Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. UNIDROIT Conventions UNIDROIT International Agreements and Conventions UNIDROIT Main Treaties and Conventions This includes: UNIDROIT Convention on Substantive Rules for Intermediated Securities ... Read more...
2. International Commercial Law Contents International Commercial law See also Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods, Treaty, Legislation: United Nations Convention ... Read more...
3. Sales of Services Sales of Goods and Services......
4. Trade and Commercial Relations conventions Contents Trade and Commercial Relations international conventions Trade and Commercial Relations multilateral conventions General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947) ... Read more...
5. Sale Contracts and Sale of Goods Sale Contracts and Sale of Goods in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to sale contracts and sale of goods on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international [...]...
6. United Nations Commission on International Trade Law United Nations Commission On International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) United Nations Commission on International Trade Law Outline The United Nations Commission on International Trade Law was set up in 1966 by the General Assembly of the United Nations to deal with conflicts of national laws [...]...
7. Vienna Convention Treaty: The Vienna Convention Introduction to Vienna Convention Rules of international law governing the conclusion, validity, effects, interpretation, modification, suspension, and termination of treaties were codified in the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, adopted in 1969......
8. Counterpurchase A form of countertrade (read this and related legal terms for further details) in which two parties agree to purchase specified quantities of merchandise from each other at a fixed price. The effect is that each party si......
9. Spot Market A market for commodities or currency in which the sale results in an immediate or nearly immediate exchange of the goods or instruments for cash, as compared with a futures market, which trades in contracts for the future delivery of the product.......
10. Accepted for Value Contents Accepted for Value Acceptance for Value In commercial law, acceptance for value is relating to contracts. See in this ... Read more...
11. Trade and Electronic Commerce Trade and Electronic Commerce and the World Trade Organization Trade and Electronic Commerce in relation to the World Trade Organization (WTO) covers several issues....
12. Export Value Summary of Export Value The price at which a foreign manufacturer customarily freely offers for sale a given product for export to the United States in the usual wholesale quantities, less export discounts, packing, and costs of preparing the goods for export. The use of this value [...]...
13. Salvage Loss Salvage Loss in International Trade Meaning of Salvage Loss, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A method of insurance adjustment where the underwriter pays the difference between the amount of insurance and the net proceeds of the sale of damaged goods. It [...]...
14. United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees Contents United Nations Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against Torture ... Read more...
15. Brussels Definition Of Value A system for the valuation of imports for the application of ad valorem duties, adopted in 1953 following attempts to establish a European customs union. The European Customs Union Study Group submitted to the contracting states the Convention on the Valuation of Goods for Customs Purposes, along w......
16. Comparative Contract Law Contents Comparative Contract Law This entry provides an overview of comparative contract law. It shows several differences between the civil ... Read more...
17. United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee Contents United Nations Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee (1951) See also Refugee & Asylum Law , Convention Against ... Read more...
18. Asylum Law Contents Refugee & Asylum Law See also Convention Against Torture and Other Cruel, Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment , ... Read more...
19. Outline of Legal framework for international business transactions Contents Outline of Legal framework for international business transactions a. International Conflicts of law i. Private International Law : The ... Read more...
20. Stock in Trade Stock In Trade What is “stock-in-trade”? Stock in trade is the inventory of goods, and merchandise, held by a business ... Read more...
21. Less Than Fair Value An export sale price below that charged on like sales in the country of origin. Such sales are usually regarded as dumping (read this and related legal terms for further details), which may result in the imposition by th......
22. Summary Sale A simplified procedure for disposing of merchandise seized or forfeited for violation of the customs laws. Currently, the U.S. Customs Service may sell, without judicial proceedings, seized merchandise valued up to ten thousand dollars.......
23. Termination of Contracts Termination of Contracts in International Trade Meaning of Termination of Contracts, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Termination clauses in international contracts, specially agency and distribution contracts, usually involve rights under local [...]...
24. Fair Market Value The value an imported product would fetch, under similar circumstances of sale, were the goods sold in the country of origin. Customs authorities are usually interested in the fair market value of imported merchandise inasmuch as sales below such value may serve as the basis of a Dumping (...
25. International Contracts International Contracts in International Trade Meaning of International Contracts, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): International contracts refers to a legally binding agreement between parties, based in different countries, in which they are obligated to [...]...
26. Trade law Part 35 Contents Trade law Part 35   370 USA Ct. App. 7th Cir. 9 Nov. 2006 – Distribution of software under ... Read more...
27. Superdeductive A procedure authorized by U.S. Customs in ascertaining the deductive value of merchandise for assessment of ad valorem duties; deductive valuation is an alternative valuation method specified in the customs valuation agreement (...
28. Trust Receipt An instrument in which a borrower pledges certain specific goods as collateral for a loan. The trust receipt certifies that the named goods are held in trust for the creditor or are segregated in the borrower's premises on behalf of the lender. Proceeds from the sale of the pledged goods [...]...
29. International Commercial Law Scope Legal Issues'International commercial law' appears to be wider because of the unsettled meanings of 'commercial law', which is more or less a mysterious term capable of covering anything relating to commerce. For example, the United Nations Commission on International Trade ......
30. Ab Kai In German, a term of sale signifying that the goods are sold free at the pier.......
31. Exempted Company A company exempted from income taxes of the jurisdiction in which it is organized in return for a stipulation by the company that it will not trade in that country.......
32. Assist Inputs to production, including tools, dies, blueprints, designs, or development engineering provided by an American importer to a foreign manufacturer for use in producing merchandise for export to the United States. Such inputs must be declared to U.S. Customs on the first importation of the [...]...
33. Unidroit Convention on International Factoring Contents Unidroit Convention on International Factoring Note: Unidroit is the “International Institute for the Unification of Private Law.” Based in ... Read more...
34. Rye Terms A condition of sale often included in contracts for shipment of grain in bulk whereby the seller warrants the condition of the goods on arrival, less a stipulated allowance for deterioration. This condition is most commonly applied when shipment is to be made by tanker, rather than by dry- bulk type......
35. Swap By agreement, the combined purchase and sale of a specified amount of foreign exchange, with different dates for sale and purchase. This arrangement permits each party to the transaction to use, for a given period of time, a currency he needs in return for one he does not need, without any [...]...
36. Trading Company A firm engaged in the purchase, distribution, and marketing of products in international trade. Generally, the trading company deals with products of unrelated firms as well as the manufacturers of joint ventures in which it is involved.......
37. Zone Restricted Status A condition accorded to goods entered into a Foreign Trade Zone (read this and related legal terms for further details) solely for destruction or exportation to another country. These goods may not be manipulated or proc......
38. Countertrade A commercial arrangement in which the buyer pays for his purchases, wholly or partly, with something other than money. Very often countertrade deals include some cash, but a significant portion of the transaction is settled with commodities or services. Countertrade has been employed heavily [...]...
39. Hamburg Rules A proposed international convention dealing with carrier liability for loss or damage to cargo transported by sea. Known formally as the United Nations Convention on the Carriage of Goods by Sea 1978, the convention was the product of a conference held at Hamburg, Federal Republic of [...]...
40. Shell Company A "paper" company, usually operated without employees. Normally an attorney or other local agent or management company performs the legal duties of the company on behalf of the stockholders. Shell companies often operate in tax-free or low- tax jurisdictions such as Bermuda, Liechtenstein,......
41. Antidumping Definition of Antidumping in International Trade The following is a concept of Antidumping in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Laws enacted to remedy dumping, which is defined as the sale of goods to a foreign market at [...]...
42. Export Contract Export Contract in International Trade Meaning of Export Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The export contract is used for the international sale of certain products (industrial supplies, raw materials, manufactured goods), which are projected [...]...
43. International Trade Law Scope Legal IssuesBurnett's The Law of International Business Transactions (The Federation Press, Sydney, 1994) covers the areas of sale of goods, carriage of goods, financing of international transactions, GATT, export and import control, and international services trade. Day's The Law o......
44. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
45. International organizations articles of conventions Contents International Organizations articles of conventions Agreement Establishing the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development 29.5.1990 Convention Establishing the Multilateral ... Read more...
46. Bonded Warehouse Summary of Bonded Warehouse A warehouse storage area, or manufacturing facility in which imported merchandise may be stored or processed without payment of customs duties. Such premises are operated by a warehouse proprietor who holds a license from the U. S. Customs Service. Bonded [...]...
47. Confirming House A commercial institution engaged in nonrecourse financing of foreign trade. The confirming house may confirm a foreign buyer's order, acting as guarantor of payment to the seller; in some cases, the confirming house may actually take title to the goods as agent for the foreign purchaser, [...]...
48. Field Warehousing An inventory financing arrangement characterized by the act of storing goods at or near the user's premises, but under effective control of a public warehouseman. The warehouseman issues a negotiable warehouse receipt that is used as collateral to procure the merchandise. As merchandise is neede......
49. Trade Barrier Summary of Trade Barrier Constraints upon the exchange of goods among nations imposed by governments; such constraints are manifested in the form of tariffs, quotas, exchange controls, and a variety of so-called nontariff barriers. Barriers usually arise to protect domestic industries, [...]...
50. Sale The Legal History of SaleThis section provides an overview of Sale ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Sale in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia of American [...]...
51. Sale in Perpetuity Trustees, Sale in Perpetuity From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Trustees, Sale in Perpetuity (1): Without authority of law the trustees of a church can not make an absolute sale in perpetuity of a pew without any reservation of rent.431 The sale of a pew in a church [...]...
52. Sale Restrictions Sale, Restrictions From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Sale, Restrictions (1): In some States when not restricted by the laws of the organization the parish corporation may sell the premises in order to pay the church debts. However, it is not a common law right.467 [...]...
53. International Business Transactions International Business Transactions and the Law Contents of International Business Transactions and the Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction The International Element in Contracts Incoterms The International Sale of Goods Under the Vienna Convention International Carriage [...]...
54. Sale of Children Embracing mainstream international law, this section on sale of children explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources See Also Social Problem Crime Delinquency Juvenile Delinquency Delinquent Social Issues Crime Prevention Resources Further Reading [...]...
55. Sale Deed Bargain and Sale Deed Resources See Also Deed...
56. Arbitration: Right to a Fair Hearing Contents Arbitration: Right to a Fair Hearing     Article V(1)(b) requires that parties be afforded a fair hearing that ... Read more...
57. Allied Company Arrangement Synonymous with COMPLEMENTARY EXPORTING (for more details visit the resource).......
58. Certificate of Free Sale A document issued by an agency of government, usually the health authority, certifying that a given product is in compliance with all local regulations and may be offered freely for sale within the country of origin. Normally, such certificates are issued to cover food products which are being [...]...
59. Certificate of Origin A document presented to customs authorities at the time of importation to authenticate the national origin of merchandise. The certificate is customarily issued by a recognized chamber of commerce or governmental authority in the country of origin.......
60. Customs Valuation Code A uniform system for valuing imports for the application of customs duties. The agreement is a product of the Tokyo Round of multilateral trade negotiations. It provides for five methods of valuing imported merchandise. Transaction value is the price actually paid or payable for the goods, with [...]...
61. General Order Merchandise Goods that have arrived at a U.S. port of entry but have not been claimed or entered within the prescribed period after arrival. In most cases an importer must claim and enter merchandise within five working days following arrival of the goods. District directors of customs may authorize a longer pe......
62. Headquarters Company A company organized in a foreign country for the purpose of providing administrative support to affiliate companies. It does not normally take title to products or provide financing.......
63. Special And Differential Treatment The concept that developing nations require special consideration in bilateral and multilateral trade negotiations, and that concessions should be granted to the developing nations without reciprocity. Although this concept has been advanced in various individual multilateral trade agreements, the T......
64. Transaction Value Of Similar Goods Sold An alternative method of valuing goods for customs purposes under the Customs Valuation Agreement (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
65. Fair Trade Laws Introduction to Fair Trade LawsFair Trade Laws, in commerce, legislation permitting manufacturers to set minimum resale prices for their branded products sold by retailers to consumers. The proliferation of chain stores prompted attempts to introduce such legislation in the 1920s to prevent......
66. Sale by weight, count or measure Contents Sale by weight, count or measure, Lump sale There may also be sales by weight, count, or measure, where ... Read more...
67. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
68. Matched Sale-Purchase Transactions An arrangement whereby Treasury bills are sold by the Federal Reserve system, through the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, for periods of one to seven days, with subsequent repurchase by the Federal Reserve. Such transactions, also known as reverse repurchase agreements, serve initially to reduce b......
69. Normal Price Within the scope of the Brussels Definition Of Value (read this and related legal terms for further details), the value basis upon which ad valorem duties will be assessed on imports. The normal price is the price the go......
70. Offshore Finance Company Synonymous with Foreign Base Finance Company (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
71. Fair Use Contents Fair Use Fair Use and Copyright One of the rights accorded to the owner of copyright is the right ... Read more...
72. Concessional Sale A sale that allows the buyer terms less stringent than normal commercial conditions would otherwise dictate. Such sales are often made in conjunction with official aid programs and may include reduced sales price, special low-interest rates or extended payment terms, or acceptance of a [...]...
73. No Arrival, No Sale A contractual arrangement between a buyer and seller under which the buyer assumes no interest in the goods and no risk of loss or damage until actual delivery has been accomplished.......
74. Fair Value Fair Value and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Fair Value: The benchmark against which selling prices of imported merchandise are compared in adumping investigation. In US [...]...
75. Fair-use Guidelines Fair-use guidelines in Law LibrariesThe follow definition of Fair-use guidelines is of use in law library research: The doctrine of fair use allows copyrighted works to be used for purposes such as criticism, news reporting, teaching, scholarship, or research. Fair use generally applies to [...]...
76. Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
77. Trade Fair Trade Fair in International Trade Meaning of Trade Fair, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A stage-setting event in which firms of several nationalities present their products or services to prospective clients in a pre-formatted setting, usually a booth [...]...
78. Fair Housing Fair Housing: Main Elements The coverage of Fair Housing includes the following element(s): Landlord and Tenant For detailed information on this issue, please read the corresponding entry. References See Also Property (in international or comparative law) Resources See Also Property...
79. Fair Trade Practices Find out, in this world legal encyclopedia, additional information relating to Fair Trade Practices....
80. Right to A Fair Hearing Right to a Fair Hearing in Administrative Law Cases In relation to the right to a fair hearing in administrative law cases and constitutional law, Swati Jhaveri[1] made the following observation: The genesis of the requirement of a fair hearing in administrative law cases can be traced [...]...
81. Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) Fair and Equitable Treatment (FET) This section provides an overview of fair and equitable treatment (fet) within the legal context of Minimum Standards in Investment Law in international economic law (Principles). Resources Further Reading Martins Paparinskis, "Fair and Equitable [...]...
82. Fair Representation Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation...
83. Fair Measure: The Legal Status of Underenforced Constitutional Norms Contents Fair Measure: The Legal Status of Underenforced Constitutional Norms   Lawrence Gene Sager The federal judiciary sometimes declines to ... Read more...
84. Prior Sale Spanish Translation of sale «subject to prior sale»This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to sale «subject to prior sale» and / or a definition of this topic: Salvo Venta (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
85. Short Sale Contents Short Sale Short Sale Concept in Financial Law A short sale is the sale of a security that the ... Read more...
86. After-sale Service Definition of After-sale Service in International Trade The following is a concept of After-sale Service in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A collective term for attention to a transaction that normally takes place after [...]...
87. Terms of Sale Terms of Sale in International Trade Meaning of Terms of Sale, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This expression refers to the price quotation for a specific product. It states the price for the product as a specified delivery location, sets the time of [...]...
88. First Sale Doctrine U.S. Supreme Court's Decision in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to U.S. Supreme Court's Decision in Kirtsaeng v. John Wiley & Sons: On March 19, 2013, the U.S. Supreme Court issued its decision in Kirtsaeng v. John [...]...
89. Act of Sale Description of Act of Sale Resources See Also Sales...
90. Agreement of Sale Description of Agreement of Sale Resources See Also Sales...
91. Bargain Sale Bargain Sale or Purchase Resources See Also Dividend (Constructive dividend)...
92. Judicial Sale Resources See Also Execution sale Foreclosure sale Sale Sheriff's sale Tax sale...
93. Net Sale Contract Resources See Also Net listing...
94. Consignment Sale Resources See Also Consignment...
95. Contract of Sale Resources See Also Property Resources See Also Contract for deed Contract for sale of land...
96. Cash Sale Resources See Also Sale Time-price differential...
97. Taxation of business sale Contents Taxation of business sale This part of the Wiki Encyclopedia of Law explains the taxation of the parties in ... Read more...
98. International Sale of Goods CISG in International Trade Meaning of Cisg, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The United Nations Convention on Contract for the International Sale of Goods. known as Vienna Convention, is a 1980 international treaty signed by most leading trading nations [...]...
99. Fair Trial Charges, Fair Trial, Hearsay Evidence From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Charges, Fair Trial, Hearsay Evidence (1): When a clergyman or officer is to be removed or a member of the congregation is to be excommunicated, it is necessary to fully state the charges against [...]...
100. Asset Sale and Liquidation Description of Asset Sale and Liquidation In this reference work, asset sale and liquidation is a sort of the Mergers, Acquisitions category. Resources See Also Mergers Acquisitions...
101. Contract for Sale of Land Resources See Also Contract for deed Contract of sale...
102. Conditional Sale Contract Resources See Also Sale...
103. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 95 Any State may declare at ... Read more...
104. International Sale of Goods Bibliography International Sale of Goods Bibliography ABDULLAH, Abdullah Abdulkarim 2012. The Scope of the Application of the United Nations Convention on ... Read more...
105. General Conditions of International Sale General Conditions of International Sale in International Trade Meaning of General Conditions of International Sale, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): It is a document that details the general conditions that a seller (exporter) offers to a buyer [...]...
106. Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods Contents Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods   CHAPTER I – SPHERE OF APPLICATION AND GENERAL ... Read more...
107. Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods 2 Contents Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods   Article 13 (1) Where the agent acts on ... Read more...
108. Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods 3 Contents Unidroit Convention on Agency in the International Sale of Goods   CHAPTER V – FINAL PROVISIONS Article 21 The ... Read more...
109. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Legal Materials The text of the CISG is ... Read more...
110. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 2 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 18 (1) A statement made by ... Read more...
111. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 3 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 32 (1) If the seller, in ... Read more...
112. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 4 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 43 (1) The buyer loses the ... Read more...
113. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 5 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 55 Where a contract has been ... Read more...
114. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 6 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 67 (1) If the contract of ... Read more...
115. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 7 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 77 A party who relies on ... Read more...
116. United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods 8 Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods   Article 87 A party who is bound ... Read more...
117. Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods Contracting States Contents United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG) Contracting States At the United Nations Diplomatic ... Read more...
118. Bulk Sale Resources See Also Bulk Sales Acts, infra...
119. Credit Sale Resources See Also Installment sale...
120. Sacrifice The economic loss sustained when cargo, rigging, or other property is jettisoned or destroyed in the course of saving an imperiled ship; sacrifice losses are usually recoverable in General Average (read this and related lega......