Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Restrictive Business Practice Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
2. Unfair Business Practices See competitive policies and practices and restrictive business practices. See also more information in the entry about unfair trade practices in this legal Encyclopedia....
3. Export Trading Company Export Trading Company and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Export Trading Company: (Also known as an export management company.) A private firm that provides related-related services to other [...]...
4. Fair Trade Fair Trade and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Fair Trade: International trade involving shipments that do not benefit from government assistance. Fair trade --and the related concept of unfair [...]...
5. Industries Sunrise vs Sunset Industries and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Sunrise vs Sunset Industries. The term "sunrise" refers to industries with the greatest potential for growth and [...]...
6. Exporting Business Practices In the United States For information about Exporting business practices in the context of international trade, click here...
7. Cutthroat Competition A discriminatory pricing practice whereby one vendor deliberately reduces prices to a low level with the object of driving out competition, thereby creating a monopoly or dominant market share. In the United States such practices are banned, although they are often employed in foreign countries.......
8. Short-Term Capital Short-Term Capital Transactions and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Short-Term Capital Transactions: An element of a country's balance of payments that reflects loans granted to or received [...]...
9. Customary Business Practices Practices and patterns of behavior that are of long standing and generally well known throughout an industry, and that are accepted without governmental mandate. In the case of disputes, a court or other body may incorporate customary business practices into the context of the agreement, and may the......
10. Innovation Innovation and the Laws of International Trade The relationship between antitrust law and intellectual property Intellectual Property and Competition Law Three general principles When antitrust concerns arise The three markets The horizontal/vertical distinction Rule of [...]...
11. C.I.F. C.I.F. and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of C.I.F.: An abbreviation (for "costs, insurance, and freight") used in international trade statistics and sales contracts. Transactions on [...]...
12. Autarky Autarky and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Autarky: A policy that attempts to create a self-sufficient national economy entirely insulated from international trade, usually for ideological or [...]...
13. Unilateralism Unilateralism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Unilateralism: The implementation of unilateral trade policy measures or sanctions that are not dependent on approval by a multilateral [...]...
14. Joint Venture Summary of Joint Venture A business enterprise with more than one equity participant; for example, an agreement between a German firm and a U.S. firm to capitalize jointly a new factory in Venezuela. Many countries impose restrictions on joint ventures; these restrictions may take the form [...]...
15. Services Services and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Services: Non-manufacturing industries or business activities. Key service industries include accounting and management consulting, advising, [...]...
16. Technology Transfer Technology Transfer and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Technology Transfer: The diffusion of practical knowledge from one enterprise, institution or country to another. Technology may be [...]...
17. Mercantilism Mercantilism and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Mercantilism: A once-prominent economic philosophy that equated national wealth and prowess with the accumulation of gold and other [...]...
18. Cartel Summary of Cartel An alliance among firms in the same line of business aimed at controlling or dominating their field on an international basis.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Definition of Cartel In accordance with the work A Dictionary of Law, this is a description of Cartel : [...]...
19. Trade Balance J-Curve and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of J-Curve: The expected adjustment path in a country's trade balance following a currency depreciation or devaluation. Because a change in the [...]...
20. Cross-licensing An arrangement in which one firm grants to another licenses to exploit proprietary rights in its patents or trademarks, secret processes, et cetera, in return for similar licensure to use the rights or processes of the recipient firm.......
21. Territorial Restrictions Territorial Restrictions and International Trade Economy Resources See Also vertical restraints...
22. Competition Policy Competition Policy and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competition Policy: A broad category encompassing antitrust and other policies to remedy the imperfectly competitive nature of key [...]...
23. Export Companies In the United States For information about Export Companies in the context of international trade, click here...
24. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
25. Level Playing Field Level Playing Field and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Level Playing Field: A concept or slogan employed by those calling for efforts to secure both free trade and fair trade. The term alludes [...]...
26. Affiliate Company Definition of Affiliate Company in International Trade The following is a concept of Affiliate Company in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Company that is less than 50% owned by a parent company; the parents acts as [...]...
27. Strategic Partnerships Strategic Partnerships and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Strategic Partnerships: A type of cooperative strategy in which corporate alliances are made between organizations --including between [...]...
28. Regulations In the United States For information about Regulations in the context of international trade, click here 69 Federal Register 16873-01 Explained in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) References See Also Administrative Law (in international or comparative law) Rules (in [...]...
29. Restrictive Interpretation Embracing mainstream international law, this section on restrictive interpretation explores the context, history and effect of the area of the law covered here. Resources Further Reading The entry "restrictive interpretation" in the Parry and Grant Encyclopaedic Dictionary of [...]...
30. Restrictive Practice Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation...
31. Munitions Munitions and the Laws of International Trade Munitions list in Some Countries Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Registration as a munitions manufacturer Registration as munitions broker Due diligence under the international traffic in arms regulations: Munitions list [...]...
32. Administrative Guidance Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido) and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Administrative Guidance (Gyosei-Shido): A system of industrial policy used in Japan since the early 1960s. The term [...]...
33. Airbus Airbus and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Airbus: Refers to commercial aircraft produced by Airbus Industry, a government- backed consortium comprising Aerospatiale (France), Daimler [...]...
34. Trade Creation The substitution of lower- cost foreign goods for higher-cost domestic manufactures.......
35. Invisibles Synonymous with Invisible Exports And Imports (read this and related legal terms for further details).......
36. Competitiveness Competitiveness and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitiveness: The ability of a nation or firm to sell competitive goods or services in international trade. Several aspects of [...]...
37. Political Question Doctrine In the United States For information about Political question doctrine in the context of international trade, click here Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and Political Question Doctrines in 2013 United States views on international law [1] in relation to Alaska v. Kerry: Act of State and [...]...
38. Convertibility Summary of Convertibility The ability of a currency to be exchanged for other currencies in settlement of current account transactions. Currencies are convertible in varying degrees, although the ability of nonresidents freely to purchase and sell a given currency, without governmental [...]...
39. Tariff Schedules Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated, and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of TSUSA (Tariff Schedules of the United States, Annotated): The classification system in which US import data [...]...
40. Cross-subsidization Cross-subsidization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Cross-subsidization: The use of financial resources accumulated by a multinational f1rn1 in one part of the world to fight a competitive [...]...
41. Multinational Enterprises In the United States For information about Multinational Enterprises in the context of international trade, click here...
42. Vertical Integration Summary of Vertical Integration Also known as vertical expansion, the incorporation into a business or economy of earlier or subsequent stages in the channel of production. For example, a chemical producer may undertake (backward) vertical integration by producing its own petroleum as raw [...]...
43. Competitive Policies and Practices Competitive Policies and Practices and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Competitive Policies and Practices: Actions by governments or firms to affect their competitive performance in [...]...
44. Vertical Restraints Vertical Restraints and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Vertical Restraints: Anticompetitive restraint of trade arrangements imposed by a firm at one stage in a chain of transactions --usually [...]...
45. Arm's Length Pricing Arm's Length Pricing and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Arm's Length Pricing: The price at which a particular product or service would sell in a transaction between unrelated buyers [...]...
46. Unfair Competition Unfair Competition and International Trade California's Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce California's Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business Law New York Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce New York Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business [...]...
47. Free Trade Commission Meeting of the CAFTA-DR Free Trade Commission In relation to the international law practice and Meeting of the Cafta-dr Free Trade Commission in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, Transportation About this subject: [...]...
48. Barter Summary of Barter A direct exchange of products without cash. In some cases, a third party is brought into the transaction to dispose of some or all of the goods in a third country; this practice is known as switch trading. See Countertrade.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Barter [...]...
49. Horizontal Integration Summary of Horizontal Integration Also known as horizontal expansion, the expansion of a firm through the acquisition of additional production capacity in its primary field. For example, a shipping company may expand horizontally by acquiring other vessels on the same trade route.(Main [...]...
50. Export Control Export Control and the Laws of International Trade Export control reform initiative Export Administration System Commerce control list Export Control in Merger and Acquisitions Dual use items End-use-based controls Reexports Software and technology Regulatory requirements for all [...]...
51. Deindustrialization Deindustrialization and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Deindustrialization: A term denoting a negative impact of international competition on the overall size of a country's manufacturing [...]...
52. F.A.S. F.A.S. and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of F.A.S.: An abbreviation (for "free alongside") used in international trade statistics and t sales contracts; a method of valuing traded [...]...
53. Trade-related Issues Trade Agreements and Trade-related Issues In relation to the international law practice and other trade agreements and trade-related issues in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, and Transportation About this [...]...
54. Unfair Trade Practices Unfair Trade Practices and the Laws of International Trade Executive review of unfair trade practices: Background Unfair Trade and Import Competition Regulation Procedure: Initiation of investigation The investigation Monitoring Recent developments The escape clause: [...]...
55. Deceptive Trade Practices Deceptive Trade Practices Contents of Deceptive Trade Practices Contents of this subject matter include: This topic examines deceptive trade practices law in a number of jurisdictions through the operation of the consumer protection provisions of the national consumer law. The topics which [...]...
56. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act A Federal law, adopted in 1977, that forbids any U.S. company, its officers, employees, directors, agents, or major stockholders to make payments to any foreign official, candidate for office, or political party as an inducement to obtain, retain, or expand business. Violation of the act authorizes ......
57. Uniform Customs And Practices Generally known as the UCP, a body of rules governing and guiding banking practices relative to letters of credit. The first version of the UCP was promulgated by a congress of the International Chamber of Commerce in Amsterdam in 1933 but was rejected by the banking communities of the United States......
58. Guatemala Labor Practices Labor: Request For Arbitral Panel on Guatemala Labor Practices in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On August 9, 2011, the United States requested the establishment of an arbitral panel pursuant to [...]...
59. Fair Trade Practices Find out, in this world legal encyclopedia, additional information relating to Fair Trade Practices....
60. Policing Practices Literature Review on Latin America: Policing Practices In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lucía Dammert and Liza Zuñiga provide the following summary about the topic of Policing Practices in Latin America: This entry describes policing practices in Latin [...]...
61. Labor Practices Labor: Request For Arbitral Panel on Guatemala Labor Practices In relation to the international law practice and Labor: Request For Arbitral Panel on Guatemala Labor Practices in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Trade, Commercial Relations, Investment, [...]...
62. Human Rights Practices Country Reports on Human Rights Practices In relation to the international law practice and Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: International Conflict Resolution, International Conflict Avoidance About this subject: [...]...
63. Good Practices Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to good practices in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
64. Foreign Corrupt Practices Legislation The Foreign Corrupt Practices Act Explained in the United States of America (In the U.S. law) References See Also Business Law (in international or comparative law) Resources See Also Business Law...
65. Committee on Banking Regulations and Supervisory Practices Known commonly as the Cooke Committee, a working party established under the auspices of the bank for INTERNATIONAL SETTLEMENTS (read this and related legal terms for further details) in 1975 to seek to remedy inadequaci......
66. Country Reports on Human Rights Practices Country Reports on Human Rights Practices in 2011 United States views on international law (based on the document "Digest of U.S. Practice in International Law"): On April 8, 2011, the Department of State released the 2010 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices. The Department of [...]...
67. Business Law The Legal History of Business Law This section provides an overview of Business Law Business Law: Summary In this entry, Business Law covers: Forms of Business Organization Corporate Regulation Prohibition on Self-Dealing Remedies Available to Shareholders Shareholder's Derivative [...]...
68. Business Roundtable The Business Roundtable in relation with International Trade In the context of trade organizations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of The Business Roundtable: An association of chief executives of leading US corporations, headquartered in New York City. The Business [...]...
69. Business Abroad In the United States For information about Business Abroad in the context of international trade, click here...
70. Transborder Business In the United States For information about Transborder business in the context of international trade, click here...
71. Business Law in Asia Business and Law in China Contents of Business and Law in China Contents of this subject matter include: Chinese Business Culture: Introduction Chinese Legal Culture PRC Company Law Foreign Investment Law and Regulation: Joint Ventures, Wholly Foreign Owned Enterprises, etc. Mergers and [...]...
72. Guide to US business advisers Contents Lawi Guide to US business advisers Summary: This Lawi Guide to US business advisers helps tax, accounting and other ... Read more...
73. List of business law topics Contents List of business law topics Branches of business law Companies law Corporate law Competition law (antitrust) Consumer protection Contract ... Read more...
74. Outline of International business transactions law Contents Outline of International Business Transactions law PART I: OVERVIEW OF INTERNATIONAL SALE OF GOODS 1) INTERPRETATION OF COMMERCIAL TERMS ... Read more...
75. Business Retention Requirements In the United States For information about Business Retention Requirements in the context of international trade, click here...
76. International Business Transactions International Business Transactions and the Law Contents of International Business Transactions and the Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction The International Element in Contracts Incoterms The International Sale of Goods Under the Vienna Convention International Carriage [...]...
77. Outline of Crossborder business transactions contracts Contents Outline of Crossborder business transactions contracts I. The International Sale of Goods A. Topic 2: The Letter of Credit ... Read more...
78. List of International Business Law Selected Cases, by Subject Hello Contents List of International Business Law Selected Court Decisions, by Topic Legal Status of Eastern Greenland: Treaties and Conventions ... Read more...
79. Business Name Spanish Translation of corporate name and business nameThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to corporate name or business name and / or a definition of this topic: Nombre Comercial (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
80. E-business E-business Supply Chains Drivers, Metrics, and Erp Integration, the Law and other Social Sciences The world of business is witnessing the emergence of electronic supply chains (e-SC). As more business is performed via the Internet, e-SCs are becoming an integral part of supply chain management [...]...
81. Business Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of business, with a description of the most significant features of business at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also Guest Resources See Also Massachusetts trust Real estate investment [...]...
82. Course of Business Resources See Also Course of dealing Regular course of business...
83. Business law books Contents Business Law books • Business law / Nickolas James.By: James, Nickolas. Milton, Qld. : John Wiley and Sons Australia, ... Read more...
84. Business in other States Contents Business in other States Carrying business operations in Other States delves into the consequences involved when a business is ... Read more...
85. Business Model A pattern of business activity in which, over time, the economy reaches a high, declines, enters a low point, and expands upward, reaching a high and repeating the cycle. Within the cycle, four phases can be identified: prosperity, recession, depression, and recovery.While economists gen......
86. Business Financing Business Financing......
87. Business Formation Business Formation Law......
88. Business Organizations The Legal History of Business Organizations This section provides an overview of Business Organizations. See Art. 3 (1) of the Rome Convention on the Law Applicable to Contractual Obligations of 19 June 1980. Private International Law of Business Organisations Introduction This entry [...]...
89. Business Culture Business Culture in International Trade Meaning of Business Culture, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Culture is a key component in business and has an impact on the strategic direction of business. Culture influences management decisions and all business [...]...
90. Business Patents Business Method Patents and the Electronic Commerce Business Method Patents in the Online Business Law Resources See Also PPC Advertising Social Networking Online Business Law Internet Law Spam Startups Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Technology Law Terms of Use ...
91. Business Plan International Business Plan Meaning of International Business Plan, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Planning is essential for any business. Before venturing into international markets companies have to draft an International Business Plan as this [...]...
92. Business Protocol International Business Protocol in International Trade Meaning of International Business Protocol, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): When doing business in a foreign country executives and managers need to have some knowledge of the rules and behaviors [...]...
93. Doing Business Project Doing Business Project in International Trade Meaning of Doing Business Project, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Doing Business Project provides objective measures of business regulations and their enforcement across 189 economies. This report, [...]...
94. Online Business Law Online Business Law and the Electronic Commerce Online Business Law in the Online Business Law Resources See Also Online Tax Internet Law Internet Marketing Internet Privacy Internet Sales Internet Tax Crossborder Commerce Keyword Advertising ...
95. Business Freedom Contents Business Freedom Business Freedom Index: Regulations on Starting & Operating a … The Business Freedom Index is one of ... Read more...
96. Business Trusts Most Popular Entries related to Business Trusts Wills Trusts and Probate (in the World) Information Wills Probate (in the World) Legal Questions Trusts (in the World) Legal Questions Wills (in the World) Legal Advice Probate (in the World) Legal Advice Trusts (in the World) Changing a [...]...
97. International Business Managing the Risks of International Business Find out, in this world legal encyclopedia, additional information relating to Managing the Risks of International Business....
98. Business Planning Architecture as a Tool to Solve Business Planning Problems, the Law and other Social Sciences Businesses are now very large and complex organisations and their analysis provides a great deal of information that in order to be understood, must be well organised and presented. Architecture is a [...]...
99. Business Intelligence Big Data, Knowledge, and Business Intelligence, the Law and other Social Sciences Knowledge management (KM), intellectual capital (IC), and competitive intelligence are distinct yet related fields that have endured and grown over the past two decades. KM and IC have always differentiated [...]...
100. Business Sustainability Business Sustainability Indices: a Survey, the Law and other Social Sciences Business sustainability models and indices are useful in theorizing and measuring organizational elements of sustainability. It is often the case that there are not many models and scales out there in the literature [...]...
101. Business Compliance Continuous Assurance – the Use of Technology for Business Compliance, the Law and other Social Sciences In the current organizational context, in which there is a fierce competitiveness and a constant need for more timely, relevant and reliable information to support the decision making and [...]...
102. Business Expansion Developing Global Supply Chain Manager for Business Expansion, the Law and other Social Sciences Global competition has forces companies to continuously innovate by frequently asses and improve their supply chain processes, flexibility and fast delivery as effectiveness required in each supply [...]...
103. Business Data Integrated Data Architecture for Business, the Law and other Social Sciences This paper describes data integration issues in big data analytics and proposes an integrated data integration framework for big data analytics. The main focus of this subject is to address the issues of data [...]...
104. Business Processes Integrating Knowledge Management and Business Processes, the Law and other Social Sciences In this article, first the different types of knowledge are outlined, then comes a discussion of various routes by which knowledge management has been implemented. A business process-based route, which [...]...
105. Business Services This section provides an overview of business services within the legal context of Specific Sectors in international economic law, with coverage of Trades in Services and Specific Sectors (Main Regulatory Areas). Resources Further Reading Dale Honeck, "Business Services," Elgar [...]...
106. Business Twenty Business Twenty (B-20) This section provides an overview of business twenty (b-20) within the legal context of Monetary Institutions in international economic law, with coverage of Architecture. Resources Further Reading Kathrin Betz, "Business Twenty (B-20)," Elgar Encyclopedia of [...]...
107. Business Accounts Business Accounts in relation with Checking and Savings Accounts This content deals with legal and regulatory aspects of Business Accounts covered in connexion with Checking and Savings Accounts and banking / lending Institutions....
108. Business Economics Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to business economics in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
109. Business School Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to business school in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
110. Business Tourism Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to business tourism in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
111. Business Travel Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to business travel in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
112. Business Organizations Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of business organizations law, with a description of the most significant features of business organizations law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Lewis V. Clarke, [...]...
113. Judicial Business Resources See Also Judicial act Judicial action...
114. Business Guest Resources See Also Business...
115. Business Education Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
116. Business Ethics Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
117. Business Organization Resources See Also Business Company Corporation Enterprise...
118. Business Cycle Resources See Also International Economic Law Economy Foreign Direct Investment Economic Law...
119. Business Policy Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
120. Business Start Up Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...