Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. MPEPIL: Public Law: X Contents MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: X   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL): Articles listed alphabetically View ... Read more...
2. Development Policy Literature Review on Development Policy In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lawrence S. Graham offers the following summary about the topic of Development Policy: Development policy is the overarching term we use today in public administration and public [...]...
3. New Public Service Literature Review on New Public Service In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Wouter Vandenabeele and Annie Hondeghem provide the following summary about the topic of New Public Service: The new public service rests on an eclectic set of foundations of [...]...
4. MPEPIL: Theories of international law Contents MPEPIL: Theories of international law   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles of this ... Read more...
5. Evidence-Based Public Management Literature Review on Evidence-Based Public Management In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Tracey Dodd , Adam Durst and Terry F. Buss provide the following summary about the topic of Evidence-Based Public Management: This entry defines evidence-based [...]...
6. Aid Administration Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to aid administration in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
7. Customer Service Literature Review on Customer Service In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Evan M. Berman offers the following summary about the topic of Customer Service: Customer service is the activity of identifying and satisfying the needs of customers. In public [...]...
8. Social Media in the Public Sector Literature Review on Social Media in the Public Sector In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ines Mergel offers the following summary about the topic of Social Media in the Public Sector: Social media applications are extending the one-directional static [...]...
9. Motivation Literature Review on Motivation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Evan M. Berman offers the following summary about the topic of Motivation: The term motivation is used to characterize the level of commitment that describes a person's actions toward a [...]...
10. MPEPIL: Public Law: W Contents MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: W   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL): Articles listed alphabetically View ... Read more...
11. New Public Management Literature Review on New Public Management (NPM) In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Eran Vigoda-Gadot and Mirit Kisner provide the following summary about the topic of New Public Management (NPM): New Public Management (NPM) is a general name for a [...]...
12. Food Policy Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to food policy in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
13. MPEPIL: Public Law: L Contents MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: L   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL): Articles listed alphabetically View ... Read more...
14. Policy Diffusion Literature Review on Policy Diffusion In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Karen Mossberger offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Diffusion: Policy diffusion involves the spread of policy ideas across political jurisdictions. This entry [...]...
15. Policy Values Literature Review on Policy Analysis and Values In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Steven A. Peterson offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Analysis and Values: Values structure policy analysis. This entry examines the role of individual [...]...
16. Policy Design Literature Review on Policy Design In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Anne L. Schneider and Helen Ingram provide the following summary about the topic of Policy Design: Policy design refers to the content and substance of public policy—the tools, [...]...
17. Policy Change Literature Review on Policy Change In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] James L. True offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Change: Government policies sometimes undergo major changes. A new purpose is undertaken, or a new program is [...]...
18. Policy Process Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Policy Process Models In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Thomas A. Birkland offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Policy Process Models: The simplest definition of the term "public [...]...
19. Price Base Price or Basic Price and International Trade Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to price in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom Resources See Also Common Agricultural Policy Gate Price and International Trade Resources [...]...
20. Passenger Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to passenger in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
21. Performer Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to performer in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
22. Private Aid Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to private aid in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
23. Publicity Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to publicity in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
24. Barcelona Traction Case Barcelona Traction Case (1970) A Contentious Case between Belgium and Spain before the ICJ: https://www.icj-cij.org/docket/index.php?p1=3&code=bt&case=41&k=4e Belgium citizens, with stock in ... Read more...
25. Policy Termination Literature Review on Policy Termination In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Mark R. Daniels offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Termination: This entry reviews the literature on policy termination, which occurs when one policy is adopted [...]...
26. MPEPIL: Procedural law in international organizations Contents MPEPIL: Procedural law in International Organizations   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles of ... Read more...
27. Win-Win Policy Literature Review on (Policy Making) Win-Win Policy Solutions In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Stuart S. Nagel offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Making) Win-Win Policy Solutions: Win–win policy refers to public policy that is capable [...]...
28. Postpositivist Perspectives Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Postpositivist Perspectives In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Göktu_ Morçöl offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Postpositivist Perspectives: Postpositivism is a group of philosophical [...]...
29. MPEPIL: Public Law: G Contents MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: G   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL): Articles listed alphabetically View ... Read more...
30. MPEPIL: Public Law: R Contents MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: R   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL): Articles listed alphabetically View ... Read more...
31. Tied Aid Tied Aid and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Tied Aid: Foreign assistance that is linked to procurement of goods and services from the donor country. Resources See Also [...]...
32. Policy Sciences Literature Review on (Policy Analysis) Policy Sciences Approach In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Peter deLeon and Christine R. Martell provide the following summary about the topic of (Policy Analysis) Policy Sciences Approach: This entry describes the [...]...
33. Tax Administration Literature Review on Tax Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] John L. Mikesell offers the following summary about the topic of Tax Administration: Tax administration defines tax policy. The manner in which a tax is implemented determines the [...]...
34. It Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to it in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
35. Participatory Research Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to participatory research in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
36. Peace Corps Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to peace corps in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
37. Postindustrial Society Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to postindustrial society in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
38. Professional Service Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to professional service in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
39. Project Evaluation Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to project evaluation in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
40. MPEPIL: Public Law: N Contents MPEPIL: Encyclopedia of Public Law: N   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL): Articles listed alphabetically View ... Read more...
41. Subjects of international Law States: Identity, Recognition, and Succession This Section covers the following subjects: State Identity Sovereignty Legitimacy Recognition of States Recognition of Governments State Succession State Responsibility and Diplomatic Protection This Section covers the [...]...
42. Inflation Concept of Inflation An introductory definition of Inflation is provided here: money is losing value relative to goods and services produced in an economy Resources See Also Foregin Policy Foreign Affairs Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to inflation in the Max [...]...
43. Participatory Budgeting Literature Review on Brazil: Participatory Budgeting in Brazil In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Lucio Renno offers the following summary about the topic of Participatory Budgeting in Brazil: This entry explores the main characteristics, advantages, and [...]...
44. Policy Making in Local Government Literature Review on Policy Making in Local Government In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Jeremy L. Hall offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Making in Local Government: Local policy making, while similar, differs in important ways from [...]...
45. Institutional Economics Literature Review on (Public Administration Theory) New Institutional Economics In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Brian E. Dollery and Joe L. Wallis provide the following summary about the topic of (Public Administration Theory) New Institutional [...]...
46. Performance Indicators: Use in State Administration Literature Review on Performance Indicators: Use in State Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Peter J. Haas offers the following summary about the topic of Performance Indicators: Use in State Administration: The critical aspect of performance [...]...
47. Policy Research Literature Review on Policy Research: Measuring Benefits In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Henry E. Kilpatrick offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Research: Measuring Benefits: This entry discusses issues in evaluating social science [...]...
48. MPEPIL: Overview articles Contents MPEPIL: Overview articles   Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law (MPEPIL) list of articles of this subject. List ... Read more...
49. Policy Implementation Literature Review on Policy Implementation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Ann O'M. Bowman offers the following summary about the topic of Policy Implementation: Implementation makes a policy happen; it gives a policy life. Policy formulation and [...]...
50. Attractors Literature Review on (Public Administration Theory) Attractors, Strange Attractors, and Fractals In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] David Ogula offers the following summary about the topic of (Public Administration Theory) Attractors, Strange Attractors, [...]...
51. Mediator Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to mediator in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
52. Multilateral Aid Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to multilateral aid in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
53. Recall Recall (politics)Introduction to RecallRecall (politics), method of removing elected officials from office before the end of their terms. In the United States approximately 1,000 cities and 11 states utilize this method to remove officials who have proved unsatisfactory to their co......
54. Public Relations in Public Administration Literature Review on Public Relations in Public Administration In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Mordecai Lee offers the following summary about the topic of Public Relations in Public Administration: By its very nature, public administration is a public [...]...
55. Public Policy (Ordre Public) Public Policy (Ordre Public) in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to public policy (ordre public) on some major countries and additional jurisdictions. It covers key issues involved when citizens face international [...]...
56. Public Law Contents Contents Public Law Contents Introduction to Public Law Constitutions in the World Constitutional law Sources of Public Law Principles of ... Read more...
57. Public International Law Summary of Public International Law The body of international law that governs the conduct of a nation as a sovereign entity in its relations with other nations. It does not deal with the international activities of private individuals or firms. (Main Author: William J. Miller) [...]...
58. Public Administration Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Public Administration Introduction to Public Administration Political scientists interested in public administration study government organizations and their relation to other parts of government. Political scientists investigate how these [...]...
59. Public Domain Introduction to Public DomainPublic Domain, condition of not being privately owned. The term public domain refers to public lands, uncopyrighted publications, and products not protected by a patent. The works of William Shakespeare, for example, are in the public domain since no one possess......
60. Public Law Law Public Law Introduction to Public Law Public law concerns the relationships within government and those between governments and individuals. Because the Roman codes were almost entirely limited to the private area, public law is usually not codified. In civil-law countries, separate [...]...
61. Public Park Introduction to Public ParkPublic Park, recreational park open to all members of the public. Public parks are maintained by government personnel and financed by taxes." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
62. Public Policy Political Science: Fields in Political Science: Public Policy Introduction to Public Policy The field of public policy involves the study of specific policy problems and governmental responses to them. Political scientists involved in the study of public policy attempt to devise solutions [...]...
63. Public Finance Other Popular Tax Definitions in the World Legal Encyclopedia Adjusted Gross Income (sometimes, including Public Finance) Ad Valorem Tax (sometimes, including Public Finance) Alternative Minimum Tax (sometimes, including Public Finance) Big Four (audit firms) (sometimes, including Public [...]...
64. Public Information Public Information of the United Nations Further ReadingA concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Public Information, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Public Information, Boczek, [...]...
65. Public Opinion Public Opinion and the United Nations Further Reading A concise encyclopedia of the United Nations (including Public Opinion, H Volger, KA Annan -2010) The Oxford Handbook on the United Nations (TG Weiss - 2007) International Law: A Dictionary (including Public Opinion, Boczek, Boleslaw Adam [...]...
66. Public Authority The Legal History of Public Authority (Sul__n) in Islamic LawThis section provides an overview of Public Authority (Sul__n) in Islamic Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Public Authority (Sul__n) in Islamic Law in the Oxford [...]...
67. Public Utilities The Legal History of Public UtilitiesThis section provides an overview of Public Utilities ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Public Utilities in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The [...]...
68. Public Company Spanish Translation of public companyThis is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to public company and / or a definition of this topic: Empresa Pública (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry)....
69. Public Servant Public servant in the International Trade Union Rights Area Definition of Public servant provided by ITUC-CSI-IGB: See civil servant Resources See Also Public Service Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law Resources Trade Union Topics Trade Union Act Trades Union Congress (TUC) [...]...
70. Encyclopedia of Public Administration & Public Policy Contents Encyclopedia of Public Administration & Public Policy The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Public Administration & Public Policy ... Read more...
71. Public Confidence Public Confidence (in an Electoral Context) in Election Law State of mind of a population in relation to the environment in which elections take place and the political class. Confidence can be inspired by electoral processes that are transparent, inclusive, understandable and respect the will [...]...
72. Public Financing Public Financing in Election Law Sums of money provided by the state to parties or candidates running in an election to cover costs incurred by their participation, in particular during the election campaign. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
73. Public Media Public Media in Election Law Written, audiovisual or electronic media which is state-owned. These outlets provide a public service – that of informing citizens – and as such, they are expected to be neutral. Resources See Also Election Law Electoral Laws Electoral Legislation ...
74. Public Institutions Public Institutions, Support From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Public Institutions, Support (1): Benevolent and charitable institutions under a church are not public institutions, and moneys can not be appropriated for their support.608 Resources Notes and References [...]...
75. Public School Public School, Bible, Prayer From the book The Clergyman's Hand-book of Law, about Public School, Bible, Prayer (1): The committee having control of a public school may make a rule requiring the school to be opened by reading from the Bible and prayer every morning, and that each child [...]...
76. Public Debt Other Private Flows (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Other Private Flows means: _ category combining non-debtcreating portfolio equity investment flows (the sum of country funds, depository receipts and direct purchases of shares by foreign investors), portfolio debt flows [...]...
77. Public Goods Global Public Good(s) (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Global Public Good(s) means: a global public good is a good that has the three following properties : 1. It is non-rivalrous. Consumption of this good by anyone does not reduce the quantity available to other agents; 2. It [...]...
78. Public Interest Concept of Public Interest Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Resources See Also Political Participation Interest Groups Lobbying Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
79. Public Health Law Public Health Law Contents of Public Health Law Contents of this subject matter include: History and scope of public health law in Australia. the Federal system and its effect on lawmaking in public health. How public health policy and legislation are developed International treaties and [...]...
80. Public Sector Literature Review on Budgeting: Public Choice Perspectives In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] John R. Bartle offers the following summary about the topic of Public Choice Perspectives in Budgeting: Public choice theory applies the method of economics to the [...]...
81. Public Choice Literature Review on Public Choice: Models In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Thomas S. Nesslein offers the following summary about the topic of Public Choice: Models: Since the 1950s, the broad chasm dividing the disciplines of economics and political [...]...
82. Public Service Literature Review on Public Service In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Richard A. Loverd offers the following summary about the topic of Public Service: Public service can be analyzed as a place of employment or an attitude. While the challenges are great, [...]...
83. Public Assistance Literature Review on Uruguay: Cash Transfers and Public Assistance Program In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Cecilia Rossel and Rosario Queirolo offers the following summary about the topic of Uruguay: Cash Transfers and Public Assistance Program: Cash [...]...
84. Public Purchasing Public Purchasing and Europe There is an entry on public purchasing in the European legal encyclopedia. Resources See Also Further Reading Entry "Public Purchasing" in the work "A Concise Encyclopedia of the European Union from Aachen to Zollverein", by Rodney Leach [...]...
85. Public Morals This section provides an overview of public morals within the legal context of Recognised Policies Protecting Domestic Policy Space in international economic law, with coverage of Protecting Domestic Policy Space (Principles). Resources Further Reading Robert Howse, "Public Morals," [...]...
86. Public Accommodation Description of Public Accommodation Resources See Also Civil Rights...
87. Public Administrator Description of Public Administrator Resources See Also Executors Administrators...
88. Public Appointment Description of Public Appointment Resources See Also Officers Public Employees...
89. Public Agent Description of Public Agent Resources See Also Officers Public Employees...
90. Public Holidays Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to public holidays in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
91. Public Relations Resources See Also Further Reading Information related to public relations in the Max Planck Encyclopedia of International Law(MPEPIL), Germany, United Kingdom...
92. Public Laws Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of public laws, with a description of the most significant features of public laws at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) Editor's Note, Caitlin Buchanan, Oct 2017 A [...]...
93. Public Regulation Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of public regulation, with a description of the most significant features of public regulation at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) John Moore Jr.: Moore V. City Of East [...]...
94. Public Education Resources See Also Legal Education Education Education Law Higher Education Vocational Training Training...
95. Public Enterprise Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
96. Public Land Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
97. Public Ownership Resources See Also Enterprise Joint Enterprise Joint Venture...
98. Public Investment Resources See Also Finance Consumer Credit Negotiable Instrument Securities Financial Regulation Corporate Finance...
99. Public Works Resources See Also Public Service Public Administration Administrative Law Public Law...
100. Public Expenditure Resources See Also Social Policy Social Development Sociology Public Policy Social Law...
101. Public Private Mix Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
102. Public Old Age Pension Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State Aged...
103. Public Accounting Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
104. Public Borrowing Resources See Also Taxation Public Finance Public Policy Tax Law Financial Regulation...
105. Public versus Private Law Contents Public versus Private Law Public law affects and protects society, while private law affects and protects people. Public Law ... Read more...
106. Public International Law Syllabus Contents Syllabus of Public International Law Syllabus of Public International Law in Pakistan An example: Course contents: 1: Nature, origin ... Read more...
107. Public Access to Information Introduction to Public Access to InformationPublic Access to Information, right of people to obtain information regardless of its ideological origin or artistic content." (1)ResourcesNotes and ReferencesInformation about ...
108. Public Health History Public Health History of Public HealthIntroduction to Public Health HistoryPeople in ancient societies were concerned about personal hygiene and sanitation for religious reasons. The Bible contains many rules for cleanliness, and describes public health measures still important tod......
109. Public Health Expenditure Public Health Expenditure (in the Human Development Area) In this context, Public Health Expenditure means: current and capital spending from government (central and local) budgets, external borrowings and grants (including donations from international agencies and nongovernmental [...]...
110. Public Sector Budget Literature Review on Budgeting: Politics in Public Sector Budgets In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Irene Rubin offers the following summary about the topic of Budgeting: Politics in Public Sector Budgets: Public budgeting is intrinsically political. [...]...
111. Public Policy Discourse Literature Review on (Ethics) Biomedical and Public Policy Discourse In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] John Abbott Worthley offers the following summary about the topic of (Ethics) Biomedical and Public Policy Discourse: What is the nature of public [...]...
112. Public Policy Formation Literature Review on (Policy Making) Ambiguity and Public Policy Formation In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Nikolaos Zahariadis offers the following summary about the topic of (Policy Making) Ambiguity and Public Policy Formation: Multiple streams (MS) is [...]...
113. Public Sector Negotiations Literature Review on Price Negotiation: Public Sector Approach In the Encyclopedia of Public Administration and Public Policy, [1] Rupert G. Rhodd offers the following summary about the topic of Price Negotiation: Public Sector Approach: With the increase in government spending, and with [...]...
114. Public International Law Cases Litigation Involving Treaty Law Issues In relation to the international law practice and litigation involving treaty law issues in this world legal Encyclopedia, please see the following section: Treaty Affairs About this subject:Lakes Pilots Association v. U.S. Coast Guard Note: [...]...
115. Public Services International Resources See Also International Organization Foreign Relations Intergovernmental Organization Regional Organization Regional Integration...
116. Public Employment Service Resources See Also Occupation Profession Occupational Safety Occupational Health Employment...
117. Public Private Partnerships Resources See Also Social Protection Social Security Employment Affairs Welfare State...
118. Public International Law Classification (Max Planck Institute) Contents Public International Law Classification (Max Planck Institute) Notation Classification VR1 General VR 1.1 Comprehensive Studies VR 1.2 Surveys of ... Read more...
119. Public Stores Generally, a warehouse or other facility operated by the Federal government for the storage of contraband, seized merchandise, or goods not released from Federal custody. Under the customs regulations, these storage facilities are operated by government personnel for merchandise not released from cu......
120. Public Defender Introduction to Public DefenderPublic Defender, lawyer appointed by a local government to represent indigent persons who are accused of a crime. Although the right to counsel varies from country to country, most have now recognized the need for defense counsel in criminal cases. Some form o......