Related Entries of the International Encyclopedia:

1. Limited Liability Company Gmbh (Gesellschaft Mit Beschränker Haftung) in Company Law Meaning of Gmbh (Gesellschaft Mit Beschränker Haftung), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In German speaking countries (Austria, Germany, Switzerland) a designation for a private limited [...]...
2. Bottom Line Bottom Line in International Trade Meaning of Bottom Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The last line in a financial statement indicating the profit of a company. In a contract, the line upon which a party signs....
3. Guarantor The Legal History of Guarantor in Chinese Law This section provides an overview of Guarantor in Chinese Law Guarantor in International Trade Meaning of Guarantor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or legal entity that makes a guaranty, by [...]...
4. Royalties In the United States For information about Royalties in the context of international trade, click here Royalties and the Laws of International Trade Royalties Intellectual Property and Competition Law Royalties in International Trade Meaning of Royalties, according to the Dictionary of [...]...
5. Holding Company Holding Company in International Trade Meaning of Holding Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Holding companies are corporations that are created for the sole purpose of obtaining and managing a controlling interest in other companies. There are [...]...
6. Kompass Kompass in International Trade Meaning of Kompass, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Kompass is the leading online global business directory with nearly 4 million registered businesses in 60 countries. The search can be done by country, product or company [...]...
7. Parent Company Parent Company in International Trade Meaning of Parent Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A parent company, sometimes called a holding company, is a corporation that has subsidiaries which are wholly or partially-owned separate businesses [...]...
8. Managing Director Managing Director in International Trade Meaning of Managing Director, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A managing director is someone who is responsible for the daily operations of a company, organization, or corporate division. In some countries, the [...]...
9. Border Protection Customs Border Protection ...
10. Limited Company Limitada (ltda.) in International Trade Meaning of Limitada (ltda.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Brazil and Portugal, designation for a private limited liability corporation with limited liability to shareholders....
11. Corporation Sociedad Anónima (s.a.) in International Trade Meaning of Sociedad Anónima (s.a.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In Spain, México and Latin America designation for a joint stock company with limited personal to shareholders. See [...]...
12. Subrogation Spanish Translation of subrogation This is the legal translation of English to Spanish in relation to subrogation and / or a definition of this topic: Subrogación (in Spanish, without translation of the dictionary entry). Subrogation in International Trade Meaning of Subrogation, [...]...
13. World Economic Forum World Economic Forum in International Trade Meaning of World Economic Forum, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): International institution established in 1971 in Geneva, Switzerland, committed to improving the state of the world through public-private [...]...
14. Born Global Born Global in International Trade Meaning of Born Global, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Born global is a type of company that from the beginning of its activities pursues a vision of becoming global and globalizes rapidly without any preceding long [...]...
15. Subsidiary Subsidiary or Subordinate Election Management Body in Election Law An Election Management Body (EMB) that is not the primary or principal entity responsible for the organisation of elections within a given state. It may be regional or local. Subsidiary in International Trade Meaning of [...]...
16. Vocc Vocc in International Trade Meaning of Vocc, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Vessel operating common carrier is a company that operates its own vessels. See also NVOCC....
17. Offshoring Offshoring in International Trade Meaning of Offshoring, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Offshoring occurs, when a company moves all or some of its activities to another country. When the costs of running a company are cheaper in another country, the [...]...
18. Export Credit Insurance Export Credit Insurance in International Trade Meaning of Export Credit Insurance, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Special insurance coverage for exporters to protect against non payment by the importer (coverage may extend to certain other risks, [...]...
19. Gauger Gauger in International Trade Meaning of Gauger, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or company that measures, gauges or otherwise inspected by approved commercial gauger for classification-verification purposes. See surveyor....
20. Sister Company Sister Company in International Trade Meaning of Sister Company, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A sister company is a company with close affiliations to another company with a separate name and personnel. Both companies are owned by the same parent and [...]...
21. Smes Smes in International Trade Meaning of Smes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The acronym for small and medium size enterprises. While the definition varies, SMEs are generally considered to be companies that have no more than one-their capital held by a [...]...
22. Subcontractor Subcontractor in International Trade Meaning of Subcontractor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual, business, or company a supplier contracts to deliver or carry out any part of the supplier's contract obligations....
23. Bailment Summary of Bailment A contract by which one person (bailor) entrusts personal property to another person (bailee) for some specific purpose. All contracts for the carriage of goods, for example, are bailments.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Bailment, in law, a transfer of the [...]...
24. Commercial Sensitive Information Commercial Sensitive Information in International Trade Meaning of Commercial Sensitive Information, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Information that, if disclosed, could prejudice a supplier's commercial interests e.g. trade secrets, profit margins [...]...
25. Due Diligence Due Diligence in International Trade Meaning of Due Diligence, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Investigative research to independently establish the background of a potential partner. Matters investigated typically include financial statements, legal [...]...
26. Affiliate Company Definition of Affiliate Company in International Trade The following is a concept of Affiliate Company in the context of international trade law, from the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A Company that is less than 50% owned by a parent company; the parents acts as [...]...
27. Consolidator Consolidator in International Trade Meaning of Consolidator, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company that provides consolidation services. Freight forwarders perform the functions of a consolidator. See consolidation....
28. Insurance Broker Insurance Broker in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Broker, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or firm who represents buyers of insurance and deals with insurance companies or their agents in arranging for insurance coverage for the [...]...
29. Piggyback Distribution Piggyback Distribution in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Distribution, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Piggyback is a form of distribution in foreign markets in which a SME company (the "rider"), deals with a larger company (the [...]...
30. CFS CFS Charge in International Trade Meaning of Cfs Charge, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The charge assessed for services performed at the origin or destination for loading or unloading of cargo into/from containers at a CFS Container Freight Station....
31. Equity Joint Venture Equity Joint Venture (EJV) in International Trade Meaning of Equity Joint Venture (EJV), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A type of joint venture in which two or more parties set up a separate legal company to act as the vehicle for carrying out the [...]...
32. Liner Shipping Liner Shipping in International Trade Meaning of Liner Shipping, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Services provided by a steamship company or shipping line, under which cargo vessels operate according to a fixed schedule and publicly advertised freight rates....
33. Quality Control Quality Control in International Trade Meaning of Quality Control, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The process of making sure that goods and services are produced and maintained to agreed quality standards. Resources See Also Business Company [...]...
34. Conflict of Laws Conflict of Laws in International Trade Meaning of Conflict of Laws, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Differences between the laws of different countries or other jurisdictions that become significant in determining which law will apply when individuals [...]...
35. Global Trade Alert Global Trade Alert in International Trade Meaning of Global Trade Alert, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Website that offers information about international trade barriers or state measures that are likely to affect international trade. It identifies the [...]...
36. Duns Number Duns Number in International Trade Meaning of Duns Number, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An international numbering system provided by the American company Duns & Bradstreet for identifying companies....
37. Steamship Line Steamship Line in International Trade Meaning of Steamship Line, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A company usually having the following departments: vessel operations, container operations, tariff department, bookings, outbound rates, inward rates, and [...]...
38. Loading Summary of Loading A risk premium in addition to interest charges and acceptance fees deducted by a bank or discount house from the face value of a bill of exchange (read here for further details) presented for discounting. This additional margin will vary, depending upon the quality of the [...]...
39. Freight Rate LCL/fcl in International Trade Meaning of LCL/fcl, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A way of quoting container freight rates in which the carrier agrees to pack the container at the outset (LCL) but unpacking at destination must be carried out by the [...]...
40. Insurance Premium Insurance Premium in International Trade Meaning of Insurance Premium, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The amount paid to an insurance company for coverage under an insurance policy....
41. Alternative Dispute Resolution The Legal History of Alternative Dispute Resolution This section provides an overview of Alternative Dispute Resolution Alternative Dispute Resolution in Private International Law This section contain conflict of laws information and cross references related to alternative dispute resolution [...]...
42. Director CEO in Business Meaning of CEO, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Chief Executive Officer (CEO) is the highest-ranking manager in a corporation. He or she is in charge of growth, financial operations, and goal setting for an organization. This [...]...
43. Licensor Licensor in International Trade Meaning of Licensor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A person or a company with exclusive legal rights over a thing that gives, sells or otherwise surrenders to another a limited right to use that thing. The person [...]...
44. Global Quota See Quota.......
45. Equivalence Equivalence in International Trade Meaning of Equivalence, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In sanitary-phytosanitary measures (SPS): governments recognizing other countries' measures as acceptable even if they are different from their own, so long as [...]...
46. Grey Market Grey Market in International Trade Meaning of Grey Market, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation that consists of unauthorized traders buying and selling a company's product in different countries. Companies confronted with a grey situation can [...]...
47. Incorporated Incorporated (Inc.) in International Trade Meaning of Incorporated (inc.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In United States, designation for a private limited liability corporation with limited liability to shareholders....
48. Wipo Wipo Wipo in International Trade Meaning of Wipo, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The World Intellectual Property Organization is specialized agency of the United Nations system that seeks to promote international cooperation in the protection of [...]...
49. Offer Summary of Offer In vessel charter transactions, synonymous with Firm Offer (read this and related legal terms for further details).(Main Author: William J. Miller) Best and Final Offer (BFO) in International Trade Meaning of Best and Final Offer (bfo), according to the [...]...
50. Contract Manufacturing Contract Manufacturing in International Trade Meaning of Contract Manufacturing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Contract manufacturing in international markets is used in situations when one company arranges for another company in a different country to [...]...
51. Letter of Introduction Letter of Introduction (LOI) in International Trade Meaning of Letter of Introduction (LOI), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A statement, often by a third party, in letter form, that briefly profiles a company with an eye toward doing business together. [...]...
52. Company Law The Legal History of Company Law This section provides an overview of Company Law Applied Company Law Contents of Applied Company Law Contents of this subject matter include: Introduction; Alternative Business Structures Characteristics of a Company Company's liability in Crime, Contract [...]...
53. Limited Limited (ltd.) in International Trade Meaning of Limited (ltd.), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In United Kingdom, United States and other countries, designation for a private limited liability corporation with limited liability to shareholders....
54. Option The Legal History of Option (Khiy_r) This section provides an overview of Option (Khiy_r) Option in International Trade Meaning of Option, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In foreign exchange, the contractually agreed upon right to buy (call options) or [...]...
55. Equivalent Unit Forty-foot Equivalent Unit in International Trade Meaning of FEU (Forty-foot Equivalent Unit), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A practice in marine commerce expressing cargo quantity in terms of forty-foot container loads. One FEU equals two TEUs [...]...
56. Fhex Fhex in International Trade Meaning of Fhex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Fridays and Holidays are Excluded in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
57. Fhinc Fhinc in International Trade Meaning of Fhinc, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Fridays and Holidays are Included in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
58. Import Import in International Trade Meaning of Import, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): 1. To receive goods and services from abroad. 2. An imported item. Cultural Property: Import Restrictions In relation to the international law practice and cultural [...]...
59. Shex Shex in International Trade Meaning of Shex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Sundays and holidays are excluded in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
60. Shicn Shicn in International Trade Meaning of Shicn, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A term meaning that Sundays and holidays are included in calculating the laytime for vessel chartering....
61. Surety Bond Surety Bond in International Trade Meaning of Surety Bond, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A surety bond is a guaranty, usually issued by an insurance or surety company, that a particular party will perform according to a contract. In order to collect [...]...
62. Profit Sharing Resources See Also Trade Unionism Trade Union Chartism Trade Union Legislation Labor Dispute...
63. Basel Convention Basel Convention in International Trade Meaning of Basel Convention, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A multilateral environmental agreement dealing with hazardous waste. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on basel convention explores [...]...
64. Eur-lex Note: there is more information about this term in the European legal Encyclopedia. Meaning of Eur-lex, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Portal that offers most European Union legal texts. EUR-Lex goal is bringing together the whole body of EU texts for [...]...
65. Import Contract Import Contract in International Trade Meaning of Import Contract, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The import contract is suitable when a company is buying goods from abroad by way of import in the course of a business to business transaction. The [...]...
66. Palletizing Palletizing in International Trade Meaning of Palletizing, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The loading and securing of a number of sacks, bags, boxes or drums on a pallet base. See also pallet....
67. Proexport Proexport in International Trade Meaning of Proexport, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Colombian official agency that administers the export and investment programmes of the Colombian Government. Website....
68. Proxy Proxy in International Trade Meaning of Proxy, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A person who is substituted or deputed by another to represent him and act for him, particularly in some meeting or public body. Also the instrument containing the appointment [...]...
69. Request for Information Request For Information in International Trade Meaning of Request For Information (RFI), according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A market research tool. A formal request from a potential buyer (public or private) to the market asking for information to get an [...]...
70. Trade Facilitation Trade Facilitation in International Trade Meaning of Trade Facilitation, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Removing obstacles to the movement of goods across borders (e.g. simplification of customs procedures). The International Law of Customs: Trade [...]...
71. Trade Name Trade Name in International Trade Meaning of Trade Name, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The name under which an organization conduct business, or by which the business or its goods or services are identified. it may or may not be registered as a trademark....
72. Unfair Competition Unfair Competition and International Trade California's Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce California's Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business Law New York Unfair Competition Law and the Electronic Commerce New York Unfair Competition Law in the Online Business [...]...
73. Cover Note Cover Note in International Trade Meaning of Cover Note, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Document issued by insurance company or insurance brokers instead of insurance policies or insurance certificates, which serves as proof of usual insurance [...]...
74. Global Competitiveness Report Global Competitiveness Report in International Trade Meaning of Global Competitiveness Report, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): This annually published report by the World Economic Forum assesses the competitiveness of 144 economies, providing insight [...]...
75. Principal Principal in International Trade Meaning of Principal, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): 1. In international contracts, an individual or legal entity who authorizes another party (agent, sales representative) to act on the principal's behalf. 2. In [...]...
76. Abrogation The Legal History of Abrogation of Legal Norms (Naskh) This section provides an overview of Abrogation of Legal Norms (Naskh) Resources See Also Law Rule of Law Law System Legislation Resources See Also that title Annul Repeal Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions [...]...
77. Trade Barriers Standards-Related Activity and the GATT Policy Negotiations In relation to the GATT Policy Negotiations, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following explanation and/or definition of Standards-Related Activity: An activity undertaken in conjunction with administration or enforcement of [...]...
78. Export Entry Modes Export Entry Modes in International Trade Meaning of Export Entry Modes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In establishing export channels a company has to decide which functions will be the responsibility of external agents and which will be handled by [...]...
79. Limited Liability Limited Liability in International Trade Meaning of Limited Liability, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A situation whereby the liability of a party within the company is limited to some extent. There are many forms of limited liability companies. For [...]...
80. Nes Nes in International Trade Meaning of Nes, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Not elsewhere specified is used for an item that is not mention elsewhere in a classification system, such as a customs or freight tariff. Similar to NESOI (Not elsewhere [...]...
81. Piggyback Logistics Piggyback Logistics in International Trade Meaning of Piggyback Logistics, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The transportation of truck trailers and containers on specially equipped railroad flat-cars....
82. Place of Receipt Place of Receipt in International Trade Meaning of Place of Receipt, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Location where cargo enters the care and custody of carrier....
83. Chargé D'affaires Chargé D'affaires Chargé D'affaires in International Trade Meaning of Chargé D'affaires, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A subordinate diplomat who takes charge in the absence of the ambassador. Embracing mainstream [...]...
84. Discharge Discharge in Canadian Procedural Law Find materials in the Canadian legal Encyclopedia that anlyze Discharge....
85. Endangered Species CITES in International Trade Meaning of Cites, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora, is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international [...]...
86. Ex Cellar Ex Cellar in International Trade Meaning of Ex Cellar, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): A non standard trade term used in the trade of wines and liquors. It must be replaced by EXW Ex Works. Practical Guide to Incoterms....
87. Group International Group of P & I Clubs in International Trade Meaning of International Group of P & I Clubs, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The thirteen principal underwriting member clubs of the International Group of P&I Clubs ("the Group"). [...]...
88. Pallet Loader Pallet Loader in International Trade Meaning of Pallet Loader, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Device employing one or more vertical lift platforms for the mechanical loading or unloading of palletized freight at planeside. See also pallet....
89. Payer Payer in International Trade Meaning of Payer, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): The party primarily responsible for the payment of the amount owed as evidenced by a given negotiable instrument. See negotiable instrument; payee....
90. Payment under Reserves Payment Under Reserves in International Trade Meaning of Payment Under Reserves, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): In a letter of credit payment made against a non-complaint or questionable presentation, against which the beneficiary agree to repay if [...]...
91. Pickup Order Pickup Order in International Trade Meaning of Pickup Order, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An order from a broker (working as the agent of a consignee) to carrier to pick up freight at location....
92. Port of Exit Port of Exit in International Trade Meaning of Port of Exit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Place where cargo is loaded and leaves a country. Also called port of loading....
93. Sanitary Measures Sanitary Measures in International Trade Meaning of Sanitary Measures, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): Regulations that governments impose to restrict imports for health protection reasons. See also phytosanitary certificate; sanitary certificate. [...]...
94. Surveyor Surveyor in International Trade Meaning of Surveyor, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): An individual or company that acting as an independent third-party expert examines and ascertains the condition of goods or transport equipment (specially ships). [...]...
95. Net Profit Net Profit in International Trade Meaning of Net Profit, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): What's left of the profit after all of the expenses and losses are deducted, either before or after tax....
96. Non-profit Law Introduction This entry provides an overview of the legal framework of non-profit law, with a description of the most significant features of non-profit law at international level. Related Work and Conclusions Resources See Also References (Papers) University Initiation Of Patent Infringement [...]...
97. Economic Profit Economic Profit and International Trade Economy In relation to international trade economy, Christopher Mark (1993) provided the following definition of Economic Profit: The amount by which a producer's income exceeds total operating costs, including the cost of capital provided by the [...]...
98. Non-profit Association Resources See Also Non-profit corporation...
99. Not-for-profit Corporation Resources See Also Non-profit corporation...
100. Gross Profit Resources See Also Gross income...
101. Protectionism Protectionism Definition Protectionism may be defined as government policies that favor domestic products over imported goods. The debate between protectionism and free trade has been a continuing issue in United States politics. Meanings For information on: * systematic protectionism [...]...
102. Particular Average Summary of Particular Average A partial loss of the value of cargo shipped by sea attributable to a marine peril. See free of particular average.(Main Author: William J. Miller) Particular Average in International Trade Meaning of Particular Average, according to the Dictionary [...]...
103. Prior Import Deposit A sum that an importer is obliged to deposit with his nation's central bank or other governmental authority as a condition for the issuance of an import license. Most industrialized nations do not require such deposits, but they are common in many developing nations, where the deposit may [...]...
104. Protest Summary of Protest A notice in writing, prepared before a notary public or other official authorized to administer oaths, stipulating that a draft, check, bill of exchange, or other instrument has been dishonored, either by a refusal to accept on the part of the drawee, or by failure to pay [...]...
105. Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Contents The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Bibliographic Details Title: The Princeton Encyclopedia of American Political History Description: Two ... Read more...
106. Partnership Introduction to PartnershipPartnership, in law, term applied to an association of two or more persons who have agreed to combine their labor, property, and skill, or some or all of them, for the purpose of engaging in lawful business and sharing profits and losses between them; in this defi......
107. Prison History Introduction to Prison HistoryHistorians note the existence of prisons in ancient Greece and Rome. For example, the Mamertine Prison, constructed in Rome in the 7th century bc, consisted of a vast network of dungeons under the city's main sewer. These subterranean cells held political d......
108. Private Law Law Private LawIntroduction to Private LawPrivate law involves the various relationships that people have with one another and the rules that determine their legal rights and duties among themselves. The area is concerned with rules and principles pertaining to private ownership an......
109. Procedure Practice and Procedure Introduction to Procedure "Practice and Procedure, the legal profession's established set of procedural rules - said, about Procedure, the Encarta Online Encyclopedia -and methods. Specialized areas of law have their own rules of practice and procedure." (1) [...]...
110. Promissory Note Introduction to Promissory Note Promissory Note, in the law of negotiable instruments, written instrument containing an unconditional promise by a party, called the maker, who signs the instrument, to pay to another, called the payee, a definite sum of money either on demand or at a specified [...]...
111. Proof Introduction to Proof Proof, in law, the process of establishing in a trial or legal action, through evidence and argument, the actual facts of a disputed issue. Evidence and arguments are generally presented by counsels for the defendant and the plaintiff (the instigating party in a case) in [...]...
112. Property Introduction to Property Property, any object or right that can be owned. Ownership involves, first and foremost, possession; in simple societies to possess something is to own it. Beyond possession, ownership in modern societies implies the right to use, prevent others from using, and dispose [...]...
113. Prostitution Criminal Law: Crimes Against Sexual Morality: Prostitution Introduction to Prostitution The crime of prostitution involves the exchange of sexual contact or favors for money or its equivalent. The crime of pandering involves the promotion of prostitution by enticing or procuring persons to [...]...
114. Procurement Procurement (by Governments) Procurement in International Trade Meaning of Procurement, according to the Dictionary of International Trade (Global Negotiator): All aspects of acquiring and delivering goods, services and works. It starts with identifying a need and finishes with either the end [...]...
115. Praxis The Legal History of Sunna, the Prophet's Normative PraxisThis section provides an overview of Sunna, the Prophet's Normative Praxis ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Sunna, the Prophet's Normative Praxis in the Oxford [...]...
116. Precedent The Legal History of Precedent This section provides an overview of Precedent Concept of Precedent Note: explore also the meaning of this legal term in the American Ecyclopedia of Law. Embracing mainstream international law, this section on precedent explores the context, history and effect of [...]...
117. Prepayment The Legal History of Contract for Delivery with Prepayment (Salam) in Islamic LawThis section provides an overview of Contract for Delivery with Prepayment (Salam) in Islamic Law ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Contract for [...]...
118. Privacy Privacy is a highly subjective notion; its interpretation changes over time and space. It has been said that privacy is "part philosophy, some semantics and much pure passion."( Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom (New York: Atheneum, 1967), p. x, as quoted in Bennett, Regulating [...]...
119. Privileges The Legal History of Privileges This section provides an overview of Privileges Resources See Also Legal theory Jurisprudence Theory of Law Philosophy of Law Resources See Also Legal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Privileges in the Oxford [...]...
120. Proculians The Legal History of ProculiansThis section provides an overview of Proculians ResourcesSee AlsoLegal Biography Legal Traditions Historical Laws History of Law Further Reading Proculians in the Oxford International Encyclopedia of Legal History (Oxford University Press) The Oxford Encyclopedia [...]...