas projects, usually in developing countries. In furthering this objective, OPIC provides: (1) cost assistance, up to 75 percent, in the establishment of the foreign venture; (2) direct loans [...]...
89. Legal Criteria for Terrorist Organization Designation under Section 219 of the Ina As Amended Legal Criteria For Terrorist Organization Designation Under Section 219 Of The Ina As Amended in 2016 1. It must be a foreign organization. 2. The organization must engage in terrorist activity, as defined in section 212 (a)(3)(B) of the INA (8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(3)(B)), or terrorism, as [...]...
90. List of Environment Treaties with Regional or Restricted Field of Application Section 2 List of Environment Treaties with Regional or Restricted Field of Application Section 2 Notes: for a list of Environment Treaties ... Read more...
91. Cross Section Analysis Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to cross section analysis in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
92. Corporation Tax Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
93. Multinational Corporation Multinational Corporation in International Trade Meaning of Multinational Corporation (MNC), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A large commercial organization with affiliates operating companies in a number of different countries. A typically one normally [...]...
94. Benevolent Corporation Resources See Also Charitable corporation...
95. Aggregate Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
96. Aggressor Corporation Resources See Also Leveraged buyout Tender offer...
97. Charitable Corporation Resources See Also Charitable organizations, infra...
98. Cooperative Corporation Resources See Also Cooperative...
99. Close Corporation Close or Closely Held Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
100. Eastern Air Lines v. Gulf Oil Corporation Contents Eastern Air Lines v. Gulf Oil Corporation 1975 US District Court Southern District of Florida • Gulf promised to ... Read more...
101. Austin v. Loral Corporation Austin v. Loral Corporation 1971 New York Court of Appeals • Loral had contract with Navy for radar sets, subcontracted ... Read more...
102. Foreign Sales Corporation Act A component of the Tax Reform Act of 1984, which permits formation of Foreign Sales Corporations (FSC, pronounced "fisk") as a tax incentive to American exporters, and revises tax treatment of income earned by Domestic International Sales Corporations (...
103. International Finance Corporation International Finance Corporation Outline The IFC is part of the World Bank. It came into force in 1956 pursuant to the Articles of Agreement of the International Finance Corporation of 1955. Its main function is to facilitate the supply of funds to private enterprises in order to encourage or [...]...
104. Inter-American Investment Corporation Contents Inter-American Investment Corporation (IIC) The Inter-American Investment Corporation, an affiliate of the Inter-American Development Bank based in Washington, DC, ... Read more...
105. Joint Venture Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
106. Radio Corporation of America V. Government of China Radio Corporation of America v. Government of China Embracing mainstream international law, this section on radio corporation of america v. government of china explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "radio [...]...
107. BUNGE CORPORATION, NEW YORK v. TRADAX EXPORT S.A., PANAMA Contents BUNGE CORPORATION, NEW YORK v. TRADAX EXPORT S.A., PANAMA HOUSE OF LORDS [1981] 2 All ER 513, [1981] 1 ... Read more...
108. C Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
109. Not-for-profit Corporation Resources See Also Non-profit corporation...
110. Quasi-public Corporation Resources See Also Corporation...
111. Subpart F A provision of the Internal Revenue Code (Sections 951-64) that imposes U.S. income taxes on the undistributed earnings of "controlled foreign corporations." Subpart F was incorporated into the Code by the Revenue Act of 1962; prior to that time, earnings by foreign subsidiaries of U.S. fi......
112. Double Taxation Summary of Double Taxation The condition that arises when a multinational firm is taxed on overseas income in both the source country and the country of the corporation's domicile. This problem arises because nations use varying systems of taxation. Recognizing that double taxation is [...]...
113. Sea-Shed A removable section in the hold of a container ship permitting the vessel to accommodate outside and heavy-lift loads.......
114. Seasonal Ports Ports open only during certain times of the year.......
115. Seaworthy A vessel that is properly constructed, equipped, manned, documented, and otherwise outfitted to undertake the voyage contemplated; a vessel may be seaworthy for one purpose or voyage, and not for another.......
116. Second Flag Carriage The shipment of goods aboard a vessel that flies the flag of the importing country.......
117. Second World Summary of Second World A general reference to those countries having centrally planned economies. See First World, Third World.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Embracing mainstream international law, this section on second world explores the context, history and effect of the [...]...
118. Secondary Liability A contingent liability borne by unqualified endorsers of negotiable instruments. In the event of default or dishonor by the primary obligee, the endorsers may be held to settle the obligation to the holder of the instrument.......
119. Seigniorage Summary of Seigniorage A premium imposed by a mint, over and above actual manufacturing costs, for converting bullion metal into coin. An example of seigniorage would be the difference between the face value of the quarter-dollar coin versus its metal content and manufacturing cost.(Main [...]...
120. Self-help Self-Help Summary of Self-Help A provision of Title I of the Agricultural Trade Development and Assistance Act of 1954 (commonly known as P.L. 480) that stipulates that an aid recipient nation must undertake steps to improve its own agriculture. This self-help is manifested through [...]...